{ "generated": "2026-11-14T06:39:32+00:00", "license": "Free to reuse with attribution", "pages": [ { "slug": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "research": "australia", "country": "Australia", "code": "au", "kind_label": "Baseline-and-credit scheme + ACCU offsets", "status": "active", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 7, "title": "Australia — Safeguard Mechanism and Australian carbon credit units (ACCUs)", "h1": "Australia: 208 big emitters must cut baselines 4.9% a year, settling the gap with ACCUs near A$38", "lede": "Since the 2023 reform, Australia's Safeguard Mechanism lowers each large facility's emissions baseline by 4.9% a year to 2030. Facilities above their baseline surrender ACCUs or SMCs; in 2024–25 they handed in 13.4 million units. The generic ACCU spot price ended June 2026 at A$37.95, well under the A$87.72 cost containment price.", "tile_note": "ACCU A$37.95", "kind": "ets", "compare": { "scheme": "Safeguard Mechanism", "type": "Baseline-and-credit", "start": "2016 (reformed 2023)", "coverage": "208 facilities >100,000 tCO2e; 29.9% of national emissions (2024–25)", "price": "Generic ACCU A$37.95 (end Q2 2026); cost containment A$87.72 (2026–27)", "credits": "ACCUs and SMCs; ACCU use ≥30% of baseline must be explained", "start_iso": "2016-07-01", "start_note": "Safeguard Mechanism begins", "start_src": "au:cer_sg" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Generic ACCU spot price", "big": "A$37.95", "sub": "end of Q2 2026 · A$36.28 at end of Q1" }, { "label": "Cost containment price 2026–27", "big": "A$87.72", "sub": "per ACCU · rises at CPI + 2% a year" }, { "label": "Baseline decline", "big": "4.9%", "sub": "a year to 30 June 2030; indicative 3.285% after" }, { "label": "Covered facilities 2024–25", "big": "208", "sub": "each over 100,000 tCO2e a year · 219 in 2023–24" }, { "label": "Covered emissions 2024–25", "big": "132.8 Mt", "sub": "29.9% of national emissions · baselines 126.2 Mt" }, { "label": "Units surrendered 2024–25", "big": "13.4m", "sub": "10.8m ACCUs + 2.6m SMCs" } ], "key_summary": [ "Facilities emitting more than 100,000 tCO2e a year are covered: 208 in 2024–25, with 132.8 Mt of covered emissions, or 29.9% of Australia's total.", "Since 2023–24 baselines fall 4.9% a year to 2029–30; the 2023 Act caps net safeguard emissions at 1,233 Mt over 2020–30 and 100 Mt in 2029–30.", "For 2024–25, 141 facilities exceeded baselines by 13.7 Mt in total and surrendered 10.8 million ACCUs and 2.6 million SMCs; 98.6% complied by 1 April 2026.", "The generic ACCU spot price has stayed between A$30.75 and A$38.50 at quarter ends since mid-2022, far below the cost containment price of A$87.72 for 2026–27." ], "chart_h": "Prices, supply and the shrinking baseline", "chart_lead": "Quarter-end ACCU prices, the fixed cost containment price, issuance, surrenders, and the baselines that drive demand.", "charts": [ { "type": "line", "series": "Generic ACCU spot price, end of quarter", "title": "Generic ACCU spot price at quarter end (A$ per ACCU)", "note": "Volume-weighted generic spot price as reported in each Quarterly Carbon Market Report. Quarters without an exact quarter-end figure (Q3–Q4 2023, Q4 2024) are left out." }, { "type": "step", "series": "Cost containment fixed price", "title": "Cost containment price for safeguard entities (A$ per ACCU)", "note": "Fixed price at which eligible safeguard entities can buy ACCUs from the government; rises at CPI + 2% a year." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "ACCUs issued by calendar year", "title": "ACCUs issued each calendar year (million)", "note": "2026 not shown: 19.1 million issued in January–September." }, { "type": "multi", "title": "Safeguard baselines vs covered emissions (MtCO2e)", "xs": [ "2020–21", "2021–22", "2022–23", "2023–24", "2024–25" ], "lines": [ { "name": "Total baselines", "series": "Safeguard total baselines" }, { "name": "Covered emissions", "series": "Safeguard covered emissions" } ], "refs": [ { "y": 100, "label": "2029–30 legal limit: 100 Mt net" } ], "facts": [ "au:f85", "au:f31" ], "note": "Baselines were reset by the 2023 reform; 2024–25 was the first year covered emissions exceeded total baselines." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Safeguard surrenders of ACCUs and SMCs", "title": "ACCUs and SMCs surrendered for safeguard compliance, by calendar year (million)" }, { "type": "step", "series": "Emissions reduction contribution", "title": "Baseline scaling factor after the 4.9% annual decline (% of starting baseline)", "note": "2030–31 value is indicative; decline rates from 1 July 2030 will be set in 5-year blocks." } ], "timeline_title": "From the 2007 reporting law to the 2030 settings", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2007-09-28", "text": "National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act, the legal base of the Safeguard Mechanism, receives assent.", "fact": "au:f32" }, { "date": "2011-09-15", "text": "Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act, the legal base of ACCUs, receives assent.", "fact": "au:f33" }, { "date": "2016-07-01", "text": "The Safeguard Mechanism begins.", "fact": "au:f03" }, { "date": "2023-04-11", "text": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 receives assent: SMCs and a 1,233 Mt budget for 2020–30.", "fact": "au:f29" }, { "date": "2023-07-01", "text": "Reformed baselines begin falling 4.9% a year; cost containment price set at A$75 for 2023–24.", "fact": "au:f16" }, { "date": "2026-04-01", "text": "2024–25 compliance deadline: 205 of 208 facilities compliant.", "fact": "au:f13" }, { "date": "2026-04-15", "text": "Regulator publishes 2024–25 data: 132.8 Mt covered emissions.", "fact": "au:f89" }, { "date": "2026-08-07", "text": "Department releases its Safeguard Mechanism review consultation paper.", "fact": "au:f86" }, { "date": "2026-08-20", "text": "ACCU Scheme amendments introduced to Parliament.", "fact": "au:f90" }, { "date": "2026-12", "text": "Full September Quarter 2026 market report expected by mid-December.", "fact": "au:f88", "future": true }, { "date": "2030-07-01", "text": "Review changes generally take effect; decline rates then set in 5-year blocks.", "fact": "au:f87", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "The yearly cycle for a facility over the 100,000 tCO2e threshold.", "flow": { "title": "How a safeguard facility complies", "facts": [ "au:f01", "au:f16", "au:f24", "au:f27", "au:f15", "au:f37" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Report emissions", "t": "Covered scope 1 emissions are reported under the NGER Scheme for each financial year." }, { "h": "Baseline is set", "t": "Production × emissions intensity, scaled down 4.9% a year since 2023–24." }, { "h": "Below baseline", "t": "The facility may apply for SMCs, 1 per tonne under its baseline, to sell or bank." }, { "h": "Above baseline", "t": "Before 1 April it surrenders ACCUs or SMCs, or uses a flexibility measure (TEBA, borrowing, multi-year period)." }, { "h": "Price backstop", "t": "If the market is dearer, it can buy ACCUs from the government at A$87.72 (2026–27)." } ] }, "scope_lead": "One threshold, with special rules for electricity and trade-exposed industry.", "scope": { "title": "Who is covered", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "au:f01", "au:f02", "au:f05", "au:f06", "au:f07", "au:f25", "au:f26", "au:f19", "au:f30", "au:f31" ], "rows": [ [ "Threshold", "More than 100,000 tCO2e of covered scope 1 emissions a year" ], [ "Sectors", "Mining, oil and gas, manufacturing, transport and waste" ], [ "Facilities covered", "208 in 2024–25 (219 in 2023–24)" ], [ "Share of national emissions", "29.9% (2024–25)" ], [ "Electricity", "Grid generators share one sectoral baseline of 198 MtCO2e a year" ], [ "New facilities", "Began all commercial production on or after 1 July 2023: best-practice or default intensity" ], [ "Trade-exposed relief", "Decline rate as low as 1% (manufacturing) or 2% for 3 years" ], [ "Legal limits", "1,233 Mt net over 2020–30; 100 Mt in 2029–30; zero after June 2049" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Two kinds of unit settle the gap: offsets (ACCUs) and over-performance credits (SMCs).", "credits": { "title": "ACCUs and SMCs at a glance", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "au:f28", "au:f27", "au:f11", "au:f12", "au:f15", "au:f37", "au:f38", "au:f71", "au:f72", "au:f68", "au:f70", "au:f69" ], "rows": [ [ "ACCU", "1 unit per tCO2e stored or avoided by a registered project" ], [ "SMC", "1 unit per tCO2e below a facility's baseline; not an offset" ], [ "Surrendered for 2024–25", "10.8m ACCUs + 2.6m SMCs by 139 facilities" ], [ "SMCs issued for 2024–25", "6.7 million, to 54 responsible emitters" ], [ "Heavy ACCU users", "Surrendering ACCUs ≥30% of baseline requires a public explanation (23 facilities in 2024–25)" ], [ "Cost containment", "A$87.72 per ACCU in 2026–27; 6.1m ACCUs held (30 Sep 2026)" ], [ "ACCUs issued", "21.7m in 2025; 19.1m in January–September 2026" ], [ "Registry holdings", "68.9m ACCUs and 11.0m SMCs (30 Sep 2026)" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "What is the ACCU price in 2026?", "a": "The generic ACCU spot price was A$37.95 at the end of June 2026, up from A$36.28 at the end of March, and reached A$39.03 on 14 August 2026, according to the Clean Energy Regulator." }, { "q": "Who is covered by the Safeguard Mechanism?", "a": "Facilities emitting more than 100,000 tCO2e of covered scope 1 emissions a year in mining, oil and gas, manufacturing, transport and waste: 208 facilities in 2024–25, covering 29.9% of national emissions." }, { "q": "How fast do baselines fall?", "a": "By 4.9% a year from 2023–24 to 2029–30, so a baseline is scaled to 65.7% of its starting level by 2029–30. After that the indicative rate is 3.285% a year. Trade-exposed facilities can get as little as 1–2% for three years." }, { "q": "What is the cost containment price?", "a": "A fixed price at which eligible safeguard entities can buy ACCUs from the government: A$75 in 2023–24, A$79.20 in 2024–25, A$82.68 in 2025–26 and A$87.72 in 2026–27, rising at CPI plus 2% a year." }, { "q": "Is there a limit on using ACCUs?", "a": "There is no hard cap, but a facility that surrenders ACCUs equal to 30% or more of its baseline must publish a statement explaining why it did not cut more on site. 23 facilities did so for 2024–25." }, { "q": "What are SMCs?", "a": "Safeguard Mechanism credit units are issued to facilities whose net emissions are below their baseline, one per tonne. 6.7 million were issued for 2024–25, and 2.6 million were surrendered." }, { "q": "How well did facilities comply in 2024–25?", "a": "205 of 208 facilities (98.6%) were compliant by the 1 April 2026 deadline; three related facilities were left with 317,212 tCO2e in excess." }, { "q": "What happens next?", "a": "The Government's review consultation closed on 18 September 2026; a position paper is due early next year, and any changes will generally take effect from 1 July 2030." } ], "related": [ "singapore-carbon-tax", "japan-gx-ets", "indonesia-idxcarbon" ], "not_listed": [ "Generic ACCU spot prices at the end of Q3–Q4 2023 and Q4 2024: official reports give only ranges or approximate, conflicting figures.", "The Q3 2026 quarter-end ACCU price: the full report is due by mid-December 2026.", "Department (DCCEEW) policy pages: the site did not respond to normal requests, so figures come from the regulator and the Act text." ] }, { "slug": "china-national-ets", "research": "china", "country": "China", "code": "cn", "kind_label": "Emissions trading (intensity-based) + CCER credits", "status": "active", "kind": "ets", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 5, "title": "China — National carbon emissions trading market and CCER", "h1": "China: an ETS covering 3,680 companies and about 8.3 Gt of CO2, with allowances at CNY 97.90 at end-August 2026", "lede": "China's national ETS started trading on 16 July 2021 with power plants and added steel, cement and aluminium in 2025. In 2026 it covers 3,680 companies and over 65% of national emissions. Allowances are free and tied to output, and companies may use CCER credits for up to 5% of what they owe.", "tile_note": "CNY 97.90/t (Aug 2026)", "compare": { "scheme": "National ETS + CCER", "type": "ETS (intensity-based, free allocation)", "start": "2021", "coverage": "3,680 entities in power, steel, cement, aluminium; ~8.3 GtCO2, over 65% of national emissions (2026)", "price": "CNY 74.63/t at end-2025; CNY 97.90/t at end-Aug 2026", "credits": "CCER offsets up to 5% of allowances due", "start_iso": "2021-07-16", "start_note": "online trading starts", "start_src": "cn:mee_r2021" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Allowance price, end-Aug 2026", "big": "CNY 97.90", "sub": "per tonne · +31.18% from end-2025 (CNY 74.63)" }, { "label": "Covered entities, 2026", "big": "3,680", "sub": "power, steel, cement and aluminium" }, { "label": "Covered emissions, 2026", "big": "~8.3 Gt", "sub": "CO2 a year · over 65% of national emissions" }, { "label": "Allowances traded in 2025", "big": "235 Mt", "sub": "CNY 14.63 bn · average CNY 62.36/t" }, { "label": "CCER offset limit", "big": "5%", "sub": "of allowances due" }, { "label": "2024 compliance rate", "big": "99.99%", "sub": "of 8.194 Gt due" } ], "key_summary": [ "The national ETS opened on 16 July 2021 and closed its first year at CNY 54.22 per tonne. Allowances closed 2025 at CNY 74.63 and stood at CNY 97.90 at the end of August 2026.", "Steel, cement and aluminium joined the power sector in 2025. In 2026 the market covers 3,680 companies and about 8.3 Gt of CO2, over 65% of national emissions.", "Allowances are given free and tied to each company's output; there is no fixed cap. The government's goal is a cap-based market with free and paid allocation by 2030.", "Companies may cover up to 5% of what they owe with CCER credits. A company that fails to surrender now faces a fine of CNY 1–5 million, and then 5–10 times the market price for each missing allowance." ], "chart_h": "Prices, trading and coverage in charts", "chart_lead": "Prices rose through 2024, fell in 2025 and recovered in 2026. Trading figures follow the government's own reporting periods; coverage jumped when heavy industry joined.", "charts": [ { "type": "line", "series": "Year-end allowance closing price", "series_obj": { "name": "Year-end allowance closing price", "unit": "CNY/t", "points": [ { "x": "2021", "y": 54.22, "fact": "cn:f15" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 79.42, "fact": "cn:f77" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 97.49, "fact": "cn:f22" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 74.63, "fact": "cn:f25" }, { "x": "Aug 2026", "y": 97.9, "fact": "cn:f29" } ] }, "title": "Allowance closing price at year end, as published by MEE (CNY per tonne)", "note": "MEE has published year-end closes for 2021, 2023, 2024 and 2025; we found no MEE figure for end-2022. The last point is end-August 2026, not a year end." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Allowances traded by reporting period", "series_obj": { "name": "Allowances traded by reporting period", "unit": "Mt", "points": [ { "x": "2021 (Jul–Dec)", "y": 179, "fact": "cn:f14" }, { "x": "2022–23", "y": 263, "fact": "cn:f78" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 189, "fact": "cn:f21" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 235, "fact": "cn:f24" } ] }, "title": "Allowances traded by reporting period (million tonnes)", "note": "2021 covers 16 July to 31 December. MEE reports 2022 and 2023 together as the second compliance cycle." }, { "type": "multi", "title": "Year-end close and average traded price by reporting period (CNY per tonne)", "xs": [ "2021", "2022–23", "2024", "2025" ], "lines": [ { "name": "Close at end of period", "values": [ 54.22, 79.42, 97.49, 74.63 ], "color": "c0" }, { "name": "Average traded price", "values": [ 42.8, 65.62, 95.84, 62.36 ] } ], "facts": [ "cn:f15", "cn:f77", "cn:f22", "cn:f25", "cn:f74", "cn:f81", "cn:f76", "cn:f26" ], "note": "Averages for 2021, 2022–23 and 2024 are calculated as value divided by volume from MEE figures; 2025 is MEE's published average." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Covered entities", "title": "Companies covered by the ETS", "note": "Power sector only until 2024; steel, cement and aluminium from 2025." }, { "type": "line", "series": "Cumulative allowances traded", "series_obj": { "name": "Cumulative allowances traded", "unit": "Mt", "points": [ { "x": "End-2021", "y": 179, "fact": "cn:f14" }, { "x": "End-2023", "y": 442, "fact": "cn:f79" }, { "x": "End-2024", "y": 630, "fact": "cn:f80" }, { "x": "End-2025", "y": 865, "fact": "cn:f27" }, { "x": "End-Aug 2026", "y": 961, "fact": "cn:f30" } ] }, "title": "Cumulative allowances traded since July 2021 (million tonnes)" }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Value of allowances traded by reporting period", "series_obj": { "name": "Value of allowances traded by reporting period", "unit": "CNY bn", "points": [ { "x": "2021 (Jul–Dec)", "y": 7.661, "fact": "cn:f14" }, { "x": "2022–23", "y": 17.258, "fact": "cn:f78" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 18.114, "fact": "cn:f21" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 14.63, "fact": "cn:f24" } ] }, "title": "Value of allowances traded by reporting period (CNY billion)", "note": "2022 and 2023 are reported together as the second compliance cycle." } ], "timeline_title": "From the 2021 launch to the 2030 target", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2021-02-01", "text": "MEE's interim trading rules take effect, allowing CCER offsets up to 5%.", "fact": "cn:f02" }, { "date": "2021-07-16", "text": "The national ETS starts online trading with the power sector.", "fact": "cn:f01" }, { "date": "2021-12-31", "text": "First compliance cycle ends: 179 Mt traded, closing price CNY 54.22.", "fact": "cn:f14" }, { "date": "2024-01-22", "text": "The national CCER voluntary credit market opens.", "fact": "cn:f06" }, { "date": "2024-05-01", "text": "The State Council's Interim Regulations on carbon trading take effect.", "fact": "cn:f04" }, { "date": "2025-03-20", "text": "Steel, cement and aluminium are brought into the ETS.", "fact": "cn:f07" }, { "date": "2025-07-16", "text": "First one-way auctions held on the exchange.", "fact": "cn:f34" }, { "date": "2025-12-31", "text": "2025 ends with 235 Mt traded and a closing price of CNY 74.63.", "fact": "cn:f24" }, { "date": "2026-08-08", "text": "Interim Regulations revised; a CNY 1–5 million fine for failing to surrender is added.", "fact": "cn:f05" }, { "date": "2026-09-02", "text": "Allocation plan issued for power (2025–26) and steel, cement, aluminium (2026).", "fact": "cn:f10" }, { "date": "2026-12-31", "text": "Deadline to surrender 2025 allowances in all four sectors.", "fact": "cn:f11", "future": true }, { "date": "2027", "text": "Target: the ETS covers the main industrial emitting sectors.", "fact": "cn:f08", "future": true }, { "date": "2030", "text": "Target: a cap-based market with free and paid allocation.", "fact": "cn:f09", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "The yearly cycle for a covered company, using the 2025 compliance year as the example.", "flow": { "title": "How a compliance year works", "facts": [ "cn:f44", "cn:f12", "cn:f11", "cn:f47", "cn:f63", "cn:f59" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Listed", "t": "Companies emitting 26,000 tCO2e or more a year directly are put on provincial lists, published by 31 October." }, { "h": "Measure and report", "t": "Emissions data are logged monthly on the national platform; the annual report is checked by the province." }, { "h": "Receive free allowances", "t": "Allowances are set from output and a benchmark; there is no fixed total cap." }, { "h": "Trade", "t": "Companies buy or sell on the national exchange; CCER credits can cover up to 5% of what is owed." }, { "h": "Surrender by 31 December", "t": "2025 allowances are due by 31 December 2026. Failing to surrender brings a CNY 1–5 million fine, then 5–10 times the market price." } ] }, "scope_lead": "Four sectors are in; four more are being prepared.", "scope": { "title": "Who and what is covered", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "cn:f44", "cn:f39", "cn:f40", "cn:f41", "cn:f43", "cn:f45", "cn:f46", "cn:f47", "cn:f48", "cn:f49", "cn:f50", "cn:f51", "cn:f54" ], "rows": [ [ "Threshold", "26,000 tCO2e of direct emissions a year" ], [ "Sectors", "Power (since 2021); steel, cement, aluminium (from 2025)" ], [ "Companies, 2025", "3,378: power 2,087; steel 232; cement 962; aluminium 97" ], [ "Companies, 2026", "3,680, about 8.3 GtCO2, over 65% of national emissions" ], [ "Gases", "CO2; also CF4 and C2F6 in the new sectors" ], [ "Next in line", "Petrochemicals, chemicals, paper, civil aviation (preparation started)" ], [ "Allocation", "Free, tied to output; no fixed total cap. Paid allocation to be phased in" ], [ "New sectors, 2024", "Allowances equal to verified emissions" ], [ "New sectors, 2025", "Surplus or deficit limited to ±3% per company" ], [ "Power, 2024", "Shortfall capped at 20% per company" ], [ "2026–2030 goal", "Emissions per unit of product down about 3% in covered sectors" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "CCER credits are China's own offsets and the only credits the ETS accepts.", "credits": { "title": "CCER credits at a glance", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "cn:f63", "cn:f06", "cn:f64", "cn:f65", "cn:f66", "cn:f67", "cn:f68", "cn:f69", "cn:f70", "cn:f71", "cn:f72" ], "rows": [ [ "Offset limit", "Up to 5% of allowances due" ], [ "Market opened", "22 January 2024" ], [ "Used for 2021–22 compliance", "3.72 Mt" ], [ "Used for 2023 compliance", "6.47 Mt by 58 companies" ], [ "First day of new credits (March 2025)", "0.75 Mt at an average CNY 80.45/t" ], [ "Traded in 2025", "8.84 Mt, CNY 626 million, average CNY 70.76/t" ], [ "Registered by end-August 2026", "41 projects, 24.23 Mt" ], [ "Average price to end-August 2026", "CNY 86.51/t" ], [ "Methodologies published in 2025", "12" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "What is the carbon price in China's national ETS?", "a": "Allowances closed 2025 at CNY 74.63 per tonne, with a 2025 average of CNY 62.36. At the end of August 2026 the closing price was CNY 97.90, up 31.18% from the end of 2025." }, { "q": "Which sectors does China's ETS cover?", "a": "Power since July 2021, and steel, cement and aluminium since 2025. In 2026 that is 3,680 companies and about 8.3 Gt of CO2, over 65% of national emissions. Preparation has started for petrochemicals, chemicals, paper and civil aviation." }, { "q": "Does China's ETS have a cap?", "a": "Not a fixed one. Allowances are free and tied to each company's output against a benchmark. The 2025 policy opinion aims for a cap-based market with free and paid allocation by 2030." }, { "q": "Can companies use carbon credits in China's ETS?", "a": "Yes, CCER credits for up to 5% of the allowances they owe. 6.47 Mt of CCERs were used for the 2023 compliance year." }, { "q": "What happens if a company does not surrender enough allowances?", "a": "Under the regulations as revised on 8 August 2026, it is ordered to fix it and fined CNY 1–5 million. If it still fails, it is fined 5–10 times the previous month's average price for each missing allowance and may be ordered to stop production." }, { "q": "How much is traded?", "a": "235 Mt of allowances worth CNY 14.63 billion in 2025, about 24% more than in 2024. By the end of August 2026, 961 Mt had been traded in total since 2021." }, { "q": "When is the next compliance deadline?", "a": "31 December 2026, for 2025 allowances in all four sectors." }, { "q": "How many companies actually comply?", "a": "About 99.99% of the 8.194 Gt due for 2024 was surrendered on time, up from 99.5% in the first cycle (2019–2020 allowances)." } ], "related": [ "japan-gx-ets", "indonesia-idxcarbon", "singapore-carbon-tax" ], "not_listed": [ "A daily allowance price: daily prices come from the trading exchange, which we do not republish. The latest government figure is end-August 2026.", "Total allowances allocated for 2024–2026 in tonnes: the 2026 allocation plan's annex was not read.", "A price floor or ceiling: none was found in the official documents read.", "The share of allowances sold rather than given free: paid allocation is a stated goal, with no figure published." ] }, { "slug": "hong-kong-core-climate", "research": "hongkong", "country": "Hong Kong", "code": "hk", "kind_label": "Voluntary carbon credit marketplace (no compliance carbon price)", "status": "none", "updated": "2026-11-13", "seed": 8, "title": "Hong Kong — HKEX Core Climate voluntary carbon marketplace", "h1": "Hong Kong: no carbon tax or ETS, only HKEX's voluntary Core Climate marketplace, settled in Hong Kong dollars and renminbi", "lede": "Hong Kong has no compliance carbon price. Its carbon market is Core Climate, a voluntary international marketplace run by HKEX since 28 October 2022, where companies buy, settle and retire Verra and Gold Standard credits in Hong Kong dollars or renminbi. The Government counted more than 130 participants in March 2026; prices and transaction values are not disclosed.", "tile_note": "Voluntary · no compliance price", "kind": "voluntary", "compare": { "scheme": "Core Climate (HKEX)", "type": "Voluntary credit marketplace", "start": "2022", "coverage": "No compliance coverage; voluntary buyers (over 130 participants, Mar 2026)", "price": "Not published", "credits": "Verra VCS and Gold Standard VERs", "start_iso": "2022-10-28", "start_note": "Core Climate launches", "start_src": "hk:hkex_launch" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Compliance carbon price", "big": "None", "sub": "no ETS or carbon tax confirmed" }, { "label": "Registered participants", "big": ">130", "sub": "March 2026 · Government figure · 100 at end-2024" }, { "label": "Projects on the platform", "big": ">60", "sub": "end-2025 · forestry, solar, wind, biomass" }, { "label": "Credit standards", "big": "2", "sub": "Verra VCS; Gold Standard VERs from 1 Aug 2024" }, { "label": "Settlement currencies", "big": "2", "sub": "Hong Kong dollar and renminbi" }, { "label": "2035 target", "big": "−50%", "sub": "emissions vs 2005; neutrality before 2050" } ], "key_summary": [ "Hong Kong has no emissions trading scheme or carbon tax; in 2018 the Government said it was not yet in a position to set up its own carbon trading market, and in March 2022 it backed a voluntary, on-exchange market instead.", "HKEX launched Core Climate on 28 October 2022. Companies register as participants, then buy, settle, hold and retire certified credits there, paying in Hong Kong dollars or renminbi. Verra VCS credits are offered from launch and Gold Standard VERs since 1 August 2024.", "The Government reported 100 registered participants at end-2024 and over 130 in March 2026, with over 60 projects on the platform at end-2025. It says prices and transaction values cannot be disclosed because they are commercially sensitive.", "Links with mainland China are at the pilot stage, under MOUs with Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Macao exchanges. Hong Kong's own target is to halve emissions from the 2005 level before 2035; 2024 emissions were 33.2 million tCO2e." ], "chart_h": "Platform growth and emissions in charts", "chart_lead": "HKEX publishes no price or volume series for Core Climate. The charts use the participant counts the Government has stated, plus Hong Kong's official emissions inventory.", "charts": [ { "type": "cols", "series": "Core Climate registered participants", "title": "Core Climate registered participants, Government figures", "note": "Government statements to the Legislative Council: 100 at end-2024 and over 130 in March 2026 (lower bound)." }, { "type": "multi", "title": "Hong Kong total greenhouse gas emissions and the 2035 target (ktCO2e)", "xs": [ "2005", "2006", "2007", "2008", "2009", "2010", "2011", "2012", "2013", "2014", "2015", "2016", "2017", "2018", "2019", "2020", "2021", "2022", "2023", "2024" ], "lines": [ { "name": "Total GHG emissions", "series": "Hong Kong total GHG emissions" } ], "refs": [ { "y": 21400, "label": "2035 target ≈21,400 (50% of 2005, calc.)" } ], "facts": [ "hk:f41", "hk:f52", "hk:f49", "hk:f50" ], "note": "Emissions are not priced; this shows the target Core Climate buyers in Hong Kong work against. The target line is calculated as 50% of the 2005 total." } ], "timeline_title": "From 'not ready' to a voluntary market", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2018-12-12", "text": "Government says Hong Kong is not yet in a position to set up its own carbon trading market.", "fact": "hk:f37" }, { "date": "2021-10-08", "text": "Climate Action Plan 2050: halve emissions from 2005 before 2035; carbon neutrality before 2050.", "fact": "hk:f55" }, { "date": "2022-03", "text": "Steering group backs an on-exchange voluntary carbon market; HKEX signs an MOU with China Emissions Exchange.", "fact": "hk:f38" }, { "date": "2022-07", "text": "HKEX forms the Hong Kong International Carbon Market Council.", "fact": "hk:f28" }, { "date": "2022-10-28", "text": "HKEX launches Core Climate, with Verra VCS credits.", "fact": "hk:f01" }, { "date": "2023-10", "text": "HKEX signs an MOU with Shenzhen Green Exchange.", "fact": "hk:f56" }, { "date": "2024-08-01", "text": "Gold Standard VERs become tradable alongside Verra VCS.", "fact": "hk:f22" }, { "date": "2025", "text": "HKMA and HKEX complete a tokenised carbon credit test under Project Ensemble.", "fact": "hk:f35" }, { "date": "2025-09-23", "text": "MOU with three Greater Bay Area carbon exchanges.", "fact": "hk:f29" }, { "date": "2026-03", "text": "Government reports over 130 registered participants.", "fact": "hk:f18" }, { "date": "2035", "text": "Target: emissions half the 2005 level.", "fact": "hk:f41", "future": true }, { "date": "2050", "text": "Target: carbon neutrality.", "fact": "hk:f42", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "Core Climate is a voluntary marketplace: companies buy credits to meet their own goals, not a legal cap.", "flow": { "title": "How a purchase works on Core Climate", "facts": [ "hk:f18", "hk:f16", "hk:f20", "hk:f21", "hk:f22" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Join", "t": "A company registers as a participant (over 130 by March 2026)." }, { "h": "Choose credits", "t": "Pick from certified projects verified under Verra VCS or Gold Standard." }, { "h": "Trade or settle", "t": "Buy on the platform, or use it to settle a deal agreed bilaterally." }, { "h": "Pay in HKD or RMB", "t": "Settlement in Hong Kong dollars or renminbi." }, { "h": "Hold or retire", "t": "Credits are held in custody or retired against the buyer's own climate claims." } ] }, "scope_lead": "What exists in Hong Kong today, and what does not.", "scope": { "title": "Carbon pricing in Hong Kong", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "hk:f37", "hk:f38", "hk:f39", "hk:f41", "hk:f42", "hk:f45", "hk:f46", "hk:f47", "hk:f48" ], "rows": [ [ "Emissions trading scheme", "None. 2018: 'not yet in a position' to set up its own" ], [ "Carbon tax", "None confirmed in official texts" ], [ "Carbon market policy", "Voluntary carbon market on exchange (March 2022 assessment)" ], [ "Core Climate", "Voluntary international marketplace run by HKEX" ], [ "2035 target", "Halve emissions from the 2005 level" ], [ "Long-term target", "Carbon neutrality before 2050" ], [ "2024 emissions", "33.2 MtCO2e; 4.41 t per person; −27% from the 2014 peak" ], [ "Main sources (2024)", "Electricity 61%, transport 18%, waste 8%" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Which credits are offered, how they are settled, and where the market is heading.", "credits": { "title": "Credits on Core Climate", "headers": [ "Item", "Detail" ], "facts": [ "hk:f20", "hk:f21", "hk:f22", "hk:f23", "hk:f24", "hk:f29", "hk:f33", "hk:f35", "hk:f19" ], "rows": [ [ "Standards", "Verra VCS since launch; Gold Standard VERs from 1 Aug 2024" ], [ "Unit", "1 credit = 1 tonne CO2" ], [ "Project types", "Forestry, solar, wind, biomass in Asia, South America and Africa" ], [ "Settlement currency", "Hong Kong dollar and renminbi" ], [ "Mainland links", "MOU with Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Macao carbon exchanges (23 Sep 2025)" ], [ "Cross-boundary settlement", "Pilot to be completed within 2026" ], [ "Tokenised credits", "Test completed in 2025 by HKMA and HKEX (Project Ensemble)" ], [ "Prices", "Not disclosed: wide price range, commercially sensitive" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "Does Hong Kong have a carbon tax or an emissions trading scheme?", "a": "No. No official text confirms a carbon tax or ETS. In 2018 the Government said Hong Kong was not yet in a position to set up its own carbon trading market; its March 2022 assessment recommended a voluntary carbon market instead." }, { "q": "What is Core Climate?", "a": "A voluntary international carbon credit marketplace run by HKEX, launched on 28 October 2022. Companies buy, settle, hold and retire certified credits there, in Hong Kong dollars or renminbi." }, { "q": "Are Core Climate prices or volumes published?", "a": "No price or volume series is published. The Government says transaction values cannot be disclosed because prices vary widely and the information is commercially sensitive." }, { "q": "How many companies take part?", "a": "Over 130 registered participants as of March 2026, up from 100 at the end of 2024, according to the Government." }, { "q": "Which credits can be traded?", "a": "Credits verified under Verra's VCS, and Gold Standard VERs since 1 August 2024, from over 60 projects (end-2025) in forestry, solar, wind and biomass. Each credit is 1 tonne of CO2." }, { "q": "Is Core Climate linked to mainland China's carbon markets?", "a": "Pilots only so far. HKEX signed an MOU with three Greater Bay Area exchanges on 23 September 2025, and in October 2026 it began pilots in Shenzhen allowance settlement and green electricity certificate trading. The Government aims to complete the settlement pilot within 2026." }, { "q": "What is Hong Kong's emissions target?", "a": "Halve emissions from the 2005 level before 2035 and reach carbon neutrality before 2050. Emissions were 33.2 million tCO2e in 2024, about 27% below the 2014 peak." } ], "related": [ "singapore-carbon-tax", "indonesia-idxcarbon", "japan-gx-ets" ], "not_listed": [ "Prices and transaction values on Core Climate: the Government says they cannot be disclosed.", "Annual or monthly Core Climate volumes: not published.", "Core Climate fees and rulebook: behind the platform login." ] }, { "slug": "india-ccts", "research": "india", "country": "India", "code": "in", "kind_label": "Intensity-based credit trading (preparing)", "status": "pilot", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 9, "title": "India — Carbon Credit Trading Scheme and the Indian Carbon Market", "h1": "India: 490 plants have emission-intensity targets, but no carbon credit has traded yet", "lede": "India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme sets each plant a greenhouse gas intensity target per tonne of product. Plants that beat it earn tradable credits; plants that miss it must buy them. Targets now cover 490 entities, and the trading rules are in place, but trading is expected only from 2026-27.", "tile_note": "490 entities, trading not started", "kind": "credit", "compare": { "scheme": "Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (Indian Carbon Market)", "type": "Intensity-based baseline-and-credit + offsets", "start": "2023 (scheme); trading expected 2026-27", "coverage": "490 obligated entities (Jan 2026); 255 steel entities in draft", "price": "No traded price yet; floor/ceiling band to be set by CERC", "credits": "Domestic offset mechanism (9 methodologies); Article 6 via JCM with Japan", "start_iso": "2023-06-28", "start_note": "scheme notified", "start_src": "in:mop_ar2526" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Obligated entities", "big": "490", "sub": "after the January 2026 notification" }, { "label": "Iron and steel (draft)", "big": "255", "sub": "entities proposed on 26 June 2026" }, { "label": "Estimated final coverage", "big": "~795", "sub": "entities (Ministry of Power, March 2025)" }, { "label": "Penalty for a shortfall", "big": "2×", "sub": "the average traded credit price for that year" }, { "label": "Offset methodologies", "big": "9", "sub": "approved; over 40 entities submitting projects" }, { "label": "Trading start", "big": "2026-27", "sub": "expected; monthly sessions on power exchanges" } ], "key_summary": [ "The Carbon Credit Trading Scheme was notified on 28 June 2023. It sets each obligated plant a greenhouse gas emission intensity target in tCO2e per tonne of product, against a 2023-24 baseline, for the compliance years 2025-26 and 2026-27.", "Targets cover 490 entities (the Press Information Bureau total of 22 January 2026): 282 in aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali and pulp & paper from October 2025, and 208 in refineries, petrochemicals, textiles and secondary aluminium from January 2026. A June 2026 draft would add 255 iron and steel entities.", "A plant that misses its target must buy Carbon Credit Certificates (1 per tCO2e); otherwise it pays environmental compensation of twice the average traded price, within 90 days.", "CERC's trading rules of 27 February 2026 set monthly trading on power exchanges within a floor and forbearance price band. No band and no trade had been published in the official texts we read as of 12 November 2026." ], "chart_h": "Coverage in charts", "chart_lead": "There is no traded price yet, so the charts show who is covered and how large the targets are.", "charts": [ { "type": "multi", "title": "Obligated entities with notified targets (cumulative), with the draft steel step and the 795 estimate", "xs": [ "Oct 2025", "Jan 2026", "Jun 2026 (draft)" ], "lines": [ { "name": "Obligated entities", "values": [ 282, 490, 745 ], "known": 2, "step": true, "calc": true } ], "refs": [ { "y": 795, "label": "Estimated eventual coverage ~795" } ], "facts": [ "in:f07", "in:f22", "in:f24", "in:f26", "in:f27" ], "note": "Solid: notified targets. Dashed: 490 + 255 iron and steel entities if the 26 June 2026 draft is adopted (calculated). The line at 795 is the Ministry of Power's March 2025 estimate." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Obligated entities by sector", "title": "Entities with targets, by sector", "note": "Counted from the Schedules of the target rules; iron and steel is a draft." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Example target path", "title": "One plant's targets: Vedanta Jharsuguda Smelter II (tCO2e per tonne of aluminium)", "note": "A 4.3% cut from the 2023-24 baseline by 2026-27 (calculated). The 2025-26 target is pro-rated for September 2025 to March 2026." }, { "type": "multi", "title": "Emissions intensity of India's GDP, reduction from 2005 (%), and the 2030 goal", "xs": [ "2010", "2014", "2016", "2019", "2030" ], "lines": [ { "name": "Reduction vs 2005", "series": "Emissions intensity of GDP" } ], "refs": [ { "y": 45, "label": "NDC goal: 45% by 2030" } ], "facts": [ "in:f58" ], "note": "The carbon market is one of the tools named for the 45% goal." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Estimated obligated entities, top 5 states", "title": "Where the estimated 795 obligated entities are: top 5 states", "note": "Ministry of Power estimate, March 2025." } ], "timeline_title": "From the 2022 law change to monthly trading", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2022-05-30", "text": "India notifies its national authority for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.", "fact": "in:f55" }, { "date": "2023-06-28", "text": "Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023 notified under the Energy Conservation Act.", "fact": "in:f01" }, { "date": "2023-12-19", "text": "Scheme amended (S.O. 5369(E)).", "fact": "in:f02" }, { "date": "2024-07", "text": "Compliance procedure and MRV framework published.", "fact": "in:f54" }, { "date": "2024-11-13", "text": "CERC publishes draft trading regulations.", "fact": "in:f41" }, { "date": "2025-04-16", "text": "Draft emission intensity target rules published.", "fact": "in:f39" }, { "date": "2025-08-07", "text": "India and Japan sign a Joint Crediting Mechanism agreement under Article 6.2.", "fact": "in:f57" }, { "date": "2025-10-08", "text": "First targets: 282 entities in aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali, pulp & paper.", "fact": "in:f08" }, { "date": "2026-01-13", "text": "208 more entities added; total 490.", "fact": "in:f17" }, { "date": "2026-02-27", "text": "CERC notifies the carbon credit trading regulations.", "fact": "in:f40" }, { "date": "2026-03-21", "text": "Indian Carbon Market portal launched.", "fact": "in:f52" }, { "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Draft targets proposed for 255 iron and steel entities.", "fact": "in:f24" }, { "date": "2026-10", "text": "BEE drafts the trading procedure: sessions on the last Thursday of each month.", "fact": "in:f46" }, { "date": "2027-03-31", "text": "Compliance year 2026-27 ends — the last year with notified targets.", "fact": "in:f14", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "How a plant meets its target each compliance year.", "flow": { "title": "How the compliance mechanism works", "facts": [ "in:f13", "in:f36", "in:f35", "in:f66", "in:f43", "in:f37", "in:f67" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Target set", "t": "An annual intensity target per tonne of product, against a 2023-24 baseline, for a 3-year trajectory." }, { "h": "Measure and verify", "t": "Direct and purchased-energy emissions are reported and checked by an accredited verifier." }, { "h": "Credits or shortfall", "t": "(Target − achieved intensity) × output: beat it and receive credits, miss it and owe that many." }, { "h": "Trade monthly", "t": "Credits change hands on power exchanges; extra credits can be banked for later years." }, { "h": "Penalty if short", "t": "Environmental compensation of 2× the average traded price, payable within 90 days." } ] }, "scope_lead": "Targets are set plant by plant, for industries moved over from the earlier PAT energy-saving scheme.", "scope": { "title": "Who is covered", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "in:f07", "in:f17", "in:f22", "in:f24", "in:f27", "in:f33", "in:f34", "in:f35", "in:f05", "in:f13", "in:f14", "in:f53" ], "rows": [ [ "Sectors with targets (Oct 2025)", "Aluminium 13, cement 186, chlor-alkali 30, pulp & paper 53 — 282 entities" ], [ "Sectors added (Jan 2026)", "Textiles 173, refineries 21, petrochemicals 11, secondary aluminium 3 — 208 entities" ], [ "Total today", "490 obligated entities (PIB, January 2026): 282 from October 2025 plus 208 from January 2026" ], [ "Proposed next", "Iron and steel: 255 entities (draft, 26 June 2026)" ], [ "Not covered", "Thermal power plants; fertiliser identified but no targets notified" ], [ "Emissions counted", "Direct plus indirect from purchased electricity and heat" ], [ "Gases", "7 named, including CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 (list not exhaustive)" ], [ "Baseline / target years", "2023-24 baseline; targets for 2025-26 and 2026-27" ], [ "Estimated final scope", "About 795 entities (March 2025 estimate)" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Credits come from beating a target or from registered offset projects. International use runs through Article 6.", "credits": { "title": "Carbon Credit Certificates and offsets at a glance", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "in:f04", "in:f42", "in:f43", "in:f44", "in:f45", "in:f49", "in:f50", "in:f51", "in:f55", "in:f56", "in:f57", "in:f68" ], "rows": [ [ "Unit", "1 Carbon Credit Certificate = 1 tCO2e" ], [ "Market segments", "2: a compliance market and an offset market, on power exchanges" ], [ "Trading frequency", "Monthly; draft procedure proposes the last Thursday of each month" ], [ "Price band", "Floor and forbearance price to be approved by CERC; none found published" ], [ "Bid defaults", "More than 3 in a quarter: barred for 6 months" ], [ "Offset methodologies", "9 approved; over 40 entities submitting projects (March 2026)" ], [ "Offset sectors", "10 groups, from energy and industry to forestry and carbon removal" ], [ "Article 6", "14 eligible activities; India–Japan JCM signed 7 August 2025" ], [ "Institutions", "Registry: Grid Controller of India; Administrator: BEE; regulator: CERC" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "Has India's carbon market started trading?", "a": "Not in the official records we read up to 12 November 2026. The Ministry of Power said in March 2025 that compliance trading is expected to begin in 2026-27, and BEE's trading procedure was still a draft in October 2026." }, { "q": "How many companies must meet targets?", "a": "490 obligated entities after January 2026: 282 from October 2025 and 208 added on 13 January 2026. The 282 is the first notification (G.S.R. 739(E), October 2025, four sectors); the 490 is the total the Press Information Bureau gave on 22 January 2026, after the 13 January notification added 208 entities in four more sectors. A June 2026 draft would add 255 iron and steel entities." }, { "q": "Is it a cap-and-trade system?", "a": "No. Each plant gets an emissions intensity target in tCO2e per tonne of product, not an absolute cap. Beating the target earns credits; missing it means buying credits equal to (achieved − target) × output." }, { "q": "What is the penalty for missing a target?", "a": "Environmental compensation equal to twice the average price at which credits traded in that compliance year, imposed by the Central Pollution Control Board and payable within 90 days." }, { "q": "What is the price of an Indian carbon credit?", "a": "There is no traded price yet. CERC's 2026 rules require trading within a floor and forbearance price band to be approved on a BEE proposal; we found no published band." }, { "q": "Which sectors are covered?", "a": "Aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali, pulp & paper, petroleum refineries, petrochemicals, textiles and secondary aluminium. Iron and steel targets are in draft. Thermal power plants were not moved into the scheme." }, { "q": "Can projects outside these industries earn credits?", "a": "Yes, through the offset mechanism. Nine methodologies are approved, such as grid renewables, hydrogen, landfill methane and afforestation, and over 40 entities were submitting projects in March 2026." }, { "q": "How does India's scheme link to Article 6?", "a": "A national authority set up on 30 May 2022 approves activities for international transfer; 14 activities are eligible. India signed a Joint Crediting Mechanism agreement with Japan on 7 August 2025." } ], "related": [ "japan-gx-ets", "indonesia-idxcarbon", "singapore-carbon-tax" ], "not_listed": [ "Carbon credit prices: no trade and no approved floor or forbearance price found.", "Total emissions covered by the 490 entities, in tonnes or as a share of national emissions: not stated in the official texts we read.", "Fertiliser targets: the sector was identified but no target schedule was found." ] }, { "slug": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "research": "indonesia", "country": "Indonesia", "code": "id", "kind_label": "Carbon exchange", "status": "active", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 5, "title": "Indonesia — IDXCarbon (carbon exchange)", "h1": "Indonesia's IDXCarbon: an OJK-licensed carbon exchange with four markets, and new rules since July 2026", "lede": "Run by the Indonesia Stock Exchange under OJK supervision since September 2023, IDXCarbon lists offset units (SPE-GRK) and power-sector allowances (PTBAE-PU). OJK Regulation 10/2026, in force since 6 July 2026, moves units to a new registry (SRUK) and lets foreign carbon units trade.", "tile_note": "OJK rule change Jul 2026", "kind": "exchange", "usd": null, "compare": { "price": "Not published", "scheme": "IDXCarbon", "type": "Carbon exchange (offsets + power-sector allowances)", "start": "26 Sep 2023", "coverage": "Exchange-wide; power-sector ETS covers 146 coal units (2024)", "credits": "SPE-GRK offsets; foreign units allowed since Jul 2026", "start_iso": "2023-09-26", "start_note": "exchange launched", "start_src": "id:idx_pr_launch" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Launched", "big": "26 Sep 2023", "sub": "licensed by OJK; run by IDX" }, { "label": "Rule change", "big": "6 Jul 2026", "sub": "OJK 10/2026: new registry, foreign units" }, { "label": "Trading hours", "big": "07:00–19:00", "sub": "from 13 Jul 2026 (exchange time)" }, { "label": "Transaction fee", "big": "0.11%", "sub": "regular and negotiated; 0.22% auction and non-regular" }, { "label": "Service users", "big": "160", "sub": "registered to 30 Oct 2026 (OJK)" }, { "label": "Trading unit", "big": "1 lot = 1 t", "sub": "tCO2e per lot under the 2026 rules" } ], "key_summary": [ "IDXCarbon launched on 26 September 2023 under an OJK licence; the Indonesia Stock Exchange operates it and OJK supervises it.", "OJK Regulation 10/2026, effective 6 July 2026, amends 14/2023: units move to a new registry (SRUK), and foreign carbon units not in SRUK can be traded. IDX amended its trading rules on 9 July and extended hours to 07:00–19:00 from 13 July.", "Trading runs in four markets (Auction, Regular, Negotiated, Non-Regular) in lots of 1 tCO2e, with an IDR 200 tick and a ±20% auto-rejection band on the regular market; fees are 0.11% or 0.22% of value.", "OJK counted 113 registered service users in July 2025 and 160 at 30 October 2026; it reported 8 registered projects in July 2025." ], "chart_h": "Participants and the power-sector scheme", "chart_lead": "Service-user counts come from OJK press releases. Power-sector figures are from the energy ministry (ESDM).", "charts": [ { "type": "cols", "series": "Registered service users", "title": "Registered service users (entities)", "series_obj": { "name": "Registered service users", "unit": "entities", "points": [ { "x": "Jul 2025", "y": 113, "fact": "id:ojk_users_202507" }, { "x": "Aug 2026", "y": 159, "fact": "id:ojk_users_202608" }, { "x": "Sep 2026", "y": 160, "fact": "id:ojk_users_202609" }, { "x": "Oct 2026", "y": 160, "fact": "id:ojk_users_202610" } ] }, "note": "All figures from OJK press releases (registered service users since launch on 26 September 2023)." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Power-sector ETS coverage", "title": "Power-sector ETS coverage (coal-fired units)", "series_obj": { "name": "Power-sector ETS coverage", "unit": "units", "points": [ { "x": "2023", "y": 99, "fact": "id:ets_99" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 146, "fact": "id:ets_146" } ] }, "note": "2023: coal units above 100 MW; 2024 adds coal units of 25 MW or more." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Phase 1 intensity caps", "title": "Phase 1 emission intensity caps by coal plant class (tCO2e/MWh)", "series_obj": { "name": "Phase 1 intensity caps", "unit": "tCO2e/MWh", "points": [ { "x": "25–<100 MW", "y": 1.297, "fact": "id:ptbae_int" }, { "x": "Mine-mouth ≥100 MW", "y": 1.089, "fact": "id:ptbae_int" }, { "x": "Non-mine-mouth 100–400 MW", "y": 1.011, "fact": "id:ptbae_int" }, { "x": ">400 MW", "y": 0.911, "fact": "id:ptbae_int" } ] }, "note": "Allowances (PTBAE-PU) are set from these caps; plants under the cap can sell the difference." } ], "timeline_title": "From the 2023 launch to the July 2026 rule change", "timeline_lead": "Dates are from OJK, IDX and ministry texts.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2023-02-22", "text": "Power-sector carbon trading launched by the energy ministry.", "fact": "id:ets_launch" }, { "date": "2023-08-02", "text": "OJK Regulation 14/2023 on carbon trading through a carbon exchange enacted.", "fact": "id:pojk14_date" }, { "date": "2023-09-18", "text": "OJK grants IDX the carbon exchange operator licence.", "fact": "id:license" }, { "date": "2023-09-26", "text": "IDXCarbon launched by the President.", "fact": "id:launch" }, { "date": "2025-01-20", "text": "International trading of Indonesian carbon units inaugurated.", "fact": "id:intl" }, { "date": "2026-07-06", "text": "OJK Regulation 10/2026 takes effect; SRUK replaces SRN-PPI; foreign units may trade.", "fact": "id:pojk10_date" }, { "date": "2026-07-09", "text": "IDX amends its carbon exchange rules (Kep-00102 to 00105).", "fact": "id:kep2026" }, { "date": "2026-07-13", "text": "Trading hours extend to 07:00–19:00.", "fact": "id:hours2026" }, { "date": "2027", "text": "Phase 2 of the power-sector ETS roadmap (2025–2027) ends; Phase 3 runs 2028–2030.", "fact": "id:ets_phases", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "How an offset unit reaches the market and is used.", "flow": { "title": "From project to retirement", "facts": [ "id:srn", "id:fee_list", "id:mech", "id:surrender" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Project issues units", "t": "A mitigation project is registered and its SPE-GRK units are recorded in the national registry." }, { "h": "Listed on IDXCarbon", "t": "Units are listed for trading; the registration fee is IDR 0 per tonne." }, { "h": "Trade", "t": "Four routes: auction, regular continuous auction, negotiated, marketplace; 1 lot = 1 tCO2e." }, { "h": "Settle and retire", "t": "SPE-GRK are retired on IDXCarbon. Power-sector PTBAE-PU allowances are surrendered to the ministry instead." } ] }, "scope_lead": "Who runs it and the main rules of the market.", "scope": { "title": "Operator, units and market rules", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "id:license", "id:faq_units", "id:mech", "id:segments2026", "id:lot", "id:tick", "id:autorej", "id:hours2026", "id:fee_reg", "id:fee_auc", "id:fee_list", "id:fee_wd", "id:pojk14_cap" ], "rows": [ [ "Operator and supervisor", "Indonesia Stock Exchange; supervised by OJK (licence KEP-77/D.04/2023)" ], [ "Units", "PTBAE-PU (allowances) and SPE-GRK (offsets)" ], [ "Trading unit", "1 lot = 1 tCO2e" ], [ "Markets (2026 rules)", "Auction, Regular, Negotiated, Non-Regular" ], [ "Regular market price rules", "Tick size and minimum price IDR 200; ±20% auto-rejection band" ], [ "Hours (from 13 Jul 2026)", "07:00–19:00 exchange time" ], [ "Fees", "0.11% regular and negotiated; 0.22% auction and non-regular; listing IDR 0; withdrawal IDR 25,000" ], [ "Operator capital", "At least IDR 100 billion, not from loans (Art. 13 of 14/2023)" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Offset units on the exchange, and how the power-sector scheme sits beside it.", "credits": { "title": "Units, projects and the power-sector scheme", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "id:groups", "id:ojk_proj_202507", "id:pojk10_sruk", "id:pojk10_foreign", "id:ets_99", "id:ets_146", "id:ets_2023tx", "id:ptbae_int", "id:ets_phases", "id:intl", "id:pojk10_trans" ], "rows": [ [ "SPE-GRK groups", "8 standardised groups (from Jan 2025)" ], [ "Registered projects (OJK)", "8 as of July 2025" ], [ "Authorised for international trade", "Groups with \"A\" (IDNBSA, IDTBSA, IDTBSA-RE) carry government authorisation; international trading opened 20 Jan 2025" ], [ "Registry", "SRUK replaces SRN-PPI under OJK 10/2026" ], [ "Transition to SRUK", "Units in ministry systems may trade until SRUK operates, at most 3 months after promulgation" ], [ "Foreign units", "Allowed to trade even if not recorded in SRUK (since 6 Jul 2026)" ], [ "Power-sector ETS, 2023", "99 coal units from 42 companies" ], [ "Power-sector ETS, 2024", "146 units (adds coal units ≥25 MW)" ], [ "Power-sector trade, 2023", "7.1 MtCO2e, IDR 84.17 billion" ], [ "Phase 1 intensity caps", "1.297 / 1.089 / 1.011 / 0.911 by plant class" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "What is IDXCarbon?", "a": "Indonesia's carbon exchange, operated by the Indonesia Stock Exchange under an OJK licence and launched on 26 September 2023. It trades power-sector allowances (PTBAE-PU) and offset units (SPE-GRK)." }, { "q": "How much has traded on Indonesia's carbon exchange?", "a": "The regulator OJK reported that from launch on 26 September 2023 to 31 August 2026 cumulative volume was 1.98 million tCO2e, worth IDR 93.90 billion, with 159 registered service users. We do not show monthly or price data from the exchange." }, { "q": "How are prices set on the regular market?", "a": "Under the July 2026 rules the regular market uses a tick size of IDR 200 and a minimum price of IDR 200 (IDR 1 in auctions), and orders more than 20% away from the reference price are rejected automatically. We do not publish traded prices." }, { "q": "What changed in July 2026?", "a": "OJK Regulation 10/2026 took effect on 6 July 2026. Units must be recorded in a new registry, SRUK, and foreign carbon units not recorded there may also be traded. IDX amended its trading rules on 9 July, and hours extended to 07:00–19:00 from 13 July." }, { "q": "Who can trade?", "a": "Compliance companies holding PTBAE-PU, non-compliance companies offsetting emissions, and project developers selling SPE-GRK. OJK counted 160 registered service users as of 30 October 2026." }, { "q": "How much does it cost to trade?", "a": "A transaction fee of 0.11% of value on the regular and negotiated markets (0.22% for auction and non-regular), IDR 0 per tonne to list units, and IDR 25,000 per fund withdrawal." }, { "q": "Does Indonesia also have an emissions trading system?", "a": "For the power sector, yes: trading began in February 2023 with 99 coal units, expanded to 146 units in 2024, with a roadmap of Phase 1 (2023–24), Phase 2 (2025–27) and Phase 3 (2028–30)." } ], "related": [ "singapore-carbon-tax", "japan-gx-ets" ], "not_listed": [ "Exchange trading data (monthly volume and value, prices, segment breakdown): left out pending the exchange's data-use terms; only OJK's own cumulative figures are shown.", "Prices and caps for PTBAE-PU allowances: no official figure found.", "Exchange-reported full-year totals for 2023 and 2024: monthly reports before September 2025 were not available.", "The text of OJK Regulation 10/2026 and Presidential Regulation 110/2025: only a summary was readable.", "Carbon tax: not covered here." ] }, { "slug": "japan-gx-ets", "research": "japan", "country": "Japan", "code": "jp", "kind_label": "Emissions trading system (mandatory)", "status": "active", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 7, "title": "Japan — GX-ETS (mandatory emissions trading)", "h1": "Japan's GX-ETS: mandatory emissions trading, with a price band of ¥1,700–¥4,300", "lede": "Since April 2026, companies emitting 100,000 tonnes of CO2 or more must hold allowances for their emissions. Allowances are allocated free; credits can cover up to 10%; and a government-set price band limits the cost. The first filing, allocation and surrender all fall in 2027–28.", "tile_note": "¥1,700–4,300", "kind": "ets", "usd": { "v": 27.18, "label": "$10.7 – $27.2 (floor–ceiling)" }, "compare": { "scheme": "GX-ETS", "type": "Emissions trading (mandatory)", "start": "FY2026 (April 2026)", "coverage": "≥100,000 tCO2 direct; ~300–400 firms; nearly 60% of GHG", "price": "¥1,700–¥4,300 band (FY2026)", "credits": "J-Credits and JCM up to 10%", "start_iso": "2026-04-01", "start_note": "mandatory phase starts", "start_src": "jp:meti_ets" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Mandatory start", "big": "Apr 2026", "sub": "FY2026 · after voluntary FY2023–25" }, { "label": "Coverage threshold", "big": "100,000 t", "sub": "direct CO2, 3-year average" }, { "label": "Covered companies", "big": "300–400", "sub": "nearly 60% of Japan's GHG emissions" }, { "label": "FY2026 price band", "big": "¥1,700–4,300", "sub": "floor to ceiling, per tCO2" }, { "label": "Credit use limit", "big": "10%", "sub": "J-Credits and JCM, of emissions" }, { "label": "First surrender", "big": "31 Jan 2028", "sub": "market opens around autumn FY2027" } ], "key_summary": [ "Japan's mandatory ETS began in FY2026 (April 2026) and covers companies with direct CO2 emissions of 100,000 t or more — about 300–400 companies, nearly 60% of national greenhouse gas emissions.", "For FY2026 the reference ceiling is ¥4,300 and the adjustment floor ¥1,700 per tonne; from FY2027 both rise by 3% plus expected price inflation each year. A shortfall left unsurrendered costs the ceiling price × 1.1 (¥4,730 in FY2026).", "Allowances are free: by sector benchmark or by past emissions cut 1.7% a year (0.3% for process emissions). J-Credits and JCM credits may cover up to 10%.", "Because FY2026 is a transition year, filing and allocation move to FY2027, the allowance market opens around autumn 2027, and the first surrender is due 31 January 2028." ], "chart_h": "Prices and benchmarks", "chart_lead": "The official price band sets the limits. Government J-Credit tenders (last held in 2023) are the only official price history for credits.", "charts": [ { "type": "multi", "title": "Credit prices from government tenders, 2018–2023 (JPY per tCO2)", "xs": [ "2018-01", "2018-04", "2019-01", "2019-04", "2020-01", "2020-06", "2021-01", "2021-04", "2022-01", "2022-04", "2023-05" ], "lines": [ { "name": "Renewable-power credits", "series": "J-Credit government tender: renewable", "color": "c0" }, { "name": "Energy-saving credits", "series": "J-Credit government tender: energy-saving" } ], "refs": [ { "y": 1700, "label": "FY2026 floor ¥1,700 (for scale)" }, { "y": 4300, "label": "FY2026 ceiling ¥4,300 (for scale)" } ], "facts": [ "jp:f08", "jp:f09" ], "note": "Weighted average winning prices, ex-tax. The floor and ceiling apply to ETS allowances, not to these credits; they are drawn only for scale. The government stopped running tenders after the 14th (May 2023); June 2020 had no energy-saving winners." }, { "type": "multi", "title": "Price band: FY2026 fixed, FY2027 onward rises at least 3% a year", "xs": [ "FY2026", "FY2027", "FY2028", "FY2029", "FY2030" ], "lines": [ { "name": "Ceiling", "values": [ 4300, 4429, 4562, 4699, 4840 ], "known": 1, "calc": true, "label_idx": [ 0, 4 ] }, { "name": "Floor", "values": [ 1700, 1751, 1804, 1858, 1914 ], "known": 1, "calc": true, "label_idx": [ 0, 4 ] } ], "facts": [ "jp:f08", "jp:f09", "jp:f12" ], "note": "FY2026 values are official (solid). Dashed points are calculated minimums: prior year × 1.03. The official rule also adds the expected price-index change for each year, which is not yet published, so actual values will be higher." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "GX-ETS benchmark: coal-fired power", "title": "Allocation benchmark for coal-fired power, FY2026–FY2030 (kg-CO2 per kWh)", "note": "Official value in t-CO2/kWh ×10⁻⁴, converted to kg only for display." } ], "timeline_title": "From voluntary phase to first surrender", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2023-04", "text": "Voluntary GX-ETS phase 1 begins (FY2023–FY2025).", "fact": "jp:f45" }, { "date": "2023-05-19", "text": "GX Promotion Act promulgated.", "fact": "jp:f37" }, { "date": "2025-06-04", "text": "Amendment making the ETS mandatory promulgated; in force 1 April 2026.", "fact": "jp:f36" }, { "date": "2026-01-05", "text": "Registration of verification bodies opens.", "fact": "jp:f32" }, { "date": "2026-04-01", "text": "Mandatory GX-ETS takes effect.", "fact": "jp:f35" }, { "date": "2026-09-30", "text": "Deadline for first filing and transition plans.", "fact": "jp:f38" }, { "date": "2027-09-30", "text": "FY2026 targets filed; allocation follows by end-November (first-year special rule).", "fact": "jp:f39", "future": true }, { "date": "2027 autumn", "text": "Allowance trading market expected to open.", "fact": "jp:f41", "future": true }, { "date": "2028-01-31", "text": "First surrender of allowances for FY2026 emissions.", "fact": "jp:f40", "future": true }, { "date": "2028", "text": "Fossil fuel levy starts (FY2028).", "fact": "jp:f44", "future": true }, { "date": "2033", "text": "Paid allocation (auctions) for power generators begins (FY2033).", "fact": "jp:f43", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "The yearly cycle once the system is running (FY2026 shifts one step later).", "flow": { "title": "File → allocate → trade → surrender", "facts": [ "jp:f16", "jp:f17", "jp:f26", "jp:f23", "jp:f27" ], "steps": [ { "h": "File a target", "t": "Covered companies report an emissions target and transition plan, verified by a registered body." }, { "h": "Receive free allowances", "t": "By sector benchmark, or past emissions cut 1.7% a year (0.3% for process emissions)." }, { "h": "Trade surplus and shortfall", "t": "Allowances may be traded between companies; speculative trading is prohibited." }, { "h": "Surrender by 31 January", "t": "Hold allowances equal to verified emissions; up to 10% may be J-Credits or JCM credits." }, { "h": "If still short", "t": "Pay a charge: unsurrendered volume × ceiling price × 1.1." } ] }, "scope_lead": "Direct CO2 only, judged company by company.", "scope": { "title": "Who and what is covered", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "jp:f01", "jp:f02", "jp:f03", "jp:f04", "jp:f05", "jp:f06", "jp:f07", "jp:f47", "jp:f64" ], "rows": [ [ "Threshold", "Direct CO2 emissions of 100,000 t or more, average of the previous 3 fiscal years" ], [ "Gases", "CO2 only; Scope 2 and non-CO2 gases excluded" ], [ "Unit", "Per company; subsidiaries are separate (joint filing allowed)" ], [ "Companies covered", "About 300–400" ], [ "Share of emissions", "Nearly 60% of Japan's GHG emissions" ], [ "Voluntary phase (FY2024)", "Over 700 GX League companies, about 60% of emissions" ], [ "Japan's FY2024 emissions", "About 994 MtCO2e net (−28.7% vs FY2013)" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Credits help meet the obligation within a fixed limit; the price band bounds the cost.", "credits": { "title": "Credits, markets and penalties", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "jp:f23", "jp:f25", "jp:f27", "jp:f28", "jp:f29", "jp:f59", "jp:f60", "jp:f61" ], "rows": [ [ "Credit limit", "10% of each year's emissions" ], [ "Eligible credits", "J-Credits and JCM credits" ], [ "Non-compliance charge", "Unsurrendered volume × ceiling × 1.1 (FY2026: ¥4,730 per t, calculated)" ], [ "Fine for false filing", "Up to ¥500,000 (Art. 143)" ], [ "Registered J-Credit projects", "1,497 (14.87 MtCO2 certified cumulatively; goal 15 Mt by FY2030)" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "When did Japan's mandatory emissions trading start?", "a": "In FY2026, from April 2026. The Act amendment was promulgated on 4 June 2025 and took effect on 1 April 2026, after a voluntary phase in FY2023–FY2025." }, { "q": "Which companies must take part?", "a": "Companies whose direct CO2 emissions average 100,000 tonnes or more over the previous three fiscal years — about 300–400 companies, nearly 60% of Japan's greenhouse gas emissions. Only direct CO2 (Scope 1) counts." }, { "q": "What are the price ceiling and floor?", "a": "For FY2026 the reference ceiling is ¥4,300 and the adjustment floor ¥1,700 per tonne of CO2. From FY2027 to FY2030 each year's price is the prior year's price × (1.03 + the projected change in the corporate goods price index)." }, { "q": "What happens if a company is short of allowances?", "a": "It must surrender allowances equal to verified emissions by 31 January of the following year. Any shortfall costs the ceiling price × 1.1, which is ¥4,730 per tonne for FY2026 (a calculated value)." }, { "q": "Can J-Credits be used for compliance?", "a": "Yes. J-Credits and JCM credits may cover up to 10% of a company's emissions each year." }, { "q": "How are free allowances decided?", "a": "By government sector benchmarks where they exist (for example coal-fired power, LNG power, cement, paper), or by past emissions reduced 1.7% a year for energy-related CO2 and 0.3% for process CO2." }, { "q": "When does the allowance market open and when is the first surrender?", "a": "The market is expected to open around autumn FY2027. Because FY2026 is a transition year, filing and allocation happen in FY2027 and the first surrender is due 31 January 2028." }, { "q": "When do auctions start?", "a": "Paid allocation for power generators is set to start in FY2033. A fossil fuel levy on upstream suppliers is set to start in FY2028." } ], "related": [ "singapore-carbon-tax", "indonesia-idxcarbon" ], "not_listed": [ "Ceiling and floor for FY2027 onward: formula only, values not yet published.", "The number of companies that actually filed by 30 September 2026: not published in the sources checked.", "The trigger for the ceiling mechanism (a proposal of three months above the ceiling is still under discussion)." ] }, { "slug": "korea-k-ets", "research": "korea", "country": "South Korea", "code": "kr", "kind_label": "Emissions trading (cap-and-trade)", "status": "active", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 5, "title": "South Korea — Korea Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS)", "h1": "South Korea: 772 companies under a 2,537 Mt cap for 2026–2030, with power auctioning rising to 50%", "lede": "Asia's longest-running national cap-and-trade scheme entered its fourth phase in 2026. The cap is 2,537.30 Mt for five years, 2,362.99 Mt was allocated in advance to 772 companies, and power companies must buy a share that rises from 15% in 2026 to 50% in 2030 at auction. An 85 Mt market stability reserve now sits inside the cap.", "tile_note": "772 companies · 2,537 Mt cap", "kind": "ets", "compare": { "scheme": "K-ETS", "type": "ETS", "start": "2015", "coverage": "772 companies covered in Phase 4", "price": "KRW 30,000 range on 20 Aug 2026, up from about KRW 10,000 on average in 2025 (ministry statement)", "credits": "KOC/KCU offsets, legal ceiling 10% of surrender", "start_iso": "2015-01-01", "start_note": "Phase 1 starts", "start_src": "kr:moleg_act" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Allocated in advance", "big": "2,363 Mt", "sub": "to 772 companies on 29 Dec 2025 · 59 power, 713 others" }, { "label": "Phase 4 cap 2026–30", "big": "2,537 Mt", "sub": "about 510 Mt a year · Phase 3 averaged 610 Mt" }, { "label": "Covered companies", "big": "772", "sub": "10,538 sites · 684 companies in 2021" }, { "label": "Power auction share", "big": "15%→50%", "sub": "2026 to 2030 · non-power 15%, trade-exposed 0%" }, { "label": "Market stability reserve", "big": "85 Mt", "sub": "inside the cap; in law since 29 Apr 2026" }, { "label": "Penalty", "big": "3×", "sub": "the year's average market price, per missing tonne" } ], "key_summary": [ "Phase 4 (2026–2030) has a cap of 2,537.30 Mt on a linear path, and 2,362.99 Mt was allocated in advance to 772 companies on 29 December 2025: 795.75 Mt to 59 power companies and 1,567.24 Mt to 713 others.", "Power companies buy 15% of their allowances at auction in 2026, rising to 50% in 2030; most industry (95% of the sector) stays fully free, so the effective auction share is 11.0%, up from 4.0% in Phase 3.", "The ministry said on 20 August 2026 that the allowance price had risen from about KRW 10,000 on average in 2025 to the KRW 30,000 range. Since 29 April 2026 the 85 Mt stability reserve can be used to adjust auction supply when auction prices leave a pre-set range.", "Companies that fall short pay up to three times the year's average market price per tonne, and may cover part of their obligation with offset credits up to a legal ceiling of 10%." ], "chart_h": "Cap, free allocation and the auction path", "chart_lead": "Each phase has a smaller cap and less free allocation; in Phase 4 the power sector's auction share rises every year.", "charts": [ { "type": "cols", "series": "Cap per phase, annual average", "title": "Cap per phase, annual average (MtCO2e a year)", "note": "From the Phase 4 allocation plan's comparison table." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Free allocation share by phase", "title": "Maximum share of allowances given free, by phase (%)", "note": "Phases 1 and 2 are set in the decree; from Phase 3 the decree sets a ceiling of 90%, fixed in each allocation plan." }, { "type": "step", "series": "Power-sector auction share", "title": "Share of allowances power companies must buy at auction (%)", "note": "Phase 4 schedule. The power sector's total over the phase is 29%, against 10% in Phase 3." } ], "timeline_title": "From the 2012 Act to Phase 4", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2012-05-14", "text": "The ETS Act is enacted.", "fact": "kr:f01" }, { "date": "2014-01", "text": "Korea Exchange is designated as the allowance exchange.", "fact": "kr:f06" }, { "date": "2015-01-01", "text": "Phase 1 starts, with all allowances allocated free.", "fact": "kr:f02" }, { "date": "2018-01-01", "text": "Phase 2 starts, with 97% of allowances free.", "fact": "kr:f03" }, { "date": "2021-01-01", "text": "Phase 3 starts: five years, 684 companies, 3.03 billion t cap.", "fact": "kr:f17" }, { "date": "2024-01", "text": "Act amended to allow brokered trading and financial-sector participants.", "fact": "kr:f48" }, { "date": "2025-11-11", "text": "Cabinet adopts the 2035 NDC and the Phase 4 allocation plan.", "fact": "kr:f14" }, { "date": "2025-11-24", "text": "Trading through securities brokers begins.", "fact": "kr:f46" }, { "date": "2025-12-29", "text": "2,362.99 Mt of Phase 4 allowances allocated to 772 companies.", "fact": "kr:f21" }, { "date": "2026-04-29", "text": "Market stability reserve rules take effect.", "fact": "kr:f49" }, { "date": "2030", "text": "Power-sector auction share reaches 50%; Phase 4 ends.", "fact": "kr:f30", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "The yearly compliance cycle for a covered company.", "flow": { "title": "How a compliance year works", "facts": [ "kr:f21", "kr:f38", "kr:f39", "kr:f40", "kr:f42", "kr:f30" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Allocation", "t": "Allowances for the whole phase are allocated before it starts; free shares are released year by year (KAU26–30)." }, { "h": "Buy or trade", "t": "Extra allowances come from monthly government auctions or KRX trading (10:00–12:00)." }, { "h": "Report", "t": "Verified emissions report within 3 months after the year ends." }, { "h": "Surrender", "t": "Surrender allowances within 8 months after the year ends; offsets may cover part, up to the plan's limit (ceiling 10%)." }, { "h": "Penalty", "t": "Any shortfall can be charged up to 3× the year's average market price per tonne." } ] }, "scope_lead": "Who is in the scheme and how big Phase 4 is.", "scope": { "title": "Who is covered", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule or figure" ], "facts": [ "kr:f12", "kr:f13", "kr:f18", "kr:f22", "kr:f23", "kr:f24", "kr:f14", "kr:f25", "kr:f26", "kr:f27", "kr:f28", "kr:f29", "kr:f51" ], "rows": [ [ "Threshold", "Company ≥125,000 tCO2e a year (3-year average), or a site ≥25,000 tCO2e" ], [ "Gases", "Greenhouse gases under the Carbon Neutrality Act, excluding NF3" ], [ "Companies, Phase 4", "772: 59 power, 713 non-power (industry, transport, buildings)" ], [ "Sites, Phase 4", "10,538" ], [ "Phase 4 cap", "2,537.30 Mt: 2.10 bn free, 0.26 bn auctioned, 89 Mt new-entrant reserve, 85 Mt stability reserve" ], [ "Outside the cap", "20 Mt market-making reserve" ], [ "Leaving mid-phase", "Possible if prior-year emissions fall below 3,000 tCO2e" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Offsets can replace part of a surrender, within limits.", "credits": { "title": "Offset credits (KOC/KCU) at a glance", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "kr:f42", "kr:f43", "kr:f44", "kr:f45", "kr:f46" ], "rows": [ [ "Use limit", "Up to 10% of the surrender obligation by law; the exact limit is set in each allocation plan" ], [ "Project start", "Projects started on or after 3 December 2016" ], [ "Validity", "Offset credits not banked or surrendered lapse 8 months after the compliance year" ], [ "Market makers", "KDB, IBK and KEXIM by law, plus licensed securities firms" ], [ "Who can trade", "Covered companies, market makers, and since 24 Nov 2025 financial firms via brokers" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "What has happened to the K-ETS allowance price?", "a": "The ministry said on 20 August 2026 that the price had risen from about KRW 10,000 on average in 2025 to the KRW 30,000 range. It did not give a daily price. Shortfalls are charged at up to three times the year's average market price." }, { "q": "How many companies are covered in Phase 4?", "a": "772 companies with 10,538 sites: 59 in power and 713 in industry, transport and buildings. In 2021 there were 684." }, { "q": "How big is the Phase 4 cap?", "a": "2,537.30 Mt for 2026–2030, about 510 Mt a year, down from about 610 Mt a year in Phase 3. 2,362.99 Mt was allocated in advance." }, { "q": "How much must companies buy at auction?", "a": "Power companies: 15% in 2026, rising to 50% in 2030. Non-power sectors that are not trade-exposed: 15%. Trade-exposed industry, about 95% of the sector, stays fully free. The effective auction share is 11.0%." }, { "q": "What happens if a company does not surrender enough allowances?", "a": "It can be charged up to three times that year's average market price for each missing tonne. Allowances are due within 8 months of the year's end." }, { "q": "Can companies use offset credits?", "a": "Yes. The decree caps offsets at 10% of the surrender obligation, with the exact limit set in the allocation plan. Projects must have started on or after 3 December 2016." }, { "q": "Is there a price stabilisation mechanism?", "a": "Yes. An 85 Mt market stability reserve sits inside the Phase 4 cap. Since 29 April 2026 it can be used to adjust auction supply when auction prices leave a pre-set range." }, { "q": "Can financial firms trade Korean allowances?", "a": "Yes, since 24 November 2025, through a licensed broker. Banks, insurers, fund managers and pension funds are included." } ], "related": [ "japan-gx-ets", "singapore-carbon-tax", "indonesia-idxcarbon" ], "not_listed": [ "Phase 1 and Phase 2 caps and company counts: not found in the official texts we read.", "The exact Phase 4 offset limit: the law sets a 10% ceiling, but the plan's figure was not in the texts we read.", "The market stability reserve's price range: due by August 2026; no official notice found.", "The limit on banking allowances into the next phase: seen only in press reports." ] }, { "slug": "singapore-carbon-tax", "research": "singapore", "country": "Singapore", "code": "sg", "kind_label": "Carbon tax + international credits", "status": "active", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 3, "title": "Singapore — Carbon tax and international carbon credit allowance", "h1": "Singapore: a S$45 carbon tax, with up to 5% paid in international credits", "lede": "Southeast Asia's first carbon price. About 50 large facilities pay S$45 per tonne of CO2e for 2026–27, and may use eligible international credits for up to 5% of their taxable emissions. Supply of those credits is still being built.", "tile_note": "S$45/t", "kind": "tax", "compare": { "scheme": "Carbon tax + ICC", "type": "Tax", "start": "2019", "coverage": "~70% of national GHG emissions (about 50 facilities ≥25,000 tCO2e)", "price": "S$45/tCO2e (2026–27)", "credits": "International credits up to 5% of taxable emissions", "start_iso": "2019-01-01", "start_note": "carbon tax starts", "start_src": "sg:sso_cpa" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Tax rate 2026–27", "big": "S$45", "sub": "per tCO2e · was S$25 in 2024–25 (+80%)" }, { "label": "Share of national emissions", "big": "~70%", "sub": "covered by the carbon tax" }, { "label": "Taxable facilities", "big": "~50", "sub": "each emitting ≥25,000 tCO2e a year" }, { "label": "International credit limit", "big": "5%", "sub": "of taxable emissions, from 1 Jan 2024" }, { "label": "Implementation agreements", "big": "12", "sub": "signed; 9 in force; 0 projects registered yet" }, { "label": "2030 ambition", "big": "S$50–80", "sub": "per tCO2e; post-2027 path under review" } ], "key_summary": [ "The carbon tax is S$45 per tonne CO2e for 2026 and 2027, up from S$25 in 2024–25 and S$5 in 2019–23; the Government aims for S$50–80 by 2030.", "It applies to about 50 facilities emitting 25,000 tCO2e or more a year and covers around 70% of national greenhouse gas emissions.", "Facilities may offset up to 5% of taxable emissions with eligible international carbon credits, but as of 2 November 2026 no project is yet registered under the 12 signed agreements.", "Unused 2025 credit quota rolls into 2026 at a conversion factor of 25/45; the 2024 quota expired." ], "chart_h": "Rate and agreements in charts", "chart_lead": "The tax rate steps up in 2024 and 2026. Coverage and the number of credit agreements show how the system around the tax is growing.", "charts": [ { "type": "multi", "title": "Carbon tax rate by emissions year, with the 2030 ambition (S$ per tCO2e)", "xs": [ "2019", "2020", "2021", "2022", "2023", "2024", "2025", "2026", "2027", "2028", "2029", "2030" ], "lines": [ { "name": "Carbon tax rate", "values": [ 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 25, 25, 45, 45, null, null, null ], "known": 9, "step": true, "color": "c0", "label_idx": [ 0, 5, 7 ] } ], "fan": { "from": [ 8, 45 ], "to": 11, "lo": 50, "hi": 80, "label": "2030 ambition S$50–80" }, "facts": [ "sg:f01", "sg:f02", "sg:f03", "sg:f04" ], "note": "Solid: rates set in the Act's schedule. The path after 2027 is under review and no rate is set for 2028–2029; the shaded wedge shows only the stated 2030 range." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Cumulative Article 6 Implementation Agreements signed", "title": "Implementation agreements signed, cumulative (end of year)" }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Carbon tax coverage of national GHG emissions", "title": "Share of national emissions covered by the carbon tax (%)", "note": "2022 was re-based after HFC accounting changed." } ], "timeline_title": "From the 2018 Act to the 2030 ambition", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2018-03-20", "text": "Parliament passes the Carbon Pricing Act.", "fact": "sg:f11" }, { "date": "2019-01-01", "text": "Carbon tax starts at S$5 per tCO2e, the first carbon pricing scheme in Southeast Asia.", "fact": "sg:f12" }, { "date": "2020", "text": "First tax payments, based on 2019 emissions.", "fact": "sg:f14" }, { "date": "2022-02-18", "text": "Budget 2022 announces the rate path: S$25 in 2024–25, S$45 in 2026–27, S$50–80 by 2030.", "fact": "sg:f15" }, { "date": "2022-11-08", "text": "Carbon Pricing (Amendment) Act 2022 passed; allows international credits up to a limit.", "fact": "sg:f18" }, { "date": "2024-01-01", "text": "Rate rises to S$25; facilities may offset up to 5% of taxable emissions with international credits.", "fact": "sg:f20" }, { "date": "2025-10-06", "text": "Mongolia signs an implementation agreement.", "fact": "sg:f84" }, { "date": "2026-01-01", "text": "Rate rises to S$45 for 2026 and 2027.", "fact": "sg:f03" }, { "date": "2026-09-04", "text": "Lao PDR signs an implementation agreement, the 12th.", "fact": "sg:f86" }, { "date": "2027-09-30", "text": "Payment deadline for 2026 emissions (rule: 30 September of the following year).", "fact": "sg:f38", "future": true }, { "date": "2030", "text": "Government ambition: S$50–80 per tCO2e.", "fact": "sg:f04", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "The yearly cycle for a taxable facility, and where international credits fit.", "flow": { "title": "How the tax is paid", "facts": [ "sg:f35", "sg:f37", "sg:f36", "sg:f38", "sg:f39", "sg:f50" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Register", "t": "By 30 June of the year after the facility first passes the threshold." }, { "h": "Plan and measure", "t": "Monitoring Plan by 31 December of that year; direct (Scope 1) emissions measured." }, { "h": "Report", "t": "Third-party verified Emissions Report by 30 June of the following year." }, { "h": "Pay by 30 September", "t": "Pay by surrendering fixed-price carbon credits bought from the Government." }, { "h": "Optional offset", "t": "Up to 5% of taxable emissions may be covered with eligible international credits." } ] }, "scope_lead": "Two thresholds decide what a facility must do.", "scope": { "title": "Who is covered", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "sg:f21", "sg:f22", "sg:f23", "sg:f24", "sg:f25", "sg:f26", "sg:f27", "sg:f28", "sg:f29", "sg:f30" ], "rows": [ [ "First threshold (reportable)", "2,000 tCO2e — measure and report only; no tax" ], [ "Second threshold (taxable)", "25,000 tCO2e — verified report plus carbon tax" ], [ "Sectors", "Manufacturing; power, gas, steam and chilled water supply; water, sewage and waste" ], [ "Gases", "7 greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3" ], [ "Emissions counted", "Direct (Scope 1) emissions from fuel combustion and industrial processes" ], [ "Not taxed separately", "Petrol, diesel and CNG: excise duties apply instead" ], [ "Facilities taxed", "About 50" ], [ "Share of national emissions", "Around 70% (about 80% with transport-fuel excise)" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "International credits can cover part of the bill, but the supply chain is new.", "credits": { "title": "International carbon credits (ICC) at a glance", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "sg:f50", "sg:f51", "sg:f52", "sg:f53", "sg:f55", "sg:f56", "sg:f62", "sg:f63", "sg:f64", "sg:f65", "sg:f66", "sg:f67", "sg:f70", "sg:f58", "sg:f59" ], "rows": [ [ "Offset limit", "Up to 5% of taxable emissions, from 1 January 2024" ], [ "Quality test", "Article 6 compliance plus seven integrity principles" ], [ "Credit window", "Reductions or removals between 1 Jan 2021 and 31 Dec 2030" ], [ "Where from", "Only host countries with an implementation agreement" ], [ "Agreements signed", "12 (CMC FAQ, 2 Nov 2026); NEA's page, updated 19 Aug 2026, says 11" ], [ "Agreements in force", "9 of 12 (all except Paraguay, Papua New Guinea, Philippines)" ], [ "Countries with an eligibility list", "6: Ghana, Bhutan, Peru, Rwanda, Thailand, Mongolia" ], [ "Projects registered", "0 (as of 2 Nov 2026)" ], [ "Time to first credits", "Up to four years per project" ], [ "Retirement registries", "5: ACR, ART, Global Carbon Council, Gold Standard, Verra" ], [ "Roll-over", "2024 quota expired; unused 2025 quota carries to 2026 × 25/45 (example: 4,000 → 2,222)" ], [ "Proceeds / cancellation", "5% of proceeds to adaptation; 2% of authorised credits cancelled" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "How much is Singapore's carbon tax in 2026?", "a": "S$45 per tonne of CO2e for emissions in 2026 and 2027. It was S$25 in 2024–2025 and S$5 in 2019–2023. The Government aims for S$50–80 by 2030, and the path after 2027 is under review." }, { "q": "Who has to pay the carbon tax?", "a": "Facilities that emit 25,000 tCO2e or more of direct emissions a year — about 50 facilities in manufacturing, energy supply, and water and waste. Facilities between 2,000 and 25,000 tCO2e only measure and report." }, { "q": "How much of Singapore's emissions does the tax cover?", "a": "Around 70% of national greenhouse gas emissions (about 80% if the excise duties on transport fuels are counted)." }, { "q": "Can companies use carbon credits to pay the tax?", "a": "Yes, up to 5% of taxable emissions, from 1 January 2024, using eligible international carbon credits that meet Article 6 rules and seven integrity principles. The rest is paid with fixed-price credits bought from the Government." }, { "q": "Are international credits actually available yet?", "a": "Not yet at scale. Twelve implementation agreements are signed and six host countries have published eligibility lists, but as of 2 November 2026 zero projects are registered, and projects can take up to four years to issue credits." }, { "q": "What happens to unused 2025 credit quota?", "a": "It can roll into 2026, multiplied by 25/45 because the tax rose from S$25 to S$45. NEA's example: 4,000 unused becomes 2,222. Quota carried from 2024 into 2025 has expired." }, { "q": "When is the tax paid?", "a": "By 30 September of the year after the emissions year, so the 2026 bill is due by 30 September 2027." }, { "q": "Is the carbon tax passed on to households?", "a": "Indirectly. The Government estimates about 1% on electricity tariffs per S$5 of tax, or around S$3 a month for an average 4-room HDB flat at S$45." } ], "related": [ "indonesia-idxcarbon", "japan-gx-ets" ], "not_listed": [ "Carbon tax revenue actually collected: published only combined with other duties.", "The share of free allowances under the transition framework: stated only as 'a portion'." ], "usd": { "v": 35.1, "label": "$35.1 (tax)" } }, { "slug": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "research": "taiwan", "country": "Taiwan", "code": "tw", "kind_label": "Carbon fee + domestic credits", "status": "active", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 7, "title": "Taiwan — Carbon fee under the Climate Change Response Act", "h1": "Taiwan: a NT$300 carbon fee, cut to NT$50–100 for plants with approved reduction plans", "lede": "Taiwan charges large power, gas and manufacturing plants for their emissions from 2025. In the first year, 461 plants paid, and 402 of them had reduction plans approved that let them pay a lower rate. A review of the NT$300 rate ended without agreement on 2 November 2026.", "tile_note": "NT$300/t", "kind": "tax", "compare": { "scheme": "Carbon Fee", "type": "Fee (levy)", "start": "2025", "coverage": "~54% of national GHG emissions (pre-launch estimate); 461 plants ≥25,000 tCO2e", "price": "NT$300/tCO2e general; NT$50 / NT$100 preferential", "credits": "Domestic credits up to 10%; recognised foreign credits up to 5%", "start_iso": "2025-01-01", "start_note": "fee rates take effect", "start_src": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt" }, "stats": [ { "label": "General rate", "big": "NT$300", "sub": "per tCO2e, in force from 1 Jan 2025" }, { "label": "Preferential rates", "big": "NT$50 / 100", "sub": "for plants meeting approved reduction-plan targets" }, { "label": "First-year payers", "big": "461", "sub": "plants (240 companies), all paid by May 2026" }, { "label": "Approved reduction plans", "big": "402", "sub": "plants; 45.2 Mt expected cut by 2030" }, { "label": "Share of national emissions", "big": "~54%", "sub": "about 155 MtCO2e (pre-launch estimate)" }, { "label": "Suggested 2030+ rate", "big": "NT$1,200–1,800", "sub": "committee benchmark; no rise agreed yet" } ], "key_summary": [ "Plants in power, gas supply and manufacturing whose direct plus electricity emissions reach 25,000 tCO2e a year pay NT$300 per tonne; plants with an approved voluntary reduction plan that meet their targets pay NT$50 or NT$100.", "The fee started with 2025 emissions. By May 2026 all 461 first-year plants (240 companies) had paid, and 402 had approved plans covering 45.2 MtCO2e of cuts by 2030.", "Domestic carbon credits can cover up to 10% of chargeable emissions and recognised foreign credits up to 5%; high carbon-leakage firms pay on only 20% of emissions in phase 1 but cannot use foreign credits.", "The rate committee suggested NT$1,200–1,800 for 2030 onward and rises every 2 years, but its 2 November 2026 review ended with no consensus." ], "chart_h": "The rate, the plants and the plans in charts", "chart_lead": "One rate so far, with a much higher benchmark suggested for 2030. Most payers chose to cut emissions in return for a lower rate.", "charts": [ { "type": "multi", "title": "Carbon fee rates by emissions year, with the committee's suggested 2030 range (NT$ per tCO2e)", "xs": [ "2025", "2026", "2027", "2028", "2029", "2030" ], "lines": [ { "name": "General rate", "series": "General carbon fee rate", "known": 2, "step": true, "color": "c0" }, { "name": "Preferential rate B", "values": [ 100, 100, null, null, null, null ], "known": 2, "step": true }, { "name": "Preferential rate A", "values": [ 50, 50, null, null, null, null ], "known": 2, "step": true } ], "fan": { "from": [ 1, 300 ], "to": 5, "lo": 1200, "hi": 1800, "label": "Suggested 2030+ range NT$1,200–1,800" }, "facts": [ "tw:f01", "tw:f02", "tw:f03", "tw:f06", "tw:f55" ], "note": "Solid: rates set by the 21 Oct 2024 notice and still unchanged after the 2 Nov 2026 review. No rate is set for 2027 onward; the wedge only shows the committee's suggested benchmark for 2030 and after." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Carbon fee payers and voluntary reduction plans", "title": "From estimate to payment: plants and reduction plans", "note": "Bars come from different dates and stages; read each label." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Planned annual reduction by measure type", "title": "Where the planned cuts come from (MtCO2e a year at full operation, 2030 vs 2025)" }, { "type": "step", "series": "Emission adjustment coefficient", "title": "Share of emissions charged for high carbon-leakage firms, by phase", "note": "High-leakage firms also get K = 0 (no 25,000 t deduction). Phase dates are not yet set." } ], "timeline_title": "From the 2023 Act to the 2030 targets", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2023-02-15", "text": "Climate Change Response Act amended, giving a legal basis for carbon fees.", "fact": "tw:f41" }, { "date": "2024-03-01", "text": "Carbon Fee Rate Review Committee formed.", "fact": "tw:f05" }, { "date": "2024-08-29", "text": "Three implementing regulations issued.", "fact": "tw:f10" }, { "date": "2024-10-21", "text": "Rates announced: NT$300 general, NT$50 and NT$100 preferential.", "fact": "tw:f04" }, { "date": "2025-01-01", "text": "Rates take effect; 2025 emissions are the first charged.", "fact": "tw:f04" }, { "date": "2025-04", "text": "Trial filing from April to June, without payment.", "fact": "tw:f72" }, { "date": "2026-01-12", "text": "Review principles for high carbon-leakage firms issued.", "fact": "tw:f53" }, { "date": "2026-05", "text": "All 461 first-year plants pay.", "fact": "tw:f15" }, { "date": "2026-08-27", "text": "UK lists Taiwan's carbon fee as a qualifying scheme for its CBAM.", "fact": "tw:f60" }, { "date": "2026-09-01", "text": "Fee and plan regulations amended.", "fact": "tw:f58" }, { "date": "2026-11-02", "text": "Rate review ends with no consensus; more data requested.", "fact": "tw:f55" }, { "date": "2027-05-31", "text": "Payment deadline for 2026 emissions (rule: end of May).", "fact": "tw:f19", "future": true }, { "date": "2030", "text": "Target year for reduction plans; committee's suggested NT$1,200–1,800 benchmark.", "fact": "tw:f06", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "The yearly cycle for a plant that pays the fee.", "flow": { "title": "How the fee is paid", "facts": [ "tw:f75", "tw:f29", "tw:f30", "tw:f19", "tw:f20", "tw:f25", "tw:f28" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Claim leakage status", "t": "By 31 January of the payment year, if the firm seeks high carbon-leakage treatment." }, { "h": "Report plan progress", "t": "Plants with a reduction plan report the previous year's progress by 30 April." }, { "h": "Calculate", "t": "(Annual emissions − 25,000 t) × adjustment coefficient × rate; K is 0 for high-leakage firms." }, { "h": "Deduct credits", "t": "Domestic credits up to 10% and recognised foreign credits up to 5% of chargeable emissions." }, { "h": "File and pay by end of May", "t": "Self-assessed fee paid into the designated account for the previous calendar year." } ] }, "scope_lead": "One threshold, three sectors, and two ways to pay less.", "scope": { "title": "Who is covered", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "tw:f11", "tw:f20", "tw:f12", "tw:f13", "tw:f14", "tw:f15", "tw:f21", "tw:f22", "tw:f23", "tw:f24", "tw:f53", "tw:f32", "tw:f33", "tw:f34", "tw:f35" ], "rows": [ [ "Threshold", "25,000 tCO2e a year, direct plus electricity-indirect emissions" ], [ "Sectors", "Power, gas supply and manufacturing" ], [ "Deduction (K)", "First 25,000 t not charged; K = 0 for high carbon-leakage firms" ], [ "Payers", "461 plants (240 companies) in the first year; about 500 estimated before launch" ], [ "Covered emissions", "About 155 MtCO2e, about 54% of the national total (pre-launch estimate)" ], [ "High-leakage adjustment", "Charged on 20%, 40%, then 60% of emissions by phase; others 100%" ], [ "High-leakage industries", "17 industries by sector test, plus firm-level tests" ], [ "Rate A target", "Sector cuts by 2030 vs 2021: steel 25.2%, cement 22.3%, others 42%" ], [ "Rate B target", "Technology benchmarks against the 2018–2022 average" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Credits can trim the bill: domestic credits up to 10% and recognised foreign credits up to 5%. Domestic credits trade only on TCX.", "credits": { "title": "Carbon credits and the exchange at a glance", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule or status" ], "facts": [ "tw:f25", "tw:f26", "tw:f27", "tw:f28", "tw:f59", "tw:f64", "tw:f65" ], "rows": [ [ "Domestic credit limit", "Up to 10% of chargeable emissions" ], [ "Project credits", "Each tonne of voluntary or offset project credit deducts 1.2 t" ], [ "Early-action credits", "Deduct at 0.3 (0.1 for high-leakage firms); only in the first 3 years" ], [ "Early-action stock", "Even 44 Mt of these credits could deduct at most 4.4 Mt at 0.1" ], [ "Foreign credit limit", "Up to 5%, MOENV-recognised only; not for high-leakage firms" ], [ "Exchange", "Taiwan Carbon Solution Exchange (TCX), set up by TWSE and the National Development Fund" ], [ "Domestic trading", "TCX is the exclusive platform under Article 36 of the Act" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "How much is Taiwan's carbon fee?", "a": "NT$300 per tonne of CO2e at the general rate, from 1 January 2025. Plants that meet the targets of an approved voluntary reduction plan pay NT$100 (rate B) or NT$50 (rate A)." }, { "q": "Who has to pay?", "a": "Power, gas supply and manufacturing plants whose direct plus electricity-related emissions reach 25,000 tCO2e a year. In the first year that meant 461 plants owned by 240 companies." }, { "q": "How is the fee calculated?", "a": "(Annual emissions − 25,000 t) × adjustment coefficient × rate. For a plant emitting 100,000 t at the general rate: 75,000 × NT$300 = NT$22.5 million. High-leakage firms get no 25,000 t deduction but are charged on only 20% of emissions in phase 1." }, { "q": "When is it paid?", "a": "By the end of May each year for the previous calendar year. The first payment, for 2025 emissions, was completed in May 2026; the 2026 bill is due by end-May 2027." }, { "q": "Can carbon credits be used?", "a": "Yes. Domestic credits can cover up to 10% of chargeable emissions (project credits count 1.2 t each) and MOENV-recognised foreign credits up to 5%, but high-leakage firms cannot use foreign credits." }, { "q": "Will the rate go up?", "a": "Not decided. The committee suggested NT$1,200–1,800 per tonne for 2030 onward, with rises every 2 years, but the 2 November 2026 review weighed three options and reached no consensus." }, { "q": "What happens if a plant pays late or under-reports?", "a": "Late payment adds 0.5% of the unpaid amount per day, with enforcement after 30 days. Under-reporting is charged at twice the rate, with back-collection for up to 5 years." }, { "q": "Does the UK CBAM recognise Taiwan's carbon fee?", "a": "Yes. On 27 August 2026 the UK listed it as one of 16 qualifying carbon pricing schemes. Relief still depends on the effective carbon price actually paid; the first UK CBAM payment is due 31 May 2028." } ], "related": [ "singapore-carbon-tax", "japan-gx-ets", "indonesia-idxcarbon" ], "not_listed": [ "Total carbon fee revenue for 2025 emissions: no official figure found.", "Actual chargeable emissions in the first year: only the pre-launch 155 Mt (54%) estimate is published.", "Number of firms recognised as high carbon-leakage, and the dates of each coefficient phase.", "Date of the next rate review meeting." ] }, { "slug": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "research": "thailand", "country": "Thailand", "code": "th", "kind_label": "Carbon price in fuel excise + crediting; ETS in draft law", "status": "active", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 7, "title": "Thailand — Carbon price in fuel excise, T-VER credits and the draft Climate Change Act", "h1": "Thailand: a THB 200 per tonne carbon price sits inside fuel excise, while an emissions trading law is still a draft", "lede": "This page covers Thailand's only binding carbon price: since March 2025 the excise tax on fuels has carried a carbon component set at THB 200 per tCO2e. It also tracks the voluntary T-VER crediting programme and the draft Climate Change Act, which would create an emissions trading scheme but has not been passed.", "tile_note": "THB 200/t in fuel excise", "kind": "tax", "compare": { "scheme": "Carbon price in fuel excise", "type": "Tax (fuel excise)", "start": "2025", "coverage": "Oil and petroleum products: gasoline, gasohol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, LPG, fuel oil", "price": "THB 200/tCO2e (e.g. THB 0.548 per litre of diesel)", "credits": "None under the excise; T-VER credits are voluntary", "start_iso": "2025-03-29", "start_note": "carbon price in fuel excise takes effect", "start_src": "th:rg_excise_cp" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Carbon price in fuel excise", "big": "THB 200", "sub": "per tCO2e · in force since March 2025" }, { "label": "Carbon component, diesel", "big": "THB 0.548", "sub": "per litre · gasoline THB 0.447" }, { "label": "Fuel product lines priced", "big": "15", "sub": "from gasoline to LPG and fuel oil" }, { "label": "T-VER credits issued, FY2026", "big": "4.36m", "sub": "tCO2e · 28.2m cumulative since FY2014" }, { "label": "T-VER projects registered, FY2026", "big": "101", "sub": "a record; 75 in forestry and agriculture" }, { "label": "Draft Climate Change Act", "big": "205", "sub": "sections · cabinet approval 2 Dec 2025; not yet law" } ], "key_summary": [ "Thailand prices carbon at THB 200 per tCO2e inside the excise tax on fuels, under an Excise Department notification issued on 28 March 2025; the carbon part is THB 0.447 per litre of gasoline and THB 0.548 per litre of diesel.", "The Excise Department says the first phase re-expresses existing fuel excise as a carbon tax without adding to the current tax burden.", "The voluntary T-VER programme issued 4,355,196 tCO2e of credits in fiscal 2026 and has issued 28,247,683 tCO2e since fiscal 2014; traded credits have averaged about THB 86 per tonne.", "An emissions trading scheme exists only in the draft Climate Change Act (205 sections), approved in principle by the cabinet on 2 December 2025 and under Council of State review since 5 May 2026." ], "chart_h": "Credits, projects and the fuel price signal in charts", "chart_lead": "T-VER issuance rose from 339,537 tCO2e in fiscal 2015 to 4,355,196 tCO2e in fiscal 2026. The carbon component of fuel excise falls as more biodiesel or ethanol is blended in.", "charts": [ { "type": "cols", "series": "T-VER credits issued by fiscal year", "title": "T-VER credits issued by fiscal year (tCO2e)", "note": "Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects. Thai fiscal year ends 30 September." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "T-VER projects registered by fiscal year", "title": "T-VER projects registered by fiscal year", "note": "Forestry and agriculture made up 75 of the 101 registrations in fiscal 2026." }, { "type": "step", "series": "Carbon component of diesel excise by biodiesel blend", "title": "Carbon component of diesel excise by biodiesel share (THB per litre)", "note": "Each band's rate = THB 200/tCO2e × the fuel's emission factor; more biodiesel means a smaller carbon charge." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Carbon component by fuel", "title": "Carbon component of excise by fuel (THB per litre; LPG per kg)" }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Average traded T-VER price by project type", "title": "Average traded T-VER price by project type (THB per tCO2e)", "note": "Weighted averages of bilateral trades accumulated since fiscal 2016, TGO open data to April 2026." } ], "timeline_title": "From the first T-VER projects to the draft Climate Change Act", "timeline_lead": "No future dates are officially set: the ETS has no start date until the Act passes.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2014", "text": "First T-VER projects registered with TGO (9 in fiscal 2014).", "fact": "th:f58" }, { "date": "2024-09-30", "text": "Excise Department says the first phase will turn existing fuel excise into a carbon tax with no extra burden.", "fact": "th:f29" }, { "date": "2024-12-11", "text": "Cabinet backs a plan to prepare for border carbon adjustments (CBAM), later cited as the basis for the carbon price.", "fact": "th:f26" }, { "date": "2025-03-28", "text": "Excise Department issues the notification setting a THB 200 per tCO2e carbon price for fuels.", "fact": "th:f02" }, { "date": "2025-03-29", "text": "The carbon price takes effect, from the day after issue.", "fact": "th:f04" }, { "date": "2025-04-22", "text": "The notification is published in the Royal Gazette.", "fact": "th:f03" }, { "date": "2025-12-02", "text": "Cabinet approves the draft Climate Change Act (205 sections) in principle, including an ETS.", "fact": "th:f33" }, { "date": "2026-02-20", "text": "Excise Department signs an MOU with 18 companies on a digital oil-data link for a future carbon tax.", "fact": "th:f32" }, { "date": "2026-05-05", "text": "The Council of State begins its first-round review of the draft Act.", "fact": "th:f36" }, { "date": "2026-09-30", "text": "Fiscal 2026 closes with a record 101 T-VER registrations and 4.36 million tCO2e issued.", "fact": "th:f45" } ], "flow_lead": "How the THB 200 price reaches a litre of fuel.", "flow": { "title": "How the carbon price works inside fuel excise", "facts": [ "th:f01", "th:f06", "th:f05", "th:f13", "th:f30", "th:f28" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Set the price", "t": "Excise Department notification fixes the carbon price at THB 200 per tCO2e." }, { "h": "Apply emission factors", "t": "Each fuel's emission factor per unit converts the price into a per-litre (or per-kg) amount." }, { "h": "Show it in the tariff", "t": "Ministerial Regulation No. 41 (2025) splits the excise rate to show the carbon component." }, { "h": "Collected with excise", "t": "Producers and importers pay it as part of fuel excise, e.g. THB 0.548 per litre of diesel." }, { "h": "Signal to consumers", "t": "The total excise burden was not raised; two retailers show the carbon emitted per fill." } ] }, "scope_lead": "What the fuel carbon price covers, and what the draft law would add.", "scope": { "title": "Coverage and design", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "th:f07", "th:f08", "th:f09", "th:f10", "th:f11", "th:f12", "th:f13", "th:f19", "th:f20", "th:f21", "th:f24", "th:f25", "th:f34", "th:f35", "th:f37", "th:f39" ], "rows": [ [ "Gasoline / gasohol", "THB 0.447 per litre (gasoline); E10 0.403; E20 0.358; E85 0.069" ], [ "Kerosene and jet fuel", "THB 0.498 per litre" ], [ "Diesel", "THB 0.548 per litre, down to 0.431 for blends with 19–24% biodiesel" ], [ "LPG", "THB 0.623 per kg" ], [ "Fuel oil", "THB 0.618 per litre" ], [ "National targets cited", "NDC 30–40% below BAU by 2030; carbon neutrality 2050; net zero 2065" ], [ "Draft Climate Change Act", "205 sections; ETS, CBAM, carbon tax and carbon credits" ], [ "Draft ETS design (2024 consultation draft)", "Cap in line with national targets; free allocation and/or auction; fine up to 3× the average auction price for excess emissions" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Thailand's carbon credits come from the voluntary T-VER programme run by TGO.", "credits": { "title": "T-VER at a glance", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "th:f42", "th:f44", "th:f50", "th:f51", "th:f54", "th:f55", "th:f56", "th:f57", "th:f59", "th:f60", "th:f61", "th:f62", "th:f63", "th:f69", "th:f38" ], "rows": [ [ "Programme", "Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program (T-VER), run by TGO" ], [ "Projects registered", "654 Standard T-VER projects, fiscal 2014–2026" ], [ "Credits issued", "28,247,683 tCO2e in 456 issuances, fiscal 2014–2026" ], [ "Expected reductions, registered projects", "17,174,981 tCO2e a year" ], [ "Premium T-VER", "9 projects registered (fiscal 2024–2026); first 60 tCO2e issued in fiscal 2026" ], [ "Traded since fiscal 2016", "4,904,654 tCO2e worth THB 423,371,187 (to April 2026)" ], [ "Average traded price", "About THB 86 per tCO2e; forestry and agriculture THB 411.21, renewables THB 39.95" ], [ "Exchange trading", "13,665 tCO2e on the FTIX exchange vs 4,083,549 tCO2e bilateral" ], [ "Use in a future ETS (2024 draft)", "Banking or offsetting up to 15% of allowances to be surrendered" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "Does Thailand have a carbon tax?", "a": "Yes, in a limited form. Since March 2025 the excise tax on fuels includes a carbon component priced at THB 200 per tCO2e. There is no carbon tax on facility emissions yet; that is in the draft Climate Change Act." }, { "q": "How much is the carbon component per litre of fuel?", "a": "THB 0.548 per litre of diesel, THB 0.447 for gasoline, THB 0.358 for gasohol E20, THB 0.498 for jet fuel and THB 0.623 per kg of LPG." }, { "q": "Did the carbon price raise fuel prices?", "a": "The Excise Department said the first phase re-expresses existing fuel excise as a carbon tax and does not add to the current excise burden." }, { "q": "Does Thailand have an emissions trading scheme?", "a": "Not yet. An ETS is part of the draft Climate Change Act (205 sections), approved in principle by the cabinet on 2 December 2025 and under Council of State review since 5 May 2026. No start date is set." }, { "q": "How many T-VER credits are issued each year?", "a": "4,355,196 tCO2e in fiscal 2026 (October 2025 to September 2026), close to the fiscal 2022 peak of 4,673,841 tCO2e. 28,247,683 tCO2e have been issued since fiscal 2014." }, { "q": "What do T-VER credits sell for?", "a": "About THB 86 per tCO2e on average across trades since fiscal 2016. Forestry and agriculture credits averaged THB 411.21 and renewable energy credits THB 39.95." }, { "q": "How was the THB 200 level chosen?", "a": "Official documents do not explain the level. An Excise Department study note puts the social cost of carbon at THB 192–3,133 per tonne, averaging THB 483, so THB 200 sits near the bottom of that range." } ], "related": [ "singapore-carbon-tax", "indonesia-idxcarbon", "japan-gx-ets" ], "not_listed": [ "Full text and date of Ministerial Regulation No. 41 (2025): the Royal Gazette search is behind a bot check.", "Revenue raised by the carbon component: not published separately from oil excise.", "The temporary B20/E20 excise cut from 28 October 2026: no official document could be opened.", "Year-by-year T-VER trading volumes and prices: TGO publishes only cumulative totals.", "ETS start date, sectors and thresholds: not set while the Act is in draft." ] }, { "slug": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "research": "vietnam", "country": "Vietnam", "code": "vn", "kind_label": "Pilot emissions trading + carbon exchange", "status": "pilot", "updated": "2026-11-12", "seed": 7, "title": "Vietnam — Pilot carbon market: emission caps, allocation and the HNX carbon exchange", "h1": "Vietnam: a 268 million tonne pilot cap for 2026, across 110 power, steel and cement facilities", "lede": "Vietnam caps emissions from 110 power, steel and cement facilities in a pilot that runs to the end of 2028. Allowances are free, and up to 30% may be covered with carbon credits. A domestic carbon exchange on the Hanoi Stock Exchange opened on 29 June 2026; in the pilot, trades are negotiated between the parties.", "tile_note": "Pilot cap 268 Mt (2026)", "kind": "ets", "compare": { "scheme": "Pilot ETS + domestic carbon exchange (HNX)", "type": "ETS (pilot)", "start": "2026 (exchange trading); caps from 2025", "coverage": "110 facilities in thermal power, iron and steel, cement; about 40% of emissions from facilities that must report", "price": "Free allocation in the pilot; auctions planned from 2029", "credits": "Up to 30% of allocated allowances; credits from 2021 onward", "start_iso": "2026-06-29", "start_note": "exchange opens, first allowance trades", "start_src": "vn:launch" }, "stats": [ { "label": "Pilot cap 2026", "big": "268.4 Mt", "sub": "tCO2e · 2025 cap 243.1 Mt (+10.4%)" }, { "label": "Covered facilities", "big": "110", "sub": "34 thermal power, 25 steel, 51 cement" }, { "label": "2025 and 2026 caps combined", "big": "511.5 Mt", "sub": "Decision 263/QD-TTg · our sum of the two caps" }, { "label": "Enterprises in the pilot", "big": "92", "sub": "own the 110 facilities · 6 member securities firms at launch" }, { "label": "Offset limit", "big": "30%", "sub": "of allocated allowances · borrowing up to 15%" }, { "label": "Pilot ends", "big": "2028", "sub": "official market and auctions from 2029" } ], "key_summary": [ "The Prime Minister set pilot caps of 243,082,392 tCO2e for 2025 and 268,391,454 tCO2e for 2026, for 34 thermal power plants, 25 steel and 51 cement facilities.", "Allowances are allocated free in the pilot, which runs from 2025 to the end of 2028; the official market, with an auction mechanism, starts in 2029.", "Facilities may cover up to 30% of their allocated allowances with eligible carbon credits, borrow up to 15% from the next period, and must surrender by 31 December of the year after each two-year period.", "The 2025 and 2026 caps in Decision 263/QD-TTg add up to 511,473,846 tCO2e. VN2025 allowances can trade on the Hanoi Stock Exchange from 29 June 2026 to 24 December 2027; in the pilot, trades are negotiated and exchange fees are waived to the end of 2028." ], "chart_h": "Caps and coverage in charts", "chart_lead": "The cap rises from 2025 to 2026, and the list of facilities that must report emissions keeps growing.", "charts": [ { "type": "cols", "series": "Vietnam pilot emissions cap by year", "title": "Pilot emissions cap by year (tCO2e)", "note": "Decision 263/QD-TTg. Caps for the 2027–2028 period are due to be allocated by 31 October 2027." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Vietnam facilities required to report a GHG inventory", "title": "Facilities that must report a greenhouse gas inventory, by list year", "note": "Only thermal power, steel and cement facilities on these lists receive allowances in the pilot." }, { "type": "cols", "series": "Vietnam pilot facilities by sector", "title": "Facilities receiving 2025–2026 allowances, by sector" } ], "timeline_title": "From the 2013 JCM to the 2029 official market", "timeline_lead": "Red dates are still ahead.", "timeline": [ { "date": "2013-07-02", "text": "Viet Nam and Japan sign the JCM bilateral document.", "fact": "vn:f62" }, { "date": "2022-01-07", "text": "Decree 06/2022/ND-CP sets the framework for GHG mitigation and the carbon market.", "fact": "vn:f67" }, { "date": "2025-01-24", "text": "Decision 232/QD-TTg approves the carbon market scheme: pilot to 2028, official from 2029.", "fact": "vn:f09" }, { "date": "2025-08-01", "text": "Decree 119/2025/ND-CP takes effect: allocation method, 30% offset limit, 15% borrowing.", "fact": "vn:f16" }, { "date": "2026-01-19", "text": "Decree 29/2026/ND-CP on the domestic carbon exchange is issued and takes effect.", "fact": "vn:f13" }, { "date": "2026-02-09", "text": "Decision 263/QD-TTg sets pilot caps for 2025 and 2026.", "fact": "vn:f08" }, { "date": "2026-02-13", "text": "Circular 11/2026/TT-BNNMT sets rules for the national registry of allowances and credits.", "fact": "vn:f37" }, { "date": "2026-06-29", "text": "The domestic carbon exchange opens on HNX with 6 member securities companies; VN2025 allowances become tradable.", "fact": "vn:f35" }, { "date": "2026-12-12", "text": "Decree 396/2026/ND-CP, a further amendment of Decree 06/2022, takes effect.", "fact": "vn:f58", "future": true }, { "date": "2027-10-31", "text": "Deadline to allocate allowances for 2027–2028.", "fact": "vn:f30", "future": true }, { "date": "2027-12-24", "text": "Last trading day for VN2025 allowances.", "fact": "vn:f42", "future": true }, { "date": "2027-12-31", "text": "Surrender deadline for 2025–2026 emissions.", "fact": "vn:f22", "future": true }, { "date": "2029", "text": "Official market phase; an auction mechanism is to be built and exchange fees start.", "fact": "vn:f11", "future": true } ], "flow_lead": "The two-year cycle for a facility in the pilot.", "flow": { "title": "How a pilot facility complies", "facts": [ "vn:f27", "vn:f34", "vn:f17", "vn:f69", "vn:f70", "vn:f19", "vn:f20", "vn:f21", "vn:f22", "vn:f32", "vn:f24" ], "steps": [ { "h": "Allocation", "t": "Free allowances set as 3-year average output × sector-average emissions per unit × an adjustment factor." }, { "h": "Trade", "t": "Buy or sell allowances (1 allowance = 1 tCO2e) on the HNX carbon exchange through a member securities company; in the pilot, trades are negotiated and settled immediately." }, { "h": "Offset and borrow", "t": "Cover up to 30% of allocated allowances with credits; borrow up to 15% from the next period." }, { "h": "Verify", "t": "Third-party-verified inventory results go to the Ministry by 1 December, from 2027." }, { "h": "Surrender", "t": "By 31 December of the year after the period; a shortfall is fined and deducted from the next allocation." } ] }, "scope_lead": "Who is in the pilot and how allowances are set.", "scope": { "title": "Who is covered", "headers": [ "Item", "Rule" ], "facts": [ "vn:f68", "vn:f04", "vn:f05", "vn:f06", "vn:f07", "vn:f29", "vn:f33", "vn:f27", "vn:f28", "vn:f01", "vn:f02", "vn:f71", "vn:f57", "vn:f34" ], "rows": [ [ "Sectors", "Thermal power (coal, oil, gas), crude steel, clinker (cement)" ], [ "Facilities", "110: 34 thermal power plants, 25 steel and 51 cement facilities" ], [ "Enterprises", "92 enterprises own the 110 facilities" ], [ "Share of emissions", "About 40% of total emissions from facilities that must report an inventory" ], [ "Caps", "243,082,392 tCO2e (2025); 268,391,454 tCO2e (2026)" ], [ "Allocation", "Free in the pilot; output-based benchmark A = P × B × T" ], [ "Adjustment factor", "T = (1 + g) × (1 − r): sector growth and reduction targets" ], [ "Reporting list", "2,441 facilities must report an inventory under the 2026 list" ] ] }, "credits_lead": "Which credits count, and what is on the exchange so far.", "credits": { "title": "Carbon credits at a glance", "headers": [ "Item", "Status" ], "facts": [ "vn:f19", "vn:f18", "vn:f12", "vn:f39", "vn:f62", "vn:f63", "vn:f64", "vn:f66" ], "rows": [ [ "Offset limit", "Up to 30% of a facility's allocated allowances" ], [ "Vintage", "Reductions from 1 January 2021 onward" ], [ "Eligible mechanisms", "Domestic mechanism; bilateral Article 6.2 deals; Article 6.4; the 2025 scheme also names CDM and JCM" ], [ "JCM with Japan", "Signed 2 July 2013; 20 projects listed, 14 registered" ], [ "JCM credits notified", "35,313 from 13 Viet Nam projects" ] ] }, "faq": [ { "q": "How big is Vietnam's pilot emissions cap?", "a": "243,082,392 tCO2e for 2025 and 268,391,454 tCO2e for 2026, set by Decision 263/QD-TTg of 9 February 2026. Together they add up to 511,473,846 tCO2e (our sum)." }, { "q": "Which companies are covered?", "a": "110 facilities: 34 thermal power plants, 25 iron and steel facilities and 51 cement facilities. The Ministry says the first phase covers about 40% of emissions from facilities that must report an inventory." }, { "q": "How does trading on the carbon exchange work?", "a": "The Hanoi Stock Exchange runs the domestic carbon exchange, which opened on 29 June 2026 with 6 member securities companies. Each organisation trades through one carbon trading account at a member. During the pilot, to the end of 2028, only negotiated trades are used: the parties agree price and volume, and the exchange confirms and settles the trade immediately." }, { "q": "How large are the caps, and until when can VN2025 allowances trade?", "a": "The 2025 and 2026 caps in Decision 263/QD-TTg add up to 511,473,846 tCO2e (our sum). VN2025 allowances can trade from 29 June 2026 to 24 December 2027. No exchange service fees are charged until 31 December 2028." }, { "q": "Can companies use carbon credits?", "a": "Yes. Credits may cover up to 30% of a facility's allocated allowances, for reductions from 1 January 2021 onward." }, { "q": "Are allowances auctioned?", "a": "No. They are free during the pilot, which runs to the end of 2028. Decree 119/2025 provides for an auction mechanism in the phase from 2029." }, { "q": "What happens if a facility does not surrender enough?", "a": "It is fined under the environmental sanctions law, and the shortfall is deducted from its next allocation. Surrender for 2025–2026 is due by 31 December 2027. A June 2026 draft proposes fines of up to VND 400 million." }, { "q": "Does the JCM with Japan feed into the market?", "a": "The 2025 scheme lists JCM credits among those that can trade. The JCM has 20 projects in Viet Nam, 14 registered, with 35,313 credits notified for issuance." } ], "related": [ "japan-gx-ets", "indonesia-idxcarbon", "singapore-carbon-tax" ], "not_listed": [ "Allowances allocated to each facility, and 2025 verified emissions: the official texts we could open do not publish them.", "The fine actually in force for a surrender shortfall: only a June 2026 draft gives amounts.", "Exchange price band, lot size and trading hours: HNX trading rules not checked.", "Prices and traded volumes of VN2025 allowances: not shown; no government body publishes them in the sources we checked.", "Contents of Decrees 83/2026 and 112/2026, and the Ministry's consolidated text: not opened.", "The emissions threshold for the inventory list: not found in the texts opened." ] } ], "research": { "australia": { "country": "Australia", "scheme": "Safeguard Mechanism and ACCU Scheme", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "cer_sg": { "title": "Safeguard Mechanism", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "lang": "en" }, "cer_base": { "title": "Safeguard baselines", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-baselines", "lang": "en" }, "cer_excess": { "title": "Managing excess emissions", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/managing-excess-emissions", "lang": "en" }, "cer_smc": { "title": "Safeguard Mechanism credit units", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-mechanism-credit-units", "lang": "en" }, "cer_sgdata": { "title": "Safeguard data (outcomes for 2024–25)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/safeguard-data", "lang": "en" }, "cer_ins": { "title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "lang": "en" }, "cer_accu": { "title": "Australian Carbon Credit Unit Scheme", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/australian-carbon-credit-unit-scheme", "lang": "en" }, "cer_qidx": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Reports", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports", "lang": "en" }, "cer_wb": { "title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "lang": "en" }, "q22q3": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2022 (ACCUs)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2022/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "lang": "en" }, "q22q4": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – December Quarter 2022 (ACCUs)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-december-quarter-2022/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "lang": "en" }, "q23q1": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2023 (ACCUs)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2023/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "lang": "en" }, "q23q2": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2023 (ACCUs)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2023/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "lang": "en" }, "q24q1": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2024 (ACCUs)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2024/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "lang": "en" }, "q24q3": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2024 (ACCUs)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2024/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "lang": "en" }, "q25q1": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2025 (Safeguard and ACCU schemes)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2025/safeguard-and-australian-carbon-credit-unit-accu-schemes", "lang": "en" }, "q25q3": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2025 (Australian environmental markets)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2025/australian-environmental-markets", "lang": "en" }, "q25q4": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – December Quarter 2025 (Australian environmental markets)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-december-quarter-2025/australian-environmental-markets", "lang": "en" }, "q26q1": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "lang": "en" }, "q26q2": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "lang": "en" }, "leg_smc23": { "title": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 (No. 14, 2023), as made", "publisher": "Federal Register of Legislation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2023A00014/asmade/text", "lang": "en" }, "leg_nger": { "title": "National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (No. 175, 2007), as made", "publisher": "Federal Register of Legislation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2007A00175/asmade/text", "lang": "en" }, "leg_cfi": { "title": "Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011 (No. 101, 2011), as made", "publisher": "Federal Register of Legislation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2011A00101/asmade/text", "lang": "en" } }, "facts": { "au:f01": { "id": "au:f01", "category": "scope", "label": "Coverage threshold", "value": "More than 100,000 tCO2e of covered (scope 1) emissions a year", "num": 100000, "unit": "tCO2e/yr", "source": "au:cer_sg", "evidence": "facilities that emit more than 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2-e) covered emissions a year", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f02": { "id": "au:f02", "category": "scope", "label": "Covered sectors", "value": "Mining, oil and gas production, manufacturing, transport and waste facilities", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "au:cer_sg", "evidence": "This includes mining, oil and gas production, manufacturing, transport and waste facilities.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f03": { "id": "au:f03", "category": "timeline", "label": "Scheme start date", "value": "1 July 2016", "num": 2016, "unit": "year", "source": "au:cer_sg", "evidence": "deposited before the Safeguard Mechanism began on 1 July 2016", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f04": { "id": "au:f04", "category": "scope", "label": "National targets the scheme is aligned with", "value": "43% below 2005 levels by 2030; net zero by 2050", "num": 43, "unit": "%", "source": "au:cer_sg", "evidence": "emissions reduction targets of 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 and net zero by 2050", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f05": { "id": "au:f05", "category": "coverage", "label": "Covered facilities, 2024–25", "value": "208 facilities (219 in 2023–24)", "num": 208, "unit": "facilities", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "208 facilities were covered by the Safeguard Mechanism.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f06": { "id": "au:f06", "category": "coverage", "label": "Share of national emissions, 2024–25", "value": "29.9% of Australia's total emissions", "num": 29.9, "unit": "%", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "covered emissions from safeguard facilities made up 29.9% of Australia’s total emissions", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f07": { "id": "au:f07", "category": "coverage", "label": "Covered emissions, 2024–25", "value": "132.8 MtCO2e, 2.3% less than 2023–24", "num": 132.8, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "au:cer_sgdata", "evidence": "132.8 million tonnes of CO₂-e covered emissions (2.3% less than last year)", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f08": { "id": "au:f08", "category": "coverage", "label": "Total baselines, 2024–25", "value": "126.2 MtCO2e, 7.3% less than 2023–24", "num": 126.2, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "au:cer_sgdata", "evidence": "126.2 million tonnes of CO₂-e total baselines (7.3% less than last year)", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f09": { "id": "au:f09", "category": "coverage", "label": "Total net emissions, 2024–25", "value": "120.3 MtCO2e after ACCU and SMC surrenders (5.5% less than 127.3 Mt in 2023–24)", "num": 120.3, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "Total net emissions were 120.3 Mt CO2-e following the surrender of Australian carbon credit units", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f10": { "id": "au:f10", "category": "compliance", "label": "Facilities above baseline and total excess, 2024–25", "value": "141 facilities; total excess 13.7 MtCO2e (9.2 Mt in 2023–24)", "num": 13.7, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "141 facilities’ net emissions exceeded their baselines, with a total excess of 13.7 Mt CO2-e", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f11": { "id": "au:f11", "category": "credits", "label": "Units surrendered for 2024–25", "value": "13.4 million: 10.8m ACCUs + 2.6m SMCs, by 139 facilities", "num": 13.4, "unit": "million units", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "139 facilities surrendered 10.8 million ACCUs and 2.6 million SMCs – totalling 13.4 million units", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f12": { "id": "au:f12", "category": "credits", "label": "SMCs issued for 2024–25", "value": "6.7 million (8.3 million for 2023–24), to 54 responsible emitters", "num": 6.7, "unit": "million SMCs", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "SMC issuances for 2024–25 totalled 6.7 million – a 19.4% reduction from 8.3 million", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f13": { "id": "au:f13", "category": "compliance", "label": "Compliance rate, 2024–25", "value": "205 of 208 facilities (98.6%) compliant on 1 April 2026", "num": 98.6, "unit": "%", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "205 (98.6%) of the 208 covered facilities being compliant", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f14": { "id": "au:f14", "category": "compliance", "label": "Facilities in excess on the deadline, 2024–25", "value": "3 facilities; 317,212 tCO2e in excess on 1 April 2026", "num": 317212, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "resulting in excess emissions situations totalling 317,212 tCO2-e on 1 April", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f15": { "id": "au:f15", "category": "credits", "label": "ACCU use above 30% of baseline", "value": "Facilities surrendering ACCUs ≥30% of baseline must explain; 23 facilities triggered this for 2024–25", "num": 30, "unit": "% of baseline", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "surrender ACCUs equivalent to 30% or more of their baseline must provide a statement", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f16": { "id": "au:f16", "category": "price", "label": "Baseline decline rate to 2029–30", "value": "4.9% a year through to 30 June 2030", "num": 4.9, "unit": "%/yr", "source": "au:cer_base", "evidence": "Baselines decline by 4.9% each financial year through to 30 June 2030.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f17": { "id": "au:f17", "category": "price", "label": "Indicative decline rate from 2030–31", "value": "3.285% a year (indicative; set in 5-year blocks from 1 July 2030)", "num": 3.285, "unit": "%/yr", "source": "au:cer_base", "evidence": "2030–ongoing* | 3.285% | 62.4%", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f18": { "id": "au:f18", "category": "price", "label": "Emissions reduction contribution table", "value": "Scaling factor 95.1% (2023–24) falling 4.9 points a year to 65.7% (2029–30), 62.4% from 2030–31", "num": 65.7, "unit": "%", "source": "au:cer_base", "evidence": "2023–24 | 4.9% | 95.1% … 2029–30 | 4.9% | 65.7%", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f19": { "id": "au:f19", "category": "compliance", "label": "Trade-exposed (TEBA) decline rate", "value": "As low as 1% (manufacturing) or 2% (non-manufacturing) for 3 years", "num": 1, "unit": "%/yr", "source": "au:cer_excess", "evidence": "A manufacturing facility may be eligible for a decline rate as low as 1%.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f20": { "id": "au:f20", "category": "compliance", "label": "TEBA cost test", "value": "Compliance cost above 3% of revenue (non-manufacturing) or EBIT (manufacturing)", "num": 3, "unit": "%", "source": "au:cer_excess", "evidence": "The cost of complying with safeguard obligations exceeds 3% of either", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f21": { "id": "au:f21", "category": "compliance", "label": "Borrowing adjustment", "value": "Borrow up to 10% of next year's baseline; next baseline cut by the amount plus 10%", "num": 10, "unit": "%", "source": "au:cer_excess", "evidence": "specify the facility's proposed borrowing adjustment (up to 10% of the baseline)", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f22": { "id": "au:f22", "category": "compliance", "label": "Multi-year monitoring period", "value": "2 to 5 years, ending no later than 30 June 2030", "num": 5, "unit": "years", "source": "au:cer_excess", "evidence": "at the end of a multi-year period of 2 to 5 years. MYMPs must end no later than 30 June 2030.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f23": { "id": "au:f23", "category": "compliance", "label": "Civil penalty", "value": "1 penalty unit per tonne of excess plus 100 penalty units a day for up to 2 years", "num": 100, "unit": "penalty units/day", "source": "au:cer_excess", "evidence": "100 penalty units for each day the excess exists during the 2-year period", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f24": { "id": "au:f24", "category": "compliance", "label": "Annual compliance deadline", "value": "Excess must be managed before 1 April", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "au:cer_excess", "evidence": "Responsible emitters must manage their excess emissions before 1 April.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f25": { "id": "au:f25", "category": "scope", "label": "Electricity sectoral baseline", "value": "198 MtCO2e a year for grid-connected generators collectively", "num": 198, "unit": "MtCO2e/yr", "source": "au:cer_base", "evidence": "The sectoral baseline is set at 198 million t CO2-e per year.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f26": { "id": "au:f26", "category": "scope", "label": "New facilities definition", "value": "Facilities that began all commercial production on or after 1 July 2023", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "au:cer_base", "evidence": "Facilities are defined as new if they began all commercial production on or after 1 July 2023.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f27": { "id": "au:f27", "category": "credits", "label": "What an SMC is", "value": "1 SMC = 1 tCO2e below a facility's baseline; tradeable; not an offset", "num": 1, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "au:cer_smc", "evidence": "An SMC represents one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2-e) emissions below a facility's baseline.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f28": { "id": "au:f28", "category": "credits", "label": "What an ACCU is", "value": "1 ACCU per tCO2e stored or avoided by a registered project", "num": 1, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "au:cer_accu", "evidence": "Participants can earn one ACCU for every tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f29": { "id": "au:f29", "category": "timeline", "label": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 assented", "value": "11 April 2023 (Act No. 14, 2023)", "num": 2023, "unit": "year", "source": "au:leg_smc23", "evidence": "[Assented to 11 April 2023]", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f30": { "id": "au:f30", "category": "scope", "label": "Legislated decade budget 2020–30", "value": "Net safeguard emissions no more than 1,233 MtCO2e in total, 1 July 2020 to 30 June 2030", "num": 1233, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "au:leg_smc23", "evidence": "do not exceed a total of 1,233 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalence", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f31": { "id": "au:f31", "category": "scope", "label": "Legislated 2029–30 limit", "value": "No more than 100 MtCO2e of net safeguard emissions in 2029–30; zero after 30 June 2049", "num": 100, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "au:leg_smc23", "evidence": "no more than 100 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalence for the financial year beginning on 1 July 2029", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f32": { "id": "au:f32", "category": "timeline", "label": "NGER Act assented", "value": "28 September 2007 (Act No. 175, 2007)", "num": 2007, "unit": "year", "source": "au:leg_nger", "evidence": "[Assented to 28 September 2007]", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f33": { "id": "au:f33", "category": "timeline", "label": "Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act assented", "value": "15 September 2011 (Act No. 101, 2011)", "num": 2011, "unit": "year", "source": "au:leg_cfi", "evidence": "[Assented to 15 September 2011]", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f34": { "id": "au:f34", "category": "price", "label": "Cost containment price 2023–24", "value": "A$75 per ACCU", "num": 75, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q23q1", "evidence": "will pay $75 per ACCU in 2023-24 increasing with the Consumer Price Index plus 2 per cent", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f35": { "id": "au:f35", "category": "price", "label": "Cost containment price 2024–25", "value": "A$79.20 per ACCU", "num": 79.2, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q24q3", "evidence": "The 2024-25 price is $79.20 per ACCU.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f36": { "id": "au:f36", "category": "price", "label": "Cost containment price 2025–26", "value": "A$82.68 per ACCU", "num": 82.68, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q25q3", "evidence": "purchase at a fixed price of $82.68 for 2025-26", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f37": { "id": "au:f37", "category": "price", "label": "Cost containment price 2026–27", "value": "A$87.72 per ACCU, rising at CPI + 2% a year", "num": 87.72, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q26q2", "evidence": "purchase at a fixed price of $87.72 for 2026–27, rising at the Consumer Price Index plus 2%", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f38": { "id": "au:f38", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs held in the cost containment measure", "value": "6.0 million (30 June 2026); 6.1 million (30 Sep 2026)", "num": 6.1, "unit": "million ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.1 … 2026 Q3 … Cost containment measure 6.1", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f39": { "id": "au:f39", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2022", "value": "A$35.10", "num": 35.1, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q22q3", "evidence": "generic ACCU spot price declined from $35.10 to $30.75", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f40": { "id": "au:f40", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q3 2022", "value": "A$30.75", "num": 30.75, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q22q3", "evidence": "generic ACCU spot price declined from $35.10 to $30.75", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f41": { "id": "au:f41", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q4 2022", "value": "A$33.80", "num": 33.8, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q22q4", "evidence": "increase from $30.75 to finish the calendar year at $33.80", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f42": { "id": "au:f42", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q1 2023", "value": "A$38.50", "num": 38.5, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q23q1", "evidence": "reaching $38.50 at the end of Q1 2023", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f43": { "id": "au:f43", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2023", "value": "A$31.85", "num": 31.85, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q23q2", "evidence": "declined by 18% over the quarter to $31.85 by the end of June", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f44": { "id": "au:f44", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q1 2024", "value": "A$33.75", "num": 33.75, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q24q1", "evidence": "Prices then fell closing Q1 2024 at $33.75.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f45": { "id": "au:f45", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2024", "value": "A$34.34", "num": 34.34, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q24q3", "evidence": "generic ACCU spot price lifted from $34.34 to $36.25 over Q3", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f46": { "id": "au:f46", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q3 2024", "value": "A$36.25", "num": 36.25, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q24q3", "evidence": "generic ACCU spot price lifted from $34.34 to $36.25 over Q3", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f47": { "id": "au:f47", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q1 2025", "value": "A$33.08", "num": 33.08, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q25q1", "evidence": "the final spot price for Q1 2025 was $33.08 on 31 March 2025", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f48": { "id": "au:f48", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2025", "value": "A$35.45", "num": 35.45, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q25q3", "evidence": "rose from $35.45 at the end of Q2 2025 to $37.43 at the end of Q3 2025", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f49": { "id": "au:f49", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q3 2025", "value": "A$37.43", "num": 37.43, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q25q3", "evidence": "rose from $35.45 at the end of Q2 2025 to $37.43 at the end of Q3 2025", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f50": { "id": "au:f50", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q4 2025", "value": "A$36.60", "num": 36.6, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q25q4", "evidence": "fell from $37.43 at the end of Q3 2025 to $36.60 at the end of Q4", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f51": { "id": "au:f51", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q1 2026", "value": "A$36.28", "num": 36.28, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q26q1", "evidence": "falling from $36.60 at the end of 2025 to $36.28 at the end of Q1 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f52": { "id": "au:f52", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2026", "value": "A$37.95", "num": 37.95, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q26q2", "evidence": "rose from $36.28 at the end of Q1 2026 to $37.95 at the end of Q2 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f53": { "id": "au:f53", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price, 14 Aug 2026", "value": "A$39.03", "num": 39.03, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q26q2", "evidence": "The ACCU spot price rose after Q2 reaching $39.03 on 14 August 2026.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f54": { "id": "au:f54", "category": "price", "label": "SMC spot price, 19 Jun 2026", "value": "A$38.00 (A$39.25 on 14 Aug 2026)", "num": 38.0, "unit": "A$/SMC", "source": "au:q26q2", "evidence": "SMC spot prices have continued to follow ACCU prices closely, reaching $38.00 on 19 June 2026.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f55": { "id": "au:f55", "category": "price", "label": "Generic ACCU spot price peak, 2022", "value": "A$57.50 all-time high, late January 2022", "num": 57.5, "unit": "A$/ACCU", "source": "au:q22q4", "evidence": "reached an all-time high of $57.50 in late January 2022", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f56": { "id": "au:f56", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2013", "value": "3,877,980 ACCUs", "num": 3877980, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2013 Q4 Annual total 3877980", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f57": { "id": "au:f57", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2014", "value": "7,621,505 ACCUs", "num": 7621505, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2014 Q4 Annual total 7621505", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f58": { "id": "au:f58", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2015", "value": "7,867,836 ACCUs", "num": 7867836, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2015 Q4 Annual total 7867836", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f59": { "id": "au:f59", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2016", "value": "13,133,396 ACCUs", "num": 13133396, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2016 Q4 Annual total 13133396", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f60": { "id": "au:f60", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2017", "value": "12,170,406 ACCUs", "num": 12170406, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2017 Q4 Annual total 12170406", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f61": { "id": "au:f61", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2018", "value": "12,438,219 ACCUs", "num": 12438219, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2018 Q4 Annual total 12438219", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f62": { "id": "au:f62", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2019", "value": "14,830,105 ACCUs", "num": 14830105, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2019 Q4 Annual total 14830105", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f63": { "id": "au:f63", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2020", "value": "16,052,805 ACCUs", "num": 16052805, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2020 Q4 Annual total 16052805", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f64": { "id": "au:f64", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2021", "value": "17,040,782 ACCUs", "num": 17040782, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2021 Q4 Annual total 17040782", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f65": { "id": "au:f65", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2022", "value": "17,738,059 ACCUs", "num": 17738059, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2022 Q4 Annual total 17738059", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f66": { "id": "au:f66", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2023", "value": "17,221,108 ACCUs", "num": 17221108, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2023 Q4 Annual total 17221108", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f67": { "id": "au:f67", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2024", "value": "18,784,758 ACCUs", "num": 18784758, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2024 Q4 Annual total 18784758", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f68": { "id": "au:f68", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2025", "value": "21,653,923 ACCUs", "num": 21653923, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2025 Q4 Annual total 21653923", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f69": { "id": "au:f69", "category": "market", "label": "ACCUs issued, Jan–Sep 2026", "value": "19,139,145 ACCUs (Q1 5.46m, Q2 5.44m, Q3 8.24m)", "num": 19139145, "unit": "ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.2: 2026 Q3 Total 8243260, Annual total 19139145", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f70": { "id": "au:f70", "category": "market", "label": "ACCU issuance, first half 2026", "value": "10.9 million, a record for a first half; 2026 estimate 22–26 million", "num": 10.9, "unit": "million ACCUs", "source": "au:q26q2", "evidence": "Issuance in H1 was 10.9 million, 15% higher (1.4 million) than the same period last year", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f71": { "id": "au:f71", "category": "market", "label": "ACCU holdings in the registry, end of year", "value": "6.1m (2019), 7.9m (2020), 11.5m (2021), 22.7m (2022), 36.2m (2023), 49.9m (2024), 60.7m (2025), 68.9m (30 Sep 2026)", "num": 68.9, "unit": "million ACCUs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.1 Total holdings: 2019 Q4 6.1 … 2025 Q4 60.7 … 2026 Q3 68.9", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f72": { "id": "au:f72", "category": "market", "label": "SMC holdings, 30 Sep 2026", "value": "11.0 million SMCs; 63 safeguard accounts hold SMCs", "num": 11, "unit": "million SMCs", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.6: 2026 Q3 … Total holdings 11; Number of accounts with >0 SMCs … 63", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f73": { "id": "au:f73", "category": "credits", "label": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2018", "value": "389,893 units", "num": 389893, "unit": "units", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2018 Q4 Annual total 389893", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f74": { "id": "au:f74", "category": "credits", "label": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2019", "value": "143,843 units", "num": 143843, "unit": "units", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2019 Q4 Annual total 143843", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f75": { "id": "au:f75", "category": "credits", "label": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2020", "value": "56,994 units", "num": 56994, "unit": "units", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2020 Q4 Annual total 56994", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f76": { "id": "au:f76", "category": "credits", "label": "Safeguard surrenders, calendar 2021 (ACCUs; SMCs not yet issued)", "value": "121,579 units", "num": 121579, "unit": "units", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2021 Q4 Annual total 121579", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f77": { "id": "au:f77", "category": "credits", "label": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2022", "value": "348,535 units", "num": 348535, "unit": "units", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2022 Q4 Annual total 348535", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f78": { "id": "au:f78", "category": "credits", "label": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2023", "value": "236,224 units", "num": 236224, "unit": "units", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2023 Q4 Annual total 236224", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f79": { "id": "au:f79", "category": "credits", "label": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2024", "value": "1,526,091 units", "num": 1526091, "unit": "units", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2024 Q4 Annual total 1526091", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f80": { "id": "au:f80", "category": "credits", "label": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2025", "value": "10,079,598 units", "num": 10079598, "unit": "units", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2025 Q4 Annual total 10079598", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f81": { "id": "au:f81", "category": "market", "label": "ACCU Scheme projects registered, 2022", "value": "364 projects", "num": 364, "unit": "projects", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.3 registered projects: 2022 Q4 Annual total 364", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f82": { "id": "au:f82", "category": "market", "label": "ACCU Scheme projects registered, 2023", "value": "337 projects", "num": 337, "unit": "projects", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.3 registered projects: 2023 Q4 Annual total 337", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f83": { "id": "au:f83", "category": "market", "label": "ACCU Scheme projects registered, 2024", "value": "416 projects", "num": 416, "unit": "projects", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.3 registered projects: 2024 Q4 Annual total 416", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f84": { "id": "au:f84", "category": "market", "label": "ACCU Scheme projects registered, 2025", "value": "407 projects", "num": 407, "unit": "projects", "source": "au:cer_wb", "evidence": "Figure 1.3 registered projects: 2025 Q4 Annual total 407", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f85": { "id": "au:f85", "category": "coverage", "label": "Safeguard baselines, covered emissions and facility count, 2020–21 to 2024–25", "value": "Baselines 179.8/175.6/171.6/136.1/126.2 Mt; covered emissions 137.1/137.5/138.6/136.0/132.8 Mt; facilities 212/219/218/219/208", "num": 126.2, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "au:cer_ins", "evidence": "Total Baselines (Mt CO₂-e) 179.8 175.6 171.6 136.1 126.2", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f86": { "id": "au:f86", "category": "timeline", "label": "Safeguard Mechanism review consultation", "value": "Department paper released 7 Aug 2026; submissions closed 18 Sep 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "au:q26q2", "evidence": "released its Safeguard Mechanism review consultation paper on 7 August 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f87": { "id": "au:f87", "category": "timeline", "label": "Review outcome and timing of changes", "value": "Position paper early 2027; changes generally from 1 July 2030", "num": 2030, "unit": "year", "source": "au:q26q2", "evidence": "any changes to the Safeguard Mechanism will generally take effect from 1 July 2030", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f88": { "id": "au:f88", "category": "timeline", "label": "Next full QCMR", "value": "Full September Quarter 2026 report expected by mid-December 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "au:cer_qidx", "evidence": "the full QCMR, which we expect to publish by mid-December 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f89": { "id": "au:f89", "category": "timeline", "label": "Annual safeguard data publication", "value": "2024–25 data published 15 April 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "au:cer_sgdata", "evidence": "It was published on 15 April 2026.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f90": { "id": "au:f90", "category": "timeline", "label": "ACCU Scheme amendments introduced", "value": "Amendments to the CFI Act introduced to Parliament on 20 August 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "au:q26q2", "evidence": "were introduced to Parliament on 20 August 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f91": { "id": "au:f91", "category": "timeline", "label": "2023 reform", "value": "The Safeguard Mechanism was reformed in 2023", "num": 2023, "unit": "year", "source": "au:cer_sg", "evidence": "The Safeguard Mechanism was reformed in 2023.", "kind": "quoted" }, "au:f92": { "id": "au:f92", "category": "timeline", "label": "Scheduled 2026–27 review", "value": "Department to review policy settings in 2026–27", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "au:cer_sg", "evidence": "The department will review the Safeguard Mechanism’s policy settings in 2026–27.", "kind": "quoted" } }, "series": [ { "name": "Generic ACCU spot price, end of quarter", "unit": "A$/ACCU", "note": "Volume-weighted generic ACCU spot price at quarter end as stated in each QCMR. Q3–Q4 2023 and Q4 2024 not listed (no exact quarter-end figure).", "points": [ { "x": "Q2 2022", "y": 35.1, "fact": "au:f39" }, { "x": "Q3 2022", "y": 30.75, "fact": "au:f40" }, { "x": "Q4 2022", "y": 33.8, "fact": "au:f41" }, { "x": "Q1 2023", "y": 38.5, "fact": "au:f42" }, { "x": "Q2 2023", "y": 31.85, "fact": "au:f43" }, { "x": "Q1 2024", "y": 33.75, "fact": "au:f44" }, { "x": "Q2 2024", "y": 34.34, "fact": "au:f45" }, { "x": "Q3 2024", "y": 36.25, "fact": "au:f46" }, { "x": "Q1 2025", "y": 33.08, "fact": "au:f47" }, { "x": "Q2 2025", "y": 35.45, "fact": "au:f48" }, { "x": "Q3 2025", "y": 37.43, "fact": "au:f49" }, { "x": "Q4 2025", "y": 36.6, "fact": "au:f50" }, { "x": "Q1 2026", "y": 36.28, "fact": "au:f51" }, { "x": "Q2 2026", "y": 37.95, "fact": "au:f52" } ] }, { "name": "Cost containment fixed price", "unit": "A$/ACCU", "note": "Price for eligible safeguard entities buying ACCUs from the cost containment measure.", "points": [ { "x": "2023–24", "y": 75, "fact": "au:f34" }, { "x": "2024–25", "y": 79.2, "fact": "au:f35" }, { "x": "2025–26", "y": 82.68, "fact": "au:f36" }, { "x": "2026–27", "y": 87.72, "fact": "au:f37" } ] }, { "name": "ACCUs issued by calendar year", "unit": "million ACCUs", "note": "Workbook annual totals converted to millions.", "points": [ { "x": "2013", "y": 3.88, "fact": "au:f56" }, { "x": "2014", "y": 7.62, "fact": "au:f57" }, { "x": "2015", "y": 7.87, "fact": "au:f58" }, { "x": "2016", "y": 13.13, "fact": "au:f59" }, { "x": "2017", "y": 12.17, "fact": "au:f60" }, { "x": "2018", "y": 12.44, "fact": "au:f61" }, { "x": "2019", "y": 14.83, "fact": "au:f62" }, { "x": "2020", "y": 16.05, "fact": "au:f63" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 17.04, "fact": "au:f64" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 17.74, "fact": "au:f65" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 17.22, "fact": "au:f66" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 18.78, "fact": "au:f67" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 21.65, "fact": "au:f68" } ] }, { "name": "ACCU holdings in the registry", "unit": "million ACCUs", "note": "Total holdings at end of Q4 (excludes the cost containment measure).", "points": [ { "x": "2019", "y": 6.1, "fact": "au:f71" }, { "x": "2020", "y": 7.9, "fact": "au:f71" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 11.5, "fact": "au:f71" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 22.7, "fact": "au:f71" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 36.2, "fact": "au:f71" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 49.9, "fact": "au:f71" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 60.7, "fact": "au:f71" }, { "x": "Q3 2026", "y": 68.9, "fact": "au:f71" } ] }, { "name": "Safeguard surrenders of ACCUs and SMCs", "unit": "million units", "note": "Calendar-year totals; most surrenders fall in Q1 before the 1 April deadline.", "points": [ { "x": "2018", "y": 0.39, "fact": "au:f73" }, { "x": "2019", "y": 0.14, "fact": "au:f74" }, { "x": "2020", "y": 0.06, "fact": "au:f75" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 0.12, "fact": "au:f76" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 0.35, "fact": "au:f77" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 0.24, "fact": "au:f78" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 1.53, "fact": "au:f79" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 10.08, "fact": "au:f80" } ] }, { "name": "Safeguard total baselines", "unit": "MtCO2e", "note": "", "points": [ { "x": "2020–21", "y": 179.8, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2021–22", "y": 175.6, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2022–23", "y": 171.6, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2023–24", "y": 136.1, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2024–25", "y": 126.2, "fact": "au:f85" } ] }, { "name": "Safeguard covered emissions", "unit": "MtCO2e", "note": "", "points": [ { "x": "2020–21", "y": 137.1, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2021–22", "y": 137.5, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2022–23", "y": 138.6, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2023–24", "y": 136.0, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2024–25", "y": 132.8, "fact": "au:f85" } ] }, { "name": "Safeguard covered facilities", "unit": "facilities", "note": "Designated large facilities.", "points": [ { "x": "2020–21", "y": 212, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2021–22", "y": 219, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2022–23", "y": 218, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2023–24", "y": 219, "fact": "au:f85" }, { "x": "2024–25", "y": 208, "fact": "au:f85" } ] }, { "name": "Emissions reduction contribution (baseline scaling factor)", "unit": "% of starting baseline", "note": "2030–31 value indicative.", "points": [ { "x": "2023–24", "y": 95.1, "fact": "au:f18" }, { "x": "2024–25", "y": 90.2, "fact": "au:f18" }, { "x": "2025–26", "y": 85.3, "fact": "au:f18" }, { "x": "2026–27", "y": 80.4, "fact": "au:f18" }, { "x": "2027–28", "y": 75.5, "fact": "au:f18" }, { "x": "2028–29", "y": 70.6, "fact": "au:f18" }, { "x": "2029–30", "y": 65.7, "fact": "au:f18" }, { "x": "2030–31", "y": 62.4, "fact": "au:f18" } ] }, { "name": "ACCU Scheme projects registered", "unit": "projects", "note": "Calendar-year totals.", "points": [ { "x": "2022", "y": 364, "fact": "au:f81" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 337, "fact": "au:f82" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 416, "fact": "au:f83" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 407, "fact": "au:f84" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2007-09-28", "text": "The National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act, the legal base of the Safeguard Mechanism, receives assent.", "fact": "au:f32" }, { "date": "2011-09-15", "text": "The Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act, the legal base of ACCUs, receives assent.", "fact": "au:f33" }, { "date": "2016-07-01", "text": "The Safeguard Mechanism begins.", "fact": "au:f03" }, { "date": "2023-04-11", "text": "The Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 receives assent, creating SMCs and a 1,233 Mt budget for 2020–30.", "fact": "au:f29" }, { "date": "2023-07-01", "text": "Reformed baselines start declining by 4.9% a year; cost containment price A$75.", "fact": "au:f16" }, { "date": "2026-04-01", "text": "Compliance deadline for 2024–25: 205 of 208 facilities compliant.", "fact": "au:f13" }, { "date": "2026-04-15", "text": "CER publishes 2024–25 safeguard data: 132.8 Mt covered emissions.", "fact": "au:f89" }, { "date": "2026-08-07", "text": "Department releases the Safeguard Mechanism review consultation paper.", "fact": "au:f86" }, { "date": "2026-08-20", "text": "ACCU Scheme amendments introduced to Parliament.", "fact": "au:f90" }, { "date": "2026-12", "text": "Full September Quarter 2026 QCMR expected by mid-December.", "fact": "au:f88" }, { "date": "2030-07-01", "text": "Review changes generally take effect; decline rates then set in 5-year blocks.", "fact": "au:f87" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Generic ACCU spot price at end of Q3 2023, Q4 2023 and Q4 2024", "reason": "QCMRs give only ranges ('between $30.50 and $32.00') or conflicting approximations (Q4 2024 'around $36' in the December 2024 report vs 'around $35' in the March 2025 report). December Quarter 2023 report not opened." }, { "item": "Generic ACCU spot price at end of Q3 2026", "reason": "The Q3 2026 data release workbook does not include price data; the full report is due by mid-December 2026." }, { "item": "DCCEEW policy pages on the 2023 reforms", "reason": "dcceew.gov.au did not respond to normal requests (connection reset / timeout). Facts were taken from CER pages and the Act text instead." }, { "item": "Value of a Commonwealth penalty unit in A$", "reason": "Not on the CER pages read; not checked in legislation." }, { "item": "Commencement date of the 2023 Amendment Act", "reason": "Assent date (11 April 2023) confirmed; reformed baselines measured from 1 July 2023 per CER, but the Act's commencement table was not checked line by line." } ], "code": "au" }, "china": { "country": "China", "scheme": "National ETS and CCER", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "mee_r2025": { "title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_r2024": { "title": "2024年全国碳排放权交易市场配额交易及清缴工作顺利结束 (5 Jan 2025)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202501/t20250105_1099975.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_r2021": { "title": "全国碳市场第一个履约周期顺利结束 (31 Dec 2021)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_dev2024": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_dev2025": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025） (September 2025, PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_dev2026": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_exp_notice": { "title": "关于印发《全国碳排放权交易市场覆盖钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业工作方案》的通知 (环气候〔2025〕23号, 20 Mar 2025)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk03/202503/t20250326_1104736.html", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_exp_qa": { "title": "应对气候变化司相关负责人就《全国碳排放权交易市场覆盖钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业工作方案》答记者问 (26 Mar 2025)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/zbft/202503/t20250326_1104767.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_alloc_qa": { "title": "应对气候变化司负责人就《2024、2025年度全国碳排放权交易市场钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业配额总量和分配方案》答记者问 (Nov 2025)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/zbft/202511/t20251119_1134197.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_alloc2026": { "title": "关于印发《全国碳排放权交易市场2025、2026年度发电行业以及2026年度钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业配额总量和分配方案》的通知 (2 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk03/202609/t20260903_1165029.html", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_work2026": { "title": "关于做好2026年全国碳排放权交易市场有关工作的通知 (Feb 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202602/t20260209_1143900.html", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_ccer_faq": { "title": "为什么要设置全国温室气体自愿减排交易市场，何时启动？", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/hdjl/cjwt/202509/t20250915_1130182.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_reg_rev": { "title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, as revised 8 Aug 2026; posted 10 Oct 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), reproducing the State Council text", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202610/t20261010_1175967.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "gov_reg2024": { "title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, original 2024 text)", "publisher": "State Council of the PRC (gov.cn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202402/content_6930138.htm", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_order19": { "title": "碳排放权交易管理办法（试行） (MEE Order No. 19, PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202112/P020211213372253773271.pdf", "lang": "zh" }, "mee_opinion": { "title": "中共中央办公厅 国务院办公厅关于推进绿色低碳转型加强全国碳市场建设的意见 (24 May 2025, published Aug 2025)", "publisher": "General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council (posted by MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/zyygwj/202508/t20250825_1126119.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "cneeex_2022": { "title": "2022全国碳市场运行情况一览", "publisher": "Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange (national ETS trading venue)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://overview.cneeex.com/c/2022-12-31/493627.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "cneeex_2023": { "title": "2023全国碳市场运行情况一览", "publisher": "Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange (national ETS trading venue)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://overview.cneeex.com/c/2023-12-29/494963.shtml", "lang": "zh" }, "cneeex_20260813": { "title": "【CEA】全国碳市场每日综合价格行情及成交信息20260813", "publisher": "Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange (national ETS trading venue)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://overview.cneeex.com/c/2026-08-13/498131.shtml", "lang": "zh" } }, "facts": { "cn:f01": { "id": "cn:f01", "category": "timeline", "label": "National ETS online trading launch", "value": "16 July 2021 (power sector first)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_r2021", "evidence": "自2021年7月16日正式启动上线交易以来", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f02": { "id": "cn:f02", "category": "timeline", "label": "MEE trading rules (Order No. 19) in force", "value": "1 February 2021", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_order19", "evidence": "本办法自 2021 年 2 月 1 日起施行", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f03": { "id": "cn:f03", "category": "timeline", "label": "Interim Regulations adopted by State Council", "value": "5 January 2024 (Decree No. 775)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:gov_reg2024", "evidence": "已经2024年1月5日国务院第23次常务会议通过", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f04": { "id": "cn:f04", "category": "timeline", "label": "Interim Regulations in force", "value": "1 May 2024", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:gov_reg2024", "evidence": "本条例自2024年5月1日起施行", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f05": { "id": "cn:f05", "category": "timeline", "label": "Interim Regulations revised", "value": "8 August 2026 (State Council decision amending administrative regulations)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_reg_rev", "evidence": "根据2026年8月8日《国务院关于修改和废止部分行政法规的决定》修订", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f06": { "id": "cn:f06", "category": "timeline", "label": "CCER (voluntary) market launch", "value": "22 January 2024", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_ccer_faq", "evidence": "2024年1月22日，全国温室气体自愿减排交易市场启动", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f07": { "id": "cn:f07", "category": "timeline", "label": "Steel, cement and aluminium work plan issued", "value": "20 March 2025 (Huanqihou [2025] No. 23)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_exp_notice", "evidence": "经国务院批准，钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼三个行业纳入全国碳排放权交易市场管理", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f08": { "id": "cn:f08", "category": "timeline", "label": "Central policy opinion on the carbon market", "value": "dated 24 May 2025; targets for 2027 and 2030", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_opinion", "evidence": "到2027年，全国碳排放权交易市场基本覆盖工业领域主要排放行业", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f09": { "id": "cn:f09", "category": "timeline", "label": "2030 target design", "value": "Cap-based market with free and paid allocation by 2030", "num": 2030, "unit": "year", "source": "cn:mee_opinion", "evidence": "到2030年，基本建成以配额总量控制为基础、免费和有偿分配相结合", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f10": { "id": "cn:f10", "category": "timeline", "label": "Allocation plan for 2025-26 (power) and 2026 (steel, cement, aluminium)", "value": "Dated 1 September 2026; issued 2 September 2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_alloc2026", "evidence": "生态环境部办公厅2026年9月2日印发", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f11": { "id": "cn:f11", "category": "compliance", "label": "Surrender deadline for 2025 allowances", "value": "31 December 2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_work2026", "evidence": "重点排放单位按时足额完成2025年度碳排放配额清缴", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f12": { "id": "cn:f12", "category": "timeline", "label": "Deadline to publish 2027 covered-entity lists", "value": "31 October 2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_work2026", "evidence": "2026年10月31日前，省级生态环境主管部门将2027年度", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f14": { "id": "cn:f14", "category": "market", "label": "First compliance cycle: volume and value (Jul-Dec 2021)", "value": "179 Mt; CNY 7.661 bn; 114 trading days", "num": 179, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_r2021", "evidence": "碳排放配额累计成交量1.79亿吨，累计成交额76.61亿元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f15": { "id": "cn:f15", "category": "price", "label": "Closing price, 31 Dec 2021", "value": "CNY 54.22/t (+13% from opening)", "num": 54.22, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_r2021", "evidence": "12月31日收盘价54.22元/吨，较7月16日首日开盘价上涨13%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f21": { "id": "cn:f21", "category": "market", "label": "Allowance trading 2024: volume and value", "value": "189 Mt; CNY 18.114 bn", "num": 189, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_r2024", "evidence": "2024年全年配额成交量1.89亿吨，成交额181.14亿元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f22": { "id": "cn:f22", "category": "price", "label": "Closing price, end-2024", "value": "CNY 97.49/t (+22.75% vs end-2023)", "num": 97.49, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_r2024", "evidence": "年底收盘价为97.49元/吨，较2023年底上涨22.75%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f23": { "id": "cn:f23", "category": "price", "label": "2024 price milestones", "value": "First close above CNY 100/t on 24 Apr 2024; 2024 peak CNY 105.65/t on 13 Nov", "num": 105.65, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_dev2025", "evidence": "11 月 13 日达到全年峰值 105.65 元 /", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f24": { "id": "cn:f24", "category": "market", "label": "Allowance trading 2025: volume and value", "value": "235 Mt (about +24%); CNY 14.630 bn", "num": 235, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "2025年全年配额成交量2.35亿吨，同比增长约24%，成交额146.30亿元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f25": { "id": "cn:f25", "category": "price", "label": "Closing price, end-2025", "value": "CNY 74.63/t", "num": 74.63, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "年底收盘价为74.63元/吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f26": { "id": "cn:f26", "category": "price", "label": "Average traded price 2025", "value": "CNY 62.36/t", "num": 62.36, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "全年交易均价为62.36元/吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f27": { "id": "cn:f27", "category": "market", "label": "Cumulative allowance trading to 31 Dec 2025", "value": "865 Mt; CNY 57.663 bn", "num": 865, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "配额累计成交量8.65亿吨，累计成交额576.63亿元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f28": { "id": "cn:f28", "category": "market", "label": "Trading days in 2025", "value": "243", "num": 243, "unit": "days", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "市场共运行243个交易日", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f29": { "id": "cn:f29", "category": "price", "label": "Closing price, end-August 2026", "value": "CNY 97.90/t (+31.18% vs end-2025)", "num": 97.9, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "综合价格收盘价 97.90 元 / 吨，较 2025 年底上涨 31.18%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f30": { "id": "cn:f30", "category": "market", "label": "Cumulative allowance trading to end-August 2026", "value": "961 Mt; CNY 65.699 bn", "num": 961, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "累计成交量 9.61 亿", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f31": { "id": "cn:f31", "category": "market", "label": "Trading growth Jan-Aug 2026", "value": "Volume +46.53%, value +67.64% year on year", "num": 46.53, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "成交量、成交额同比分别上涨 46.53% 和 67.64%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f33": { "id": "cn:f33", "category": "market", "label": "Trading methods 2024", "value": "Listed agreement 37 Mt; block agreement 152 Mt", "num": 152, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2025", "evidence": "全年成交量分别为 0.37 亿吨和 1.52 亿吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f34": { "id": "cn:f34", "category": "market", "label": "One-way auctions", "value": "First 3 auctions on 16 Jul 2025 (0.13 Mt); 9 auctions and 0.338 Mt by end-Aug 2026", "num": 0.338, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "已顺利开展 9 场单向竞价交易，配额累计成交量", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f35": { "id": "cn:f35", "category": "market", "label": "Covered entities that traded in 2024", "value": "1,471", "num": 1471, "unit": "entities", "source": "cn:mee_dev2025", "evidence": "参与交易的重点排放单位共计 1471", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f36": { "id": "cn:f36", "category": "coverage", "label": "First compliance cycle coverage (2019-2020 allowances)", "value": "2,162 power entities; about 4.5 GtCO2 a year", "num": 2162, "unit": "entities", "source": "cn:mee_r2021", "evidence": "共纳入发电行业重点排放单位2162家，年覆盖温室气体排放量约45亿吨二氧化碳", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f37": { "id": "cn:f37", "category": "coverage", "label": "Second cycle coverage (2021-2022)", "value": "2,257 entities; about 5.1 GtCO2e a year", "num": 2257, "unit": "entities", "source": "cn:mee_dev2024", "evidence": "行业重点排放单位（含其他行业自备电厂）2257 家", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f38": { "id": "cn:f38", "category": "coverage", "label": "2023 compliance year coverage", "value": "2,096 power entities; about 5.2 GtCO2 a year", "num": 2096, "unit": "entities", "source": "cn:mee_r2024", "evidence": "发电行业重点排放单位共计2096家，年覆盖二氧化碳排放量约52亿吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f39": { "id": "cn:f39", "category": "coverage", "label": "Covered entities, 2025", "value": "3,378 (power 2,087; steel 232; cement 962; aluminium 97)", "num": 3378, "unit": "entities", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "重点排放单位共计3378家，其中发电行业重点排放单位2087家", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f40": { "id": "cn:f40", "category": "coverage", "label": "Covered entities and emissions, 2026", "value": "3,680 entities; about 8.3 GtCO2; over 65% of national emissions", "num": 3680, "unit": "entities", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "四个行业纳入的重点排放单位共计 3680 家，覆盖二氧化碳排放量约 83 亿吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f41": { "id": "cn:f41", "category": "coverage", "label": "Share of national CO2 covered", "value": "Power alone about 40%; over 60% after adding steel, cement, aluminium", "num": 60, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_exp_qa", "evidence": "覆盖全国二氧化碳排放总量占比达到60%以上", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f42": { "id": "cn:f42", "category": "coverage", "label": "Size of first expansion", "value": "About 1,500 new companies; about 3 GtCO2 added", "num": 1500, "unit": "companies", "source": "cn:mee_exp_qa", "evidence": "新增企业约1500家，覆盖碳排放量新增约30亿吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f43": { "id": "cn:f43", "category": "scope", "label": "Gases covered in steel, cement and aluminium", "value": "3: CO2, CF4, C2F6", "num": 3, "unit": "gases", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "覆盖二氧化碳、四氟化碳、六氟化二碳等 3 种温室气体", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f44": { "id": "cn:f44", "category": "scope", "label": "Inclusion threshold", "value": "26,000 tCO2e of direct emissions a year", "num": 26000, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "cn:mee_work2026", "evidence": "年度直接排放量达到2.6万吨二氧化碳当量的单位纳入全国碳排放权交易市场管理", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f45": { "id": "cn:f45", "category": "scope", "label": "Next sectors in preparation", "value": "Petrochemicals, chemicals, paper, civil aviation", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "石化、化工、造纸、民航等行业纳入全国碳", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f46": { "id": "cn:f46", "category": "scope", "label": "Allocation method", "value": "Free allocation, moving gradually to a mix of free and paid", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_reg_rev", "evidence": "碳排放配额实行免费分配，并根据国家有关要求逐步推行免费和有偿相结合的分配方式", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f47": { "id": "cn:f47", "category": "scope", "label": "Intensity-based design", "value": "Allowances tied to output; no absolute cap set", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "企业获得的配额量与其实际产出量挂钩，不设定配额总量", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f48": { "id": "cn:f48", "category": "scope", "label": "Steel, cement, aluminium: 2024 allocation", "value": "Allowances equal to verified 2024 emissions (no shortfall)", "num": 2024, "unit": "year", "source": "cn:mee_exp_qa", "evidence": "2024年度钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼企业获得的配额量等于经核查的实际排放量", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f49": { "id": "cn:f49", "category": "scope", "label": "Steel, cement, aluminium: 2025 surplus/deficit cap", "value": "Each entity within ±3%", "num": 3, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "位的配额盈缺率最高不超过 3%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f50": { "id": "cn:f50", "category": "scope", "label": "Phasing for new sectors", "value": "Start-up phase 2024-2026; deepening phase from 2027", "num": 2027, "unit": "year", "source": "cn:mee_exp_qa", "evidence": "在深化完善阶段（2027年度—）", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f51": { "id": "cn:f51", "category": "scope", "label": "Power sector 2024: shortfall cap", "value": "Entity shortfall capped at 20%", "num": 20, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "以及企业 20% 缺口率上限", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f52": { "id": "cn:f52", "category": "scope", "label": "2021 and 2022 allocation vs verified emissions", "value": "Issued 5.096 Gt and 5.104 Gt; verified 5.094 Gt and 5.091 Gt", "num": 5.096, "unit": "Gt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2024", "evidence": "年度配额发放量分别为 50.96 亿", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f53": { "id": "cn:f53", "category": "scope", "label": "2023 allocation vs verified emissions", "value": "Issued 5.215 Gt; required 5.244 Gt; gap 0.55%", "num": 0.55, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_dev2025", "evidence": "额发放量为 52.15 亿吨，经核查的实际排放量（应清缴配额量）合计 52.44", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f54": { "id": "cn:f54", "category": "scope", "label": "Five-year target 2026-2030", "value": "Unit-product emissions in covered sectors down about 3%", "num": 3, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "覆盖行业单位产品碳排放下降 3%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f55": { "id": "cn:f55", "category": "compliance", "label": "First cycle compliance rate", "value": "99.5% (by volume)", "num": 99.5, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_r2021", "evidence": "按履约量计，履约完成率为99.5%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f56": { "id": "cn:f56", "category": "compliance", "label": "Compliance rates for 2021 and 2022 allowances", "value": "99.61% and 99.88%", "num": 99.88, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_dev2024", "evidence": "年 度 配 额 清 缴 完 成 率 分 别 为 99.61%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f57": { "id": "cn:f57", "category": "compliance", "label": "2023 compliance year", "value": "Surrender due 5.244 Gt; about 99.98% completed", "num": 99.98, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_r2024", "evidence": "2023年度配额应清缴总量52.44亿吨，配额清缴完成率约99.98%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f58": { "id": "cn:f58", "category": "compliance", "label": "2024 compliance year", "value": "Surrender due 8.194 Gt; about 99.99% completed", "num": 99.99, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "2024年度配额应清缴总量81.94亿吨，配额清缴完成率约99.99%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f59": { "id": "cn:f59", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty for failing to surrender (revised text)", "value": "CNY 1-5 million fine; if still not surrendered, 5-10x the prior month's average price per missing allowance", "num": 5, "unit": "CNY m", "source": "cn:mee_reg_rev", "evidence": "处100万元以上500万元以下的罚款", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f60": { "id": "cn:f60", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty for failing to surrender (original 2024 text)", "value": "5-10x the prior month's average price; refusal: equal cut to next year's allowances", "num": 10, "unit": "x", "source": "cn:gov_reg2024", "evidence": "处未清缴的碳排放配额清缴时限前1个月市场交易平均成交价格5倍以上10倍以下的罚款", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f61": { "id": "cn:f61", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty for falsified emissions data", "value": "Fine CNY 0.5-2 million (or 5-10x illegal gains); refusal: 50-100% cut to next year's allowances", "num": 50, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_reg_rev", "evidence": "按照50%以上100%以下的比例核减其下一年度碳排放配额", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f62": { "id": "cn:f62", "category": "compliance", "label": "Record keeping", "value": "Original data records kept at least 5 years", "num": 5, "unit": "years", "source": "cn:mee_reg_rev", "evidence": "原始记录和管理台账应当至少保存5年", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f63": { "id": "cn:f63", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER offset limit", "value": "Up to 5% of allowances due", "num": 5, "unit": "%", "source": "cn:mee_order19", "evidence": "抵销比例不得超过应清缴碳排放配额的 5%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f64": { "id": "cn:f64", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER used for 2021-2022 compliance", "value": "3.7174 Mt", "num": 3.7174, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2024", "evidence": "重点排放单位共使用 371.74 万吨国家核证自愿减排量用于配额清缴抵销", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f65": { "id": "cn:f65", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER used for 2023 compliance", "value": "6.4727 Mt by 58 entities", "num": 6.4727, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2025", "evidence": "58 家重点排放单位使用 647.27 万吨国家核证自愿减排量", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f66": { "id": "cn:f66", "category": "credits", "label": "First trading of new CCERs (March 2025)", "value": "0.7488 Mt on day one at an average CNY 80.45/t", "num": 80.45, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_dev2025", "evidence": "当日成交量 74.88 万吨，成交额 6024.18 万元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f67": { "id": "cn:f67", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER trading 2025", "value": "8.8441 Mt; CNY 626 m", "num": 8.8441, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "自愿减排量年成交量 884.41 万吨，成交额 6.26 亿元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f68": { "id": "cn:f68", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER average price 2025", "value": "CNY 70.76/t", "num": 70.76, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "全年交易均价为70.76元/吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f69": { "id": "cn:f69", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER registered by end-2025", "value": "33 projects; 17.7637 Mt", "num": 33, "unit": "projects", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "已登记自愿减排项目33个，减排量1776.37万吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f70": { "id": "cn:f70", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER registered by end-August 2026", "value": "41 projects; 24.2335 Mt; cumulative trading 21.7068 Mt (CNY 1.737 bn)", "num": 41, "unit": "projects", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "累计登记自愿减排项目 41 个、核证自愿减排量 2423.35 万吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f71": { "id": "cn:f71", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER average price to end-August 2026", "value": "CNY 86.51/t", "num": 86.51, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_dev2026", "evidence": "核证自愿减排量成交均价 86.51 元 / 吨", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f72": { "id": "cn:f72", "category": "credits", "label": "CCER methodologies published in 2025", "value": "12", "num": 12, "unit": "methodologies", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "电气设备六氟化硫回收净化等12项方法学", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f73": { "id": "cn:f73", "category": "credits", "label": "Registry accounts (CCER registry)", "value": "6,106", "num": 6106, "unit": "accounts", "source": "cn:mee_r2025", "evidence": "注册登记系统累计开户6106家", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f74": { "id": "cn:f74", "category": "price", "label": "Average price, Jul-Dec 2021 (calc)", "value": "CNY 42.80/t = 7,661 / 179 (f14)", "num": 42.8, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_r2021", "evidence": "碳排放配额累计成交量1.79亿吨，累计成交额76.61亿元", "kind": "calc" }, "cn:f76": { "id": "cn:f76", "category": "price", "label": "Average price 2024 (calc)", "value": "CNY 95.84/t = 18,114 / 189 (f21)", "num": 95.84, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_r2024", "evidence": "2024年全年配额成交量1.89亿吨，成交额181.14亿元", "kind": "calc" }, "cn:f77": { "id": "cn:f77", "category": "price", "label": "Closing price at end-2023", "value": "CNY 79.42/t (+46.48% vs first-cycle close)", "num": 79.42, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_dev2024", "evidence": "2023年底，综合价格收盘价为79.42元/吨，较开市首日开盘价上涨65.46%，较第一个履约周期收盘价上涨46.48%", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f78": { "id": "cn:f78", "category": "market", "label": "Second-cycle allowance trading, 1 Jan 2022 to 31 Dec 2023: volume and value", "value": "263 Mt; CNY 17.258 bn", "num": 263, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2024", "evidence": "2022年1月1日至2023年12月31日，碳排放配额成交量2.63亿吨，成交额172.58亿元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f79": { "id": "cn:f79", "category": "market", "label": "Cumulative allowance trading to end-2023", "value": "442 Mt; CNY 24.919 bn", "num": 442, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_dev2024", "evidence": "截至2023年底，全国碳排放权交易市场碳排放配额累计成交量4.42亿吨，累计成交额249.19亿元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f80": { "id": "cn:f80", "category": "market", "label": "Cumulative allowance trading to end-2024", "value": "630 Mt; CNY 43.033 bn", "num": 630, "unit": "Mt", "source": "cn:mee_r2024", "evidence": "截至2024年底，全国碳排放权交易市场配额累计成交量6.3亿吨，累计成交额430.33亿元", "kind": "quoted" }, "cn:f81": { "id": "cn:f81", "category": "price", "label": "Average price 2022-2023 (calc)", "value": "CNY 65.62/t = 17,258 / 263 (f78)", "num": 65.62, "unit": "CNY/t", "source": "cn:mee_dev2024", "evidence": "碳排放配额成交量2.63亿吨，成交额172.58亿元", "kind": "calc" } }, "series": [ { "name": "Annual allowance trading volume", "unit": "Mt", "note": "2021 covers 16 Jul-31 Dec (first compliance cycle trading).", "points": [ { "x": "2021", "y": 179, "fact": "cn:f14" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 189, "fact": "cn:f21" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 235, "fact": "cn:f24" } ] }, { "name": "Annual allowance trading value", "unit": "CNY bn", "note": "", "points": [ { "x": "2021", "y": 7.661, "fact": "cn:f14" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 18.114, "fact": "cn:f21" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 14.63, "fact": "cn:f24" } ] }, { "name": "Year-end allowance closing price", "unit": "CNY/t", "note": "Last trading day of each year; 2026 point is end-August.", "points": [ { "x": "2021", "y": 54.22, "fact": "cn:f15" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 97.49, "fact": "cn:f22" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 74.63, "fact": "cn:f25" }, { "x": "Aug 2026", "y": 97.9, "fact": "cn:f29" } ] }, { "name": "Average annual allowance price", "unit": "CNY/t", "note": "2021, 2022 and 2024 calculated as value / volume; 2023 and 2025 as published.", "points": [ { "x": "2021", "y": 42.8, "fact": "cn:f74" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 95.84, "fact": "cn:f76" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 62.36, "fact": "cn:f26" } ] }, { "name": "Covered entities", "unit": "entities", "note": "Power only until 2024; steel, cement and aluminium added for 2025.", "points": [ { "x": "2019-20", "y": 2162, "fact": "cn:f36" }, { "x": "2021-22", "y": 2257, "fact": "cn:f37" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 2096, "fact": "cn:f38" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 3378, "fact": "cn:f39" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 3680, "fact": "cn:f40" } ] }, { "name": "Covered emissions", "unit": "GtCO2 a year", "note": "Approximate figures as published.", "points": [ { "x": "2019-20", "y": 4.5, "fact": "cn:f36" }, { "x": "2021-22", "y": 5.1, "fact": "cn:f37" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 5.2, "fact": "cn:f38" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 8.3, "fact": "cn:f40" } ] }, { "name": "Compliance completion rate", "unit": "%", "note": "By compliance year of the allowances.", "points": [ { "x": "2019-20", "y": 99.5, "fact": "cn:f55" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 99.61, "fact": "cn:f56" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 99.88, "fact": "cn:f56" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 99.98, "fact": "cn:f57" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 99.99, "fact": "cn:f58" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2021-02-01", "text": "MEE's interim trading rules take effect, allowing CCER offsets up to 5%.", "fact": "cn:f02" }, { "date": "2021-07-16", "text": "The national ETS starts online trading with the power sector.", "fact": "cn:f01" }, { "date": "2021-12-31", "text": "First compliance cycle ends: 179 Mt traded, close CNY 54.22/t.", "fact": "cn:f14" }, { "date": "2024-01-22", "text": "The national CCER voluntary market opens.", "fact": "cn:f06" }, { "date": "2024-05-01", "text": "State Council Interim Regulations on carbon trading take effect.", "fact": "cn:f04" }, { "date": "2025-03-20", "text": "Steel, cement and aluminium are brought into the ETS.", "fact": "cn:f07" }, { "date": "2025-05-24", "text": "Central policy opinion sets 2027 and 2030 targets for the carbon market.", "fact": "cn:f08" }, { "date": "2025-12-31", "text": "Year-end close CNY 74.63/t; 235 Mt traded in 2025.", "fact": "cn:f24" }, { "date": "2026-08-08", "text": "Interim Regulations revised; non-surrender fine of CNY 1-5 million added.", "fact": "cn:f05" }, { "date": "2026-09-02", "text": "Allocation plan for 2025-26 power and 2026 heavy industry issued.", "fact": "cn:f10" }, { "date": "2026-12-31", "text": "Deadline to surrender 2025 allowances in all four sectors.", "fact": "cn:f11" }, { "date": "2027", "text": "Target: ETS covers the main industrial emitting sectors.", "fact": "cn:f08" }, { "date": "2030", "text": "Target: cap-based market with free and paid allocation.", "fact": "cn:f09" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Latest daily price (November 2026)", "reason": "The newest exchange daily bulletin we could locate and read is 13 August 2026; later bulletins were not found. www.cneeex.com earlier returned HTTP 420 (bot block), not bypassed." }, { "item": "Separate allowance volume for 2022 and 2023 from MEE", "reason": "MEE publishes cycle totals; single-year 2022 and 2023 figures are not shown, because only government figures are listed here." }, { "item": "Total allowances allocated for 2024-2026 in tonnes", "reason": "The 2026 allocation plan page was read only for its title and date; the plan's annex was not read." }, { "item": "Price floor or ceiling", "reason": "No official floor or ceiling found in the documents read." }, { "item": "Share of paid (auctioned) allocation", "reason": "Paid allocation is a stated goal; no auction volume or share for primary allocation was found." } ], "code": "cn" }, "hongkong": { "country": "Hong Kong", "scheme": "Core Climate (HKEX voluntary international carbon marketplace)", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "hkex_launch": { "title": "HKEX Launches Core Climate, Hong Kong's International Carbon Marketplace (28 Oct 2022)", "publisher": "Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (HKEX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2022/221028news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_221124": { "title": "Early Momentum for Core Climate, Hong Kong's New International Carbon Marketplace (24 Nov 2022)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2022/2211242news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_fy2022": { "title": "2022 Final Results announcement (23 Feb 2023)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/-/media/HKEX-Market/News/News-Release/2023/230223news/230223news_e.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_ir2023": { "title": "2023 Interim Results announcement (16 Aug 2023)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/-/media/HKEX-Market/News/News-Release/2023/230816news/230816news_e.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_230913": { "title": "HKEX's Core Climate Signs Carbon Credit Agreement with Kinming Resources (13 Sep 2023)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2023/230913news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_fy2023": { "title": "2023 Final Results announcement (29 Feb 2024)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/-/media/hkex-market/news/news-release/2024/2402292news/2402292news_e.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_240801": { "title": "HKEX to Introduce Gold Standard Carbon Credits on Core Climate (1 Aug 2024)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2024/240801news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_241218": { "title": "HKEX's Core Climate Provides Carbon Credits Settlement Services for Cathay Pacific Airways (18 Dec 2024)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2024/2412182news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_250313": { "title": "HKEX Achieves Carbon Neutrality Goal in 2024 (13 Mar 2025)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2025/250313news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_250910": { "title": "HKEX Hosts Climate Finance Forum (10 Sep 2025)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2025/250910news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_250923": { "title": "HKEX Signs MOU to Advance Carbon Market Ecosystem in Greater Bay Area (23 Sep 2025)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2025/250923news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "hkex_261014": { "title": "HKEX's Core Climate Completes First Cross-boundary Pilots in Green Electricity Certificates and Carbon Allowances (14 Oct 2026)", "publisher": "HKEX", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2026/261014news?sc_lang=en", "lang": "en" }, "gov_lcq21_2026": { "title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government, Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "lang": "en" }, "gov_lcq20_2025": { "title": "LCQ20: Carbon emission reduction (18 Jun 2025)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government, Secretary for Environment and Ecology", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202506/18/P2025061800243.htm", "lang": "en" }, "gov_lcq15_2022": { "title": "LCQ15: Development of green finance (27 Apr 2022)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government, Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202204/27/P2022042600529.htm", "lang": "en" }, "gov_lcq9_2018": { "title": "LCQ9: Climate change (12 Dec 2018)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government, Secretary for the Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201812/12/P2018121200199.htm", "lang": "en" }, "gov_pa2026": { "title": "The Chief Executive's 2026 Policy Address (7) (16 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202609/16/P2026091600281.htm", "lang": "en" }, "gov_fs2026": { "title": "Speech by FS at Hong Kong Climate Week 2026 (26 Mar 2026)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government, Financial Secretary", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/26/P2026032600301p.htm", "lang": "en" }, "gov_cap2050": { "title": "Government announces Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050 (8 Oct 2021)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government, Environment Bureau", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202110/08/P2021100800588.htm", "lang": "en" }, "gov_ghg2024": { "title": "Hong Kong greenhouse gas emission inventory for 2024 released (22 Jan 2026)", "publisher": "Environment and Ecology Bureau (EEB)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202601/22/P2026012200196.htm", "lang": "en" }, "cnsd_ghg": { "title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Intensity in Hong Kong, data table 1990-2024 (updated Jan 2026)", "publisher": "Environment and Ecology Bureau, Carbon Neutrality and Sustainable Development website", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cnsd.gov.hk/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Data-Tables_2024_AR5_per-capita_intensity-r3.pdf", "lang": "en" } }, "facts": { "hk:f01": { "id": "hk:f01", "category": "timeline", "label": "Core Climate launch date", "value": "28 October 2022", "num": 2022, "unit": "", "source": "hk:hkex_launch", "evidence": "HKEX ... is today (Friday) pleased to announce the launch of Core Climate", "kind": "institutional" }, "hk:f13": { "id": "hk:f13", "category": "market", "label": "Participants, end-2024 (Government)", "value": "100", "num": 100, "unit": "participants", "source": "hk:gov_lcq20_2025", "evidence": "The platform's participant number reached 100 by end of 2024", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f16": { "id": "hk:f16", "category": "market", "label": "Projects on the platform, end-2025", "value": "Over 60 carbon reduction projects", "num": 60, "unit": "projects", "source": "hk:gov_lcq21_2026", "evidence": "By the end of 2025, the number of carbon reduction projects on the platform had increased to over 60", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f17": { "id": "hk:f17", "category": "market", "label": "Cumulative traded volume, as of March 2026", "value": "Exceeded 1 million tonnes", "num": 1000000, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "hk:gov_lcq21_2026", "evidence": "cumulative carbon credit transaction volume has exceeded 1 million tonnes", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f18": { "id": "hk:f18", "category": "market", "label": "Registered participants, as of March 2026", "value": "Over 130", "num": 130, "unit": "participants", "source": "hk:gov_lcq21_2026", "evidence": "with over 130 registered participants", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f19": { "id": "hk:f19", "category": "market", "label": "Disclosure of transaction values", "value": "Nominal volumes and transaction information not disclosed (commercially sensitive; very wide price range)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq21_2026", "evidence": "relevant nominal volumes or information of the transactions cannot be disclosed", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f20": { "id": "hk:f20", "category": "credits", "label": "Settlement currencies", "value": "2 currencies: Hong Kong dollar (HKD) and Renminbi (RMB)", "num": 2, "unit": "currencies", "source": "hk:gov_lcq21_2026", "evidence": "offering dual-currency settlement services in Hong Kong dollars and Renminbi", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f21": { "id": "hk:f21", "category": "credits", "label": "Credit standard at launch", "value": "Verra Verified Carbon Standard (VCS); all projects verified against it (Nov 2022)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "hk:hkex_221124", "evidence": "All projects available on Core Climate ... are verified against the Verified Carbon Standard by Verra", "kind": "institutional" }, "hk:f22": { "id": "hk:f22", "category": "credits", "label": "Gold Standard VERs added", "value": "GS-VERs tradable from 1 August 2024", "num": 2024, "unit": "", "source": "hk:hkex_240801", "evidence": "inclusion of Gold Standard's Verified Emission Reductions (GS-VERs) on the Core Climate platform, with effect on 1 August 2024", "kind": "institutional" }, "hk:f23": { "id": "hk:f23", "category": "credits", "label": "Unit size of a GS-VER", "value": "1 tonne of CO2 per credit", "num": 1, "unit": "tCO2", "source": "hk:hkex_240801", "evidence": "Each GS-VER represents one tonne of CO2 emissions", "kind": "institutional" }, "hk:f24": { "id": "hk:f24", "category": "credits", "label": "Project types and regions", "value": "Forestry, solar, wind, biomass projects in Asia, South America and Africa", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq21_2026", "evidence": "including forestry, solar, wind, and biomass projects in Asia, South America, and Africa", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f28": { "id": "hk:f28", "category": "timeline", "label": "Hong Kong International Carbon Market Council formed", "value": "July 2022", "num": 2022, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq20_2025", "evidence": "HKEX launched the Hong Kong International Carbon Market Council (the Council) in July 2022", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f29": { "id": "hk:f29", "category": "timeline", "label": "GBA exchanges MOU", "value": "Signed 23 Sep 2025 with 3 exchanges: Guangzhou Emissions Exchange, Shenzhen Green Exchange, Macao International Carbon Emission Exchange", "num": 3, "unit": "exchanges", "source": "hk:hkex_250923", "evidence": "signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Guangzhou Emissions Exchange (CEEX), Shenzhen Green Exchange (SGE), Macao International Carbon Emission Exchange (MEX)", "kind": "institutional" }, "hk:f33": { "id": "hk:f33", "category": "timeline", "label": "Cross-boundary settlement pilot target", "value": "Pilot to be completed within 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq21_2026", "evidence": "with a view to completing the pilot and summarising experience within 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f34": { "id": "hk:f34", "category": "timeline", "label": "GEC pilot trading target", "value": "Pilot trading of GECs in Hong Kong in 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_pa2026", "evidence": "working towards the pilot trading of ... green electricity certificates (GECs) in Hong Kong in 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f35": { "id": "hk:f35", "category": "timeline", "label": "Tokenised carbon credit test (Project Ensemble)", "value": "Completed in 2025 by HKMA and HKEX", "num": 2025, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq21_2026", "evidence": "in 2025, the HKMA and the HKEX successfully completed the testing of a tokenised carbon credit transaction use case", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f36": { "id": "hk:f36", "category": "market", "label": "Co-operation countries named in 2026 Policy Address", "value": "3: Brazil, Malaysia, Kazakhstan", "num": 3, "unit": "countries", "source": "hk:gov_pa2026", "evidence": "Core Climate is expanding co-operation with Brazil, Malaysia and Kazakhstan", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f37": { "id": "hk:f37", "category": "scope", "label": "Compliance carbon trading market (2018 position)", "value": "Steering Committee on Climate Change: Hong Kong not yet in a position to set up its own carbon trading market", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq9_2018", "evidence": "agreed that Hong Kong is not yet in a position to establish its own carbon trading market at this stage", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f38": { "id": "hk:f38", "category": "scope", "label": "Policy direction (March 2022 feasibility assessment)", "value": "Develop a centralised, on-exchange voluntary carbon market (2022 target, as worded in the official reply)", "num": 2022, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq15_2022", "evidence": "develop a centralised and on-exchange VCM", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f39": { "id": "hk:f39", "category": "scope", "label": "Government description of Core Climate (2026)", "value": "Voluntary international carbon marketplace run by HKEX", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_fs2026", "evidence": "Core Climate, the voluntary international carbon marketplace run by the Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f40": { "id": "hk:f40", "category": "timeline", "label": "First carbon futures ETF listed on HKEX", "value": "23 March 2022", "num": 2022, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq15_2022", "evidence": "Hong Kong's first carbon futures exchange traded fund (ETF) was listed on the HKEX on March 23, 2022", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f41": { "id": "hk:f41", "category": "coverage", "label": "2035 interim target", "value": "Halve carbon emissions from the 2005 level before 2035 (-50%)", "num": 50, "unit": "%", "source": "hk:gov_cap2050", "evidence": "reduce Hong Kong's carbon emissions by 50 per cent before 2035 as compared to the 2005 level", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f42": { "id": "hk:f42", "category": "coverage", "label": "Carbon neutrality target", "value": "Before 2050", "num": 2050, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_ghg2024", "evidence": "reducing Hong Kong's carbon emissions by half from the 2005 levels before 2035 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2050", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f43": { "id": "hk:f43", "category": "coverage", "label": "Climate spending planned (CAP2050)", "value": "About HK$240 billion over the next 15-20 years", "num": 240, "unit": "HKD bn", "source": "hk:gov_cap2050", "evidence": "In the next 15 to 20 years, the Government will devote about $240 billion", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f44": { "id": "hk:f44", "category": "coverage", "label": "Renewable energy share target in power mix", "value": "7.5%-10% by 2035, 15% subsequently", "num": 10, "unit": "%", "source": "hk:gov_cap2050", "evidence": "increase the share of renewable energy in the fuel mix for electricity generation to 7.5 per cent to 10 per cent by 2035", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f45": { "id": "hk:f45", "category": "coverage", "label": "Total GHG emissions 2024", "value": "About 33.2 million tCO2e (-3.6% vs 2023)", "num": 33.2, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "hk:gov_ghg2024", "evidence": "total GHG emissions in 2024 amounted to approximately 33.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f46": { "id": "hk:f46", "category": "coverage", "label": "Per capita emissions 2024", "value": "4.41 tCO2e per person", "num": 4.41, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "hk:gov_ghg2024", "evidence": "reaching a new low of 4.41 tonnes CO2-e", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f47": { "id": "hk:f47", "category": "coverage", "label": "Largest emission source 2024", "value": "Electricity generation 61%, transport 18%, waste 8%", "num": 61, "unit": "%", "source": "hk:gov_ghg2024", "evidence": "electricity generation (61 per cent), transport (18 per cent) and waste management (8 per cent)", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f48": { "id": "hk:f48", "category": "coverage", "label": "Change since 2014 peak (2024)", "value": "Total emissions down about 27%", "num": 27, "unit": "%", "source": "hk:gov_ghg2024", "evidence": "total emissions, per capita GHG emissions and carbon intensity in 2024 have been reduced by about 27 per cent", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f49": { "id": "hk:f49", "category": "coverage", "label": "Total GHG emissions 2005 (baseline year)", "value": "42,800 ktCO2e", "num": 42800, "unit": "ktCO2e", "source": "hk:cnsd_ghg", "evidence": "2005 42,800 6.28 0.021", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f50": { "id": "hk:f50", "category": "coverage", "label": "Total GHG emissions 2014 (peak)", "value": "45,600 ktCO2e", "num": 45600, "unit": "ktCO2e", "source": "hk:cnsd_ghg", "evidence": "2014 45,600 6.30 0.017", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f51": { "id": "hk:f51", "category": "coverage", "label": "Annual GHG emissions table 2005-2024", "value": "Total GHG emissions by year, ktCO2e (AR5 GWP)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "hk:cnsd_ghg", "evidence": "Total GHG emissions (kilotonnes CO2-e) ... Updated: January 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f52": { "id": "hk:f52", "category": "coverage", "label": "Implied 2035 emissions level", "value": "About 21,400 ktCO2e = 50% (f41) x 42,800 (f49)", "num": 21400, "unit": "ktCO2e", "source": "hk:cnsd_ghg", "evidence": "2005 42,800", "kind": "calc" }, "hk:f53": { "id": "hk:f53", "category": "coverage", "label": "2024 emissions vs 2005", "value": "About -22.4% = 33,200 (f51 table) / 42,800 (f49) - 1", "num": -22.4, "unit": "%", "source": "hk:cnsd_ghg", "evidence": "2024 33,200 4.41 0.011", "kind": "calc" }, "hk:f54": { "id": "hk:f54", "category": "timeline", "label": "Climate Action Plan 2050 review", "value": "Review result expected in 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq20_2025", "evidence": "expect to release the review result in 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f55": { "id": "hk:f55", "category": "timeline", "label": "Climate Action Plan 2050 announced", "value": "8 October 2021", "num": 2021, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_cap2050", "evidence": "The Government today (October 8) announced Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f56": { "id": "hk:f56", "category": "timeline", "label": "HKEX - Shenzhen Green Exchange MOU", "value": "October 2023", "num": 2023, "unit": "", "source": "hk:hkex_261014", "evidence": "memorandum of understanding signed by HKEX and SGE in October 2023", "kind": "institutional" }, "hk:f57": { "id": "hk:f57", "category": "timeline", "label": "HKEX - China Emissions Exchange (Guangzhou) MOU", "value": "March 2022", "num": 2022, "unit": "", "source": "hk:gov_lcq15_2022", "evidence": "The HKEX also signed a MoU with the Guangzhou-based China Emissions Exchange in March 2022", "kind": "quoted" }, "hk:f58": { "id": "hk:f58", "category": "coverage", "label": "Earlier target (CAP2030+, 2017)", "value": "Carbon intensity -65% to -70% by 2030 vs 2005 (= total -26% to -36%)", "num": 70, "unit": "%", "source": "hk:gov_cap2050", "evidence": "reducing Hong Kong's carbon intensity by 65 per cent to 70 per cent by 2030 using 2005 as the base", "kind": "quoted" } }, "series": [ { "name": "Core Climate participants (reported, lower bound)", "unit": "participants", "note": "Government statements give 'more than' / 'around' figures; only government figures are shown.", "points": [ { "x": "Mar 2026", "y": 130, "fact": "hk:f18" } ] }, { "name": "Core Climate projects available (reported, lower bound)", "unit": "projects", "note": "'More than' figures from HKEX releases and a LegCo reply.", "points": [ { "x": "End-2025", "y": 60, "fact": "hk:f16" } ] }, { "name": "Core Climate cumulative volume (reported)", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "Only two official cumulative figures published.", "points": [ { "x": "Mar 2026", "y": 1000000, "fact": "hk:f17" } ] }, { "name": "Hong Kong total GHG emissions", "unit": "ktCO2e", "note": "EEB inventory, AR5 GWP, updated Jan 2026.", "points": [ { "x": "2005", "y": 42800, "fact": "hk:f49" }, { "x": "2006", "y": 43700, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2007", "y": 44200, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2008", "y": 42700, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2009", "y": 43300, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2010", "y": 41800, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2011", "y": 43400, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2012", "y": 43600, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2013", "y": 44800, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2014", "y": 45600, "fact": "hk:f50" }, { "x": "2015", "y": 42100, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2016", "y": 42300, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2017", "y": 41500, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2018", "y": 42100, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2019", "y": 41300, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2020", "y": 34900, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 36300, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 34600, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 34500, "fact": "hk:f51" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 33200, "fact": "hk:f51" } ] }, { "name": "Core Climate registered participants (Government statements)", "unit": "participants", "note": "Government (LegCo replies) figures only; added 2026-11-14 when HKEX release counts were taken out of public pages.", "points": [ { "x": "End-2024", "y": 100, "fact": "hk:f13" }, { "x": "Mar 2026", "y": 130, "fact": "hk:f18" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2018-12-12", "text": "Government says Hong Kong is not yet in a position to set up its own carbon trading market.", "fact": "hk:f37" }, { "date": "2021-10-08", "text": "Climate Action Plan 2050 sets a 50% cut from 2005 by 2035 and neutrality before 2050.", "fact": "hk:f55" }, { "date": "2022-03", "text": "Cross-agency steering group recommends a voluntary carbon market; HKEX signs MOU with China Emissions Exchange.", "fact": "hk:f57" }, { "date": "2022-07", "text": "HKEX forms the Hong Kong International Carbon Market Council.", "fact": "hk:f28" }, { "date": "2022-10-28", "text": "HKEX launches Core Climate.", "fact": "hk:f01" }, { "date": "2023-10", "text": "HKEX signs MOU with Shenzhen Green Exchange.", "fact": "hk:f56" }, { "date": "2024-08-01", "text": "Gold Standard credits added alongside Verra VCS.", "fact": "hk:f22" }, { "date": "2025-09-23", "text": "HKEX signs MOU with three Greater Bay Area carbon exchanges.", "fact": "hk:f29" }, { "date": "2026-03", "text": "Cumulative volume passes 1 million tonnes; over 130 participants.", "fact": "hk:f17" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Official traded price or transaction value on Core Climate", "reason": "Government reply (LCQ21, 18 Mar 2026) says nominal volumes and transaction information cannot be disclosed; no HKEX price series found." }, { "item": "Compliance carbon price (ETS or carbon tax) in Hong Kong", "reason": "No official statement found that Hong Kong has or has legislated an ETS or carbon tax; the 2018 Government position was that it was not yet in a position to set up its own carbon trading market." }, { "item": "Annual or monthly Core Climate trading volume", "reason": "HKEX publishes no annual/monthly Core Climate statistics in the releases and results reports read; only cumulative figures for Nov 2022 and Mar 2026." }, { "item": "Core Climate fees and trading rules", "reason": "The Core Climate rulebook/fee schedule is behind the platform login; not read." }, { "item": "Results of the 2026 review of the Climate Action Plan 2050", "reason": "Review was expected in 2026; no published result found as of 12 Nov 2026." }, { "item": "Exact participant count at end-2024", "reason": "Only the Government figure is shown: 100 by end-2024 (LCQ20, 2025). Counts published by the exchange are not republished here." } ], "code": "hk" }, "india": { "country": "India", "scheme": "Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (Indian Carbon Market)", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "mop_ccts2023": { "title": "S.O. 2825(E), Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023 (Gazette of India, 28 June 2023; copy hosted by BEE)", "publisher": "Ministry of Power / Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/1734693005.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "moef_gei2025": { "title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change / Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "moef_gei_amend": { "title": "G.S.R. 25(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 13 January 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change / Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-de57eb4cfcc5ab0c_1776057184.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "moef_gei_steel": { "title": "G.S.R. 517(E), draft Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules for the iron and steel sector (Gazette of India, 26 June 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change / Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-bbce4f833a613eae_1783081829.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "bee_dpc": { "title": "Detailed Procedure for Compliance Mechanism under CCTS", "publisher": "Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/7772386525993811.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "bee_txn_draft": { "title": "Draft Detailed Procedure for Transaction of Carbon Credit Certificates under Compliance Mechanism (October 2026)", "publisher": "Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-ff98b7dece646232_1792561430.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "cerc_ccc2026": { "title": "CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2026 (notification dated 27.02.2026)", "publisher": "Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cercind.gov.in/regulations/205-Noti.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "cerc_pn2024": { "title": "Public Notice: Draft CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2024 (13.11.2024)", "publisher": "Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.cercind.gov.in/2024/draft_reg/PN-PoCCC-2024.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "mop_ls_2025": { "title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "publisher": "Ministry of Power", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "mop_rs265": { "title": "Rajya Sabha Starred Question No. 265 (answered 18.08.2025): Draft GHG emission reduction targets for industry", "publisher": "Ministry of Power", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/733b6c6468c69122ba14dfc9059fa9d7.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "mop_ar2526": { "title": "Annual Report 2025-26", "publisher": "Ministry of Power", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2026/05/df68bc7bf21a7e46d1b01529930c137d.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "pib_gei208": { "title": "Government notifies Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Targets for 208 more Carbon-intensive Industries (22 Jan 2026)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (MoEFCC)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2217239®=3&lang=1", "lang": "en" }, "pib_ccts_feb2026": { "title": "Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (Lok Sabha written reply, 5 Feb 2026)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (Ministry of Power)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2223703®=3&lang=1", "lang": "en" }, "pib_dec2025": { "title": "Framework for Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) Established for Industrial Sector Decarbonisation (4 Dec 2025)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (Ministry of Power)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2198780®=3&lang=1", "lang": "en" }, "pib_yer2025": { "title": "Year End Review of Ministry of Power - 2025 (16 Jan 2026)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (Ministry of Power)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2215187®=3&lang=1", "lang": "en" }, "pib_prakriti2026": { "title": "Union Power Minister Inaugurates Prakriti 2026 & Launches Indian Carbon Market Portal (21 Mar 2026)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (Ministry of Power)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2243377®=3&lang=1", "lang": "en" }, "pib_100days": { "title": "Ministry of Power ... first 100 days (23 Sep 2024)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (Ministry of Power)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2057980®=3&lang=1", "lang": "en" }, "pib_icm2024": { "title": "Parliament Question: Indian Carbon Market (9 Dec 2024)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (MoEFCC)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082528", "lang": "en" }, "pib_icm2023": { "title": "Ministry of Power & MoEFCC to develop Carbon Credit Trading Scheme for Decarbonisation (11 May 2023)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (Ministry of Power)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1923458®=3&lang=2", "lang": "en" }, "pib_art6_2023": { "title": "Activities finalised to be considered for trading of carbon credits under Article 6.2 mechanism (17 Feb 2023)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (MoEFCC)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1900216", "lang": "en" }, "pib_climate2025": { "title": "Parliament Question: Progress in achieving Climate Goals (3 Feb 2025)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (MoEFCC)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2099131", "lang": "en" }, "pib_jcm2025": { "title": "India calls Joint Crediting Mechanism a key tool ... at CoP30 in Belém, Brazil (20 Nov 2025)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (MoEFCC)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2191915®=48&lang=2", "lang": "en" } }, "facts": { "in:f01": { "id": "in:f01", "category": "timeline", "label": "Scheme notified", "value": "28 June 2023 (S.O. 2825(E), under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001)", "num": 2023, "unit": "year", "source": "in:mop_ar2526", "evidence": "notified the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), 2023, on 28th June 2023, under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f02": { "id": "in:f02", "category": "timeline", "label": "Scheme amended", "value": "19 December 2023 (S.O. 5369(E))", "num": 2023, "unit": "year", "source": "in:cerc_ccc2026", "evidence": "S.O. 2825(E) dated the 28th June 2023 and S.O. 5369(E) dated 19th December 2023", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f03": { "id": "in:f03", "category": "timeline", "label": "Legal basis", "value": "Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 — clause (w) of section 14", "num": 2022, "unit": "year", "source": "in:pib_icm2024", "evidence": "established under the Energy Conservation Amendment Act, 2022, where clause (w) of section 14 of the EC Act empowers the Central Government", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f04": { "id": "in:f04", "category": "credits", "label": "Unit of a carbon credit", "value": "1 credit = 1 tCO2e reduced, removed or avoided", "num": 1, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "in:mop_ccts2023", "evidence": "is equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO 2 e)", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f05": { "id": "in:f05", "category": "scope", "label": "Greenhouse gases named in the scheme", "value": "7 named (CO2, CH4, N2O, HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF6), list not exhaustive", "num": 7, "unit": "gases", "source": "in:mop_ccts2023", "evidence": "include, but not limited to, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), hydrochloro fluor ocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 )", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f06": { "id": "in:f06", "category": "scope", "label": "National Steering Committee meetings", "value": "At least 1 meeting per quarter; chaired by the Power Secretary, co-chaired by the Environment Secretary", "num": 1, "unit": "per quarter", "source": "in:mop_ccts2023", "evidence": "The Chairperson shall call the meeting at least once in a quarter of every year.", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f07": { "id": "in:f07", "category": "coverage", "label": "First GEI targets (October 2025)", "value": "282 obligated entities in 4 sectors: aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali, pulp & paper", "num": 282, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:pib_gei208", "evidence": "first notified GEI targets in October 2025 for the Aluminium, Cement, Chlor-Alkali, and Pulp & Paper sectors covering 282 obligated entities", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f08": { "id": "in:f08", "category": "timeline", "label": "First target rules gazetted", "value": "8 October 2025 (G.S.R. 739(E), Environment (Protection) Act, 1986)", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 vide notification number G.S.R.739(E), dated the 8 th October, 2025", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f09": { "id": "in:f09", "category": "coverage", "label": "Cement entities with targets", "value": "186 (count of entities listed in Table 2 of the 2025 Rules)", "num": 186, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "186. ACC Limited , Madukkarai Cement Works, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f10": { "id": "in:f10", "category": "coverage", "label": "Aluminium entities with targets (October 2025)", "value": "13 (count of entities listed in Table 1: 8 smelters, 5 refineries)", "num": 13, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "13. Hindalco Industries Limited, Muri Works, Ranchi, Muri, Ranchi, Jharkhand", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f11": { "id": "in:f11", "category": "coverage", "label": "Chlor-alkali entities with targets", "value": "30 (count of entities listed in Table 3, CNAOE001–CNAOE030)", "num": 30, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "Sector – Chlor - Alkali 1. Atul Ltd, Atul , Valsad, 396020, Gujarat CNAOE001GJ", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f12": { "id": "in:f12", "category": "coverage", "label": "Pulp & paper entities with targets", "value": "53 (count of entities listed in Table 4)", "num": 53, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "53. ITC Limited, Paperboards & Specialty Papers Division. Unit Tribeni", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f13": { "id": "in:f13", "category": "compliance", "label": "Baseline year", "value": "2023-24 (baseline output and baseline GHG emission intensity)", "num": 2023, "unit": "year", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "Baseline Equivalent Major Product Output 2023 - 24 Baseline GHG Emission Intensity 2023 - 24", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f14": { "id": "in:f14", "category": "compliance", "label": "Compliance years with targets", "value": "2025-26 and 2026-27", "num": 2, "unit": "compliance years", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "GHG Emission Intensity Target (5) Compliance Year 2025 - 26 Compliance Year 2026 - 27", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f15": { "id": "in:f15", "category": "compliance", "label": "Target metric", "value": "tCO2e per tonne of equivalent product (refineries: tCO2e per MBBLS/NRGF)", "num": 1, "unit": "tonne of product", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "targets in terms of tCO 2e per equivalent output or product", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f16": { "id": "in:f16", "category": "compliance", "label": "First-year target for the October 2025 sectors", "value": "Pro rata for 7 months, September 2025 to March 2026", "num": 7, "unit": "months", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "pro rata target for the remaining months i.e. from September 2025 to March 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f17": { "id": "in:f17", "category": "coverage", "label": "Second set of targets (January 2026)", "value": "208 obligated entities: petroleum refineries, petrochemicals, textiles, secondary aluminium", "num": 208, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:pib_gei208", "evidence": "The notification, issued on 13.01.2026, brings Petroleum Refineries, Petrochemicals, Textiles and Secondary Aluminium under the compliance mechanism", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f18": { "id": "in:f18", "category": "coverage", "label": "Textile entities with targets", "value": "173 (count of entities listed in the Second Schedule, TXTOE001–TXTOE173)", "num": 173, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei_amend", "evidence": "four more sectors i.e., Aluminium (Second Aluminium), Petroleum Refinery, Petrochemical and Textile", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f19": { "id": "in:f19", "category": "coverage", "label": "Petroleum refinery entities with targets", "value": "21 (count of entities listed in the Second Schedule, REFOE001–REFOE021)", "num": 21, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei_amend", "evidence": "Sector: Petroleum Refinery 1. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd - Bina Refinery", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f20": { "id": "in:f20", "category": "coverage", "label": "Petrochemical entities with targets", "value": "11 (count of entities listed in the Second Schedule)", "num": 11, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei_amend", "evidence": "greenhouse gases emission intensity targets of four more sectors i.e., Aluminium (Second Aluminium), Petroleum Refinery, Petrochemical and Textile", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f21": { "id": "in:f21", "category": "coverage", "label": "Secondary aluminium entities with targets", "value": "3 (Hindalco Taloja, Hirakud FRP, Mouda)", "num": 3, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei_amend", "evidence": "Sub - Sector – Secondary Aluminium 1. Hindalco Industries Limited, Plot No. 2, MIDC Taloja", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f22": { "id": "in:f22", "category": "coverage", "label": "Obligated entities after January 2026", "value": "490 obligated entities (PIB, 22 Jan 2026: the 282 from October 2025 in aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali and pulp & paper, plus 208 in petroleum refineries, petrochemicals, textiles and secondary aluminium)", "num": 490, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:pib_gei208", "evidence": "With this expansion, the compliance mechanism of the ICM now covers 490 obligated entities across India's most emission-intensive industries", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f23": { "id": "in:f23", "category": "compliance", "label": "First-year target for the January 2026 sectors", "value": "Pro rata for 3 months, January to March 2026", "num": 3, "unit": "months", "source": "in:moef_gei_amend", "evidence": "pro rata target for the remaining months i.e. from January 2026 to March 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f24": { "id": "in:f24", "category": "coverage", "label": "Iron and steel: draft targets", "value": "255 entities listed in a draft Third Schedule (G.S.R. 517(E), 26 June 2026); target for 2026-27 only", "num": 255, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei_steel", "evidence": "DRAFT NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 26 th June , 2026 G.S.R. 517 (E)", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f25": { "id": "in:f25", "category": "timeline", "label": "Comment period for the steel draft", "value": "60 days from publication", "num": 60, "unit": "days", "source": "in:moef_gei_steel", "evidence": "on or after the expiry of a period of sixty (60) days from the date of publication of the draft", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f26": { "id": "in:f26", "category": "coverage", "label": "Obligated entities if the steel draft is adopted", "value": "745 = 490 (f22) + 255 (f24)", "num": 745, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:moef_gei_steel", "evidence": "issued vide notification number G.S.R. 25(E) dated 13 th January 2026 for setting greenhouse gases emission intensity target four more sectors", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f27": { "id": "in:f27", "category": "coverage", "label": "Estimated eventual coverage (March 2025)", "value": "About 795 obligated entities", "num": 795, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "Approximately 795 obligated entities have been estimated to be covered under the compliance mechanism of CCTS", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f28": { "id": "in:f28", "category": "coverage", "label": "Estimated obligated entities: Gujarat", "value": "101 (of 795, March 2025 estimate)", "num": 101, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "Gujarat 101", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f29": { "id": "in:f29", "category": "coverage", "label": "Estimated obligated entities: Odisha", "value": "83 (of 795)", "num": 83, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "Odisha 83", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f30": { "id": "in:f30", "category": "coverage", "label": "Estimated obligated entities: Chhattisgarh", "value": "76 (of 795)", "num": 76, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "Chhattisgarh 76", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f31": { "id": "in:f31", "category": "coverage", "label": "Estimated obligated entities: Rajasthan", "value": "70 (of 795)", "num": 70, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "Rajasthan 70", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f32": { "id": "in:f32", "category": "coverage", "label": "Estimated obligated entities: Karnataka", "value": "55 (of 795)", "num": 55, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "Karnataka 55", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f33": { "id": "in:f33", "category": "scope", "label": "Sectors identified for the compliance mechanism", "value": "9: aluminium, cement, steel, paper, chlor-alkali, fertiliser, refinery, petrochemical, textile", "num": 9, "unit": "sectors", "source": "in:pib_icm2024", "evidence": "identified nine energy-intensive sectors for inclusion under the CCTS, namely, Aluminium, Cement, Steel, Paper, Chlor-Alkali, Fertiliser, Refinery, Petrochemical, and Textile", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f34": { "id": "in:f34", "category": "scope", "label": "Power sector", "value": "Thermal power plants not moved from PAT into the CCTS (Dec 2025); fertiliser has no notified targets yet", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "in:pib_dec2025", "evidence": "Thermal power plants have not been transitioned from the PAT scheme to the CCTS Compliance Mechanism.", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f35": { "id": "in:f35", "category": "scope", "label": "Emissions counted", "value": "Direct plus indirect (grid electricity, imported heat) — Scope 1 and 2", "num": 2, "unit": "scopes", "source": "in:bee_dpc", "evidence": "indirect emissions from electricity purchased from grid, and emissions from electricity and heat imported outside plant boundary", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f36": { "id": "in:f36", "category": "compliance", "label": "Trajectory period", "value": "3 years, with annual targets (compliance cycles)", "num": 3, "unit": "years", "source": "in:bee_dpc", "evidence": "The trajectory period will be of three years and the targets will be given on annual basis", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f37": { "id": "in:f37", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty for a shortfall", "value": "Environmental compensation = 2 × the average CCC price in that compliance year's trading cycle", "num": 2, "unit": "× average price", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "equal to twice of the average price at which carbon credit certificate is traded during the trading cycle of such compliance year", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f38": { "id": "in:f38", "category": "compliance", "label": "Deadline to pay compensation", "value": "90 days from the order (imposed by the Central Pollution Control Board)", "num": 90, "unit": "days", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "Environmental Comp ensation shall be paid within the 90 days from the day of such imposition of the Order.", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f39": { "id": "in:f39", "category": "timeline", "label": "Draft target rules published", "value": "16 April 2025 (G.S.R. 234(E))", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "vide notification number G.S.R. 234(E), dated the 16 th April 2025", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f40": { "id": "in:f40", "category": "market", "label": "Trading rules notified", "value": "CERC CCC Regulations, 2026, dated 27 February 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "in:cerc_ccc2026", "evidence": "No RA-14026(13)/1/2024-CERC Dated:27.02.2026 NOTIFICATION", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f41": { "id": "in:f41", "category": "market", "label": "Draft trading rules", "value": "Published for comment 13 November 2024", "num": 2024, "unit": "year", "source": "in:cerc_pn2024", "evidence": "No. RA-14026(13)/1/2024-CERC Dated: 13.11.2024 PUBLIC NOTICE", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f42": { "id": "in:f42", "category": "market", "label": "Market segments", "value": "2: a Compliance Market and an Offset Market", "num": 2, "unit": "segments", "source": "in:cerc_ccc2026", "evidence": "There shall be two separate market segments for dealing in CCCs, namely, the Compliance Market for the Obligated entities and the Offset Market", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f43": { "id": "in:f43", "category": "market", "label": "Trading frequency", "value": "Monthly (12 sessions a year) unless CERC approves otherwise", "num": 12, "unit": "sessions a year", "source": "in:cerc_ccc2026", "evidence": "The frequency of transactions of CCCs shall be on a monthly basis", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f44": { "id": "in:f44", "category": "price", "label": "Price band", "value": "Floor and forbearance prices for the compliance market, to be approved by CERC on a BEE proposal; no values found in the texts read", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "in:cerc_ccc2026", "evidence": "The CCCs shall be exchanged within the floor and forbearance price under the Compliance mechanism", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f45": { "id": "in:f45", "category": "market", "label": "Bid-default sanction", "value": "More than 3 defaults in a quarter: barred from CCC dealing for 6 months", "num": 6, "unit": "months", "source": "in:cerc_ccc2026", "evidence": "more than three cases of default ... in a quarter shall be barred from dealing with CCCs for the next six months", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f46": { "id": "in:f46", "category": "market", "label": "Proposed trading day (draft, October 2026)", "value": "Last Thursday of every month", "num": 1, "unit": "session per month", "source": "in:bee_txn_draft", "evidence": "trading to be carried out on last Thursday of every month", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f47": { "id": "in:f47", "category": "timeline", "label": "Expected start of compliance trading", "value": "2026-27 (stated 13 March 2025)", "num": 2026, "unit": "fiscal year", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "The trading of carbon credits under compliance mechanism is expected to begin in 2026-27.", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f48": { "id": "in:f48", "category": "timeline", "label": "Earlier target dates (September 2024)", "value": "Mandatory sectors by October 2026; voluntary sectors by April 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "in:pib_100days", "evidence": "We intend to operationalise the trading of certificates of mandatory sectors by October 2026 and of voluntary sectors by April 2026.", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f49": { "id": "in:f49", "category": "credits", "label": "Offset methodologies approved", "value": "9 (e.g. grid renewables, hydrogen, landfill methane, afforestation incl. mangroves)", "num": 9, "unit": "methodologies", "source": "in:mop_ar2526", "evidence": "So far, nine methodologies have been approved under the offset mechanism", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f50": { "id": "in:f50", "category": "credits", "label": "Offset project registrants (March 2026)", "value": "Over 40 registered entities submitting projects (biogas, hydrogen, forestry)", "num": 40, "unit": "entities", "source": "in:pib_prakriti2026", "evidence": "nine notified methodologies and over 40 registered entities submitting projects in biogas, hydrogen, and forestry", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f51": { "id": "in:f51", "category": "credits", "label": "Approved offset sector groups", "value": "10 groups listed (energy, industries, agriculture, waste, forestry, transport, fugitive, construction, solvent use, CCUS and removals)", "num": 10, "unit": "sector groups", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "Approved sectors under offset mechanism are Energy, Industries, Agriculture, Waste handling and disposal, Forestry, Transport, Fugitive Emissions, Construction, Solvent use, Carbon capture", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f52": { "id": "in:f52", "category": "market", "label": "Indian Carbon Market portal launched", "value": "21 March 2026, at Prakriti 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "in:pib_prakriti2026", "evidence": "the Indian Carbon Market Portal (www.indiancarbonmarket.gov.in)- a central platform ... was launched", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f53": { "id": "in:f53", "category": "scope", "label": "PAT scheme units moved to CCTS", "value": "490 of 1,333 PAT units (7 of 13 sectors) became obligated entities in January 2026", "num": 490, "unit": "units", "source": "in:mop_ar2526", "evidence": "covered 1333 units across 13 energy intensive sectors ... 490 units across 7 sectors become obligated entities under Carbon Credit Trading Scheme in January 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f54": { "id": "in:f54", "category": "scope", "label": "MRV framework published", "value": "July 2024 (Detailed Procedure for Compliance Mechanism)", "num": 2024, "unit": "year", "source": "in:pib_icm2024", "evidence": "The finalized MRV framework was published by the Government of India in July 2024.", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f55": { "id": "in:f55", "category": "credits", "label": "Article 6 authority notified", "value": "30 May 2022 (NDAIAPA, chaired by the Environment Secretary)", "num": 2022, "unit": "year", "source": "in:pib_art6_2023", "evidence": "India has notified the National Designated Authority for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement (NDAIAPA) vide Gazetted Notification dated 30.05.2022", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f56": { "id": "in:f56", "category": "credits", "label": "Activities eligible for Article 6 trading", "value": "14 activities (mitigation, alternate materials, removals) under Article 6.2 and 6.4", "num": 14, "unit": "activities", "source": "in:pib_climate2025", "evidence": "updated and finalized the list of 14 activities ... eligible for trading of international carbon credits", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f57": { "id": "in:f57", "category": "credits", "label": "India–Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism", "value": "Memorandum of Cooperation signed 7 August 2025 (Article 6.2)", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "in:pib_jcm2025", "evidence": "Referring to the signing of the India–Japan Memorandum of Cooperation on 07.08.2025", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f58": { "id": "in:f58", "category": "scope", "label": "NDC goal the market supports", "value": "Cut emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 vs 2005", "num": 45, "unit": "%", "source": "in:pib_icm2023", "evidence": "reducing Emissions Intensity of the GDP by 45 percent by 2030 against 2005 levels", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f59": { "id": "in:f59", "category": "scope", "label": "Emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005: 2010", "value": "12% lower", "num": 12, "unit": "%", "source": "in:pib_icm2024", "evidence": "2005-2010 2010 12%", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f60": { "id": "in:f60", "category": "scope", "label": "Emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005: 2014", "value": "21% lower", "num": 21, "unit": "%", "source": "in:pib_icm2024", "evidence": "2005-2014 2014 21%", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f61": { "id": "in:f61", "category": "scope", "label": "Emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005: 2016", "value": "24% lower", "num": 24, "unit": "%", "source": "in:pib_icm2024", "evidence": "2005-2016 2016 24%", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f62": { "id": "in:f62", "category": "scope", "label": "Emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005: 2019", "value": "33% lower", "num": 33, "unit": "%", "source": "in:pib_icm2024", "evidence": "2005-2019 2019 33%", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f63": { "id": "in:f63", "category": "compliance", "label": "Example target: Vedanta Jharsuguda Smelter II (aluminium)", "value": "13.8878 tCO2e/t (2023-24 baseline) → 13.7232 (2025-26) → 13.2965 (2026-27)", "num": 13.2965, "unit": "tCO2e/t", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "ALMOE001OD 1238350 13.8878 13.7232 13.2965", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f64": { "id": "in:f64", "category": "compliance", "label": "Example: required cut by 2026-27 (Vedanta smelter)", "value": "4.3% below baseline = (13.8878 − 13.2965) ÷ 13.8878 (f63)", "num": 4.3, "unit": "%", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "ALMOE001OD 1238350 13.8878 13.7232 13.2965", "kind": "calc" }, "in:f65": { "id": "in:f65", "category": "compliance", "label": "Example target: JK Cement Muddapur (cement)", "value": "0.4455 tCO2e/t (baseline) → 0.4440 (2025-26) → 0.4402 (2026-27), a 1.2% cut by 2026-27 (calc.)", "num": 0.4402, "unit": "tCO2e/t", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "JK Cement, Muddapur, Distt. Bagalkot, Karnataka - 587122 CMTOE001KA 3532948 0.4455 0.4440 0.4402", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f66": { "id": "in:f66", "category": "compliance", "label": "Formula for credits issued / to buy", "value": "(target − achieved intensity) × equivalent output in that compliance year = CCCs (1 per tCO2e)", "num": 1, "unit": "CCC per tCO2e", "source": "in:moef_gei2025", "evidence": "multiply by unit of equivalent product produced in that compliance year is equal t o number of carbon credit certificates to be issued", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f67": { "id": "in:f67", "category": "credits", "label": "Banking", "value": "Leftover CCCs carry into later compliance cycles; purchased CCCs may be used only for compliance", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "in:bee_dpc", "evidence": "The banked CCC that were purchased from the Indian Carbon Market can be used only for the purpose of achieving compliance", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f68": { "id": "in:f68", "category": "scope", "label": "Institutions", "value": "Registry: Grid Controller of India; Administrator: BEE; trading regulator: CERC (3 bodies)", "num": 3, "unit": "bodies", "source": "in:pib_ccts_feb2026", "evidence": "Grid Controller of India Limited functioning as the Registry and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency serving as the Administrator", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f69": { "id": "in:f69", "category": "scope", "label": "Public budget for the scheme", "value": "0 central allocation; costs met from fees and BEE's own resources (March 2025)", "num": 0, "unit": "allocation", "source": "in:mop_ls_2025", "evidence": "The government has not allocated any funds for the administration of CCTS.", "kind": "quoted" }, "in:f70": { "id": "in:f70", "category": "scope", "label": "PAT outcome that CCTS builds on", "value": "27.07 MTOE saved a year; about 115.21 MtCO2 avoided", "num": 115.21, "unit": "MtCO2", "source": "in:mop_ar2526", "evidence": "annual energy savings of 27.07 Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) and about 115.21 million ton of CO2 emissions have been avoided", "kind": "quoted" } }, "series": [ { "name": "Obligated entities with notified GEI targets", "unit": "entities", "note": "Cumulative, by notification date.", "points": [ { "x": "Oct 2025", "y": 282, "fact": "in:f07" }, { "x": "Jan 2026", "y": 490, "fact": "in:f22" } ] }, { "name": "Obligated entities by sector", "unit": "entities", "note": "Counts from the Schedules; iron & steel is a draft.", "points": [ { "x": "Iron & steel (draft)", "y": 255, "fact": "in:f24" }, { "x": "Cement", "y": 186, "fact": "in:f09" }, { "x": "Textiles", "y": 173, "fact": "in:f18" }, { "x": "Pulp & paper", "y": 53, "fact": "in:f12" }, { "x": "Chlor-alkali", "y": 30, "fact": "in:f11" }, { "x": "Refineries", "y": 21, "fact": "in:f19" }, { "x": "Aluminium", "y": 13, "fact": "in:f10" }, { "x": "Petrochemicals", "y": 11, "fact": "in:f20" }, { "x": "Secondary aluminium", "y": 3, "fact": "in:f21" } ] }, { "name": "Emissions intensity of GDP, reduction vs 2005", "unit": "%", "note": "Official figures; 2030 is the NDC goal.", "points": [ { "x": "2010", "y": 12, "fact": "in:f59" }, { "x": "2014", "y": 21, "fact": "in:f60" }, { "x": "2016", "y": 24, "fact": "in:f61" }, { "x": "2019", "y": 33, "fact": "in:f62" } ] }, { "name": "Estimated obligated entities, top 5 states", "unit": "entities", "note": "March 2025 estimate of about 795 entities.", "points": [ { "x": "Gujarat", "y": 101, "fact": "in:f28" }, { "x": "Odisha", "y": 83, "fact": "in:f29" }, { "x": "Chhattisgarh", "y": 76, "fact": "in:f30" }, { "x": "Rajasthan", "y": 70, "fact": "in:f31" }, { "x": "Karnataka", "y": 55, "fact": "in:f32" } ] }, { "name": "Example target path: Vedanta Jharsuguda Smelter II", "unit": "tCO2e per tonne", "note": "Baseline 2023-24 and two compliance-year targets.", "points": [ { "x": "2023-24 baseline", "y": 13.8878, "fact": "in:f63" }, { "x": "2025-26 target", "y": 13.7232, "fact": "in:f63" }, { "x": "2026-27 target", "y": 13.2965, "fact": "in:f63" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2022-05-30", "text": "India notifies its national authority for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.", "fact": "in:f55" }, { "date": "2023-06-28", "text": "Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023 notified.", "fact": "in:f01" }, { "date": "2023-12-19", "text": "Scheme amended (S.O. 5369(E)).", "fact": "in:f02" }, { "date": "2024-07", "text": "Detailed Procedure for the Compliance Mechanism (MRV framework) published.", "fact": "in:f54" }, { "date": "2024-11-13", "text": "CERC publishes draft trading regulations.", "fact": "in:f41" }, { "date": "2025-04-16", "text": "Draft emission intensity target rules published.", "fact": "in:f39" }, { "date": "2025-10-08", "text": "First targets: 282 entities in four sectors.", "fact": "in:f08" }, { "date": "2026-01-13", "text": "208 more entities added; total 490.", "fact": "in:f17" }, { "date": "2026-02-27", "text": "CERC notifies the carbon credit trading regulations.", "fact": "in:f40" }, { "date": "2026-03-21", "text": "Indian Carbon Market portal launched.", "fact": "in:f52" }, { "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Draft targets for 255 iron and steel entities.", "fact": "in:f24" }, { "date": "2026-10", "text": "BEE drafts the procedure for monthly trading of credits.", "fact": "in:f46" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Carbon Credit Certificate price (floor, forbearance or traded)", "reason": "No CCC trade and no approved price band found in official texts read up to 12 Nov 2026" }, { "item": "Whether any CCC has been issued or traded", "reason": "No official issuance or trading record found; latest texts describe procedures in draft (BEE, October 2026)" }, { "item": "Final iron and steel targets", "reason": "Only the 26 June 2026 draft (G.S.R. 517(E)) was found; no final notification read" }, { "item": "Fertiliser sector targets", "reason": "Listed among the 9 identified sectors, but no notified target schedule found" }, { "item": "Total emissions covered (MtCO2e or % of national emissions)", "reason": "Not stated in the official texts read" }, { "item": "egazette.gov.in originals", "reason": "Site refused the connection (certificate not trusted by our client); gazette copies hosted by BEE were used instead" }, { "item": "indiancarbonmarket.gov.in", "reason": "Returned 403 to automated access; not bypassed" } ], "code": "in" }, "indonesia": { "country": "Indonesia", "scheme": "IDXCarbon", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "idxc_home": { "title": "IDXCarbon — Home (IDXCarbon in Numbers)", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_faq": { "title": "IDXCarbon — Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/frequently-asked-questions", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_spe": { "title": "IDXCarbon — Product SPE GRK", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/product-spe-grk", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_pr_list": { "title": "IDXCarbon — Press Release list", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/news-press-release", "lang": "en" }, "idx_pr_launch": { "title": "Press Release PR No: 086/BEI.SPR/09-2023 — IDXCarbon was Officially Launched", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/22/6aba32a1-640c-4c89-9b9e-74383ed336bb", "lang": "en" }, "idx_pr_2414": { "title": "Press Release PR No: 056/BEI.SPR/07-2025 — Carbon Positive Award 2025 (15 Jul 2025)", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idx.co.id/en/news/press-release/2414", "lang": "en" }, "pojk14": { "title": "POJK Nomor 14 Tahun 2023 tentang Perdagangan Karbon Melalui Bursa Karbon (salinan)", "publisher": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (hosted by IDXCarbon)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/3/fb5185f8-a662-44f4-a1f5-f1f1b5ed2b25", "lang": "id" }, "pojk10_abs": { "title": "Abstrak POJK 10 Tahun 2026 Perubahan atas POJK 14 Tahun 2023", "publisher": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan", "kind": "government", "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/POJK-10-Tahun-2026-Perubahan-Atas-POJK-14-Tahun-2023-tentang-Perdagangan-Karbon-Melalui-Bursa-Karbon/Abstrak%20POJK%2010%20Tahun%202026%20Perubahan%20Atas%20Peraturan%20Otoritas%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202023%20tentang%20Perdagangan%20Karbon%20Melalui%20Bursa%20Karbon.pdf", "lang": "id" }, "kep104_2026": { "title": "Kep-00104/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Perdagangan Unit Karbon Melalui Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/167/35ac1388-c8a9-4cca-9660-eb8f06ed71b3", "lang": "id" }, "kep102_2026": { "title": "Kep-00102/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Pengguna Jasa Bursa Karbon", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/166/9eae6667-77ff-4a4b-998f-76d45ccb3849", "lang": "id" }, "se13_2023": { "title": "SE-00013/BEI/09-2023 Biaya Pengguna Jasa Bursa Karbon", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/14/6afdeb70-66fe-4534-b61a-f4891b2e64e3", "lang": "id" }, "se1_2025": { "title": "SE-00001/BEI.PB2/01-2025 Standardisasi Pengelompokan Unit Karbon", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/114/1444fbfc-9fb9-4028-abda-d76a02545010", "lang": "id" }, "esdm_2023_99": { "title": "99 Unit PLTU Ditargetkan Ikuti Perdagangan Karbon Tahun ini (13 Mar 2023)", "publisher": "Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/berita-unit/direktorat-jenderal-ketenagalistrikan/99-unit-pltu-ditargetkan-ikuti-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-ini", "lang": "id" }, "esdm_pr_2024": { "title": "Siaran Pers 385.Pers/04/SJI/2024 — Transaksi Perdagangan Karbon Tahun 2023 Capai Rp84 miliar", "publisher": "Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/transaksi-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-2023-capai-rp84-miliar", "lang": "id" }, "esdm_pr_2023": { "title": "Siaran Pers 022.Pers/04/SJI/2023 — Kementerian ESDM Terbitkan Aturan Acuan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon Subsektor Listrik", "publisher": "Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/kementerian-esdm-terbitkan-aturan-acuan-nilai-ekonomi-karbon-subsektor-listrik", "lang": "id" }, "idxc_mr_202509": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report September 2025", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/153/47236fb9-0d0f-41fd-af34-512deb93852c", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202510": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report October 2025", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/154/44cfcf07-d30d-4775-a70e-f145830fbf6a", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202511": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report November 2025", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/157/a137c567-8576-4ec0-a9fe-44b797d9e966", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202512": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report December 2025", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/159/293e03bb-0411-409b-bb3d-d44e3faa435f", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202601": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report January 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/160/c0b22283-ce5f-4d40-b3b7-b2130c1774d2", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202602": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report February 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/161/caf49365-34e4-4582-8cd3-bb660ebb126c", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202603": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report March 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/162/90c777b8-2d82-4788-b46f-2725d57d8119", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202604": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report April 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/163/d7f039b2-b2c7-4c94-ba3c-77aef23ddcfc", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202605": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report May 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/164/c2c766bc-f8a2-42b5-8a6a-35eeecdebebe", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202606": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report June 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/170/cfb01943-785c-42c6-9ee3-369003327c67", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202607": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report July 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/186/4185502e-93d0-431a-aca1-ecbf93104d82", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202608": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report August 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/187/13f6c9d4-892c-4882-9629-a9a8f74537cb", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202609": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report September 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/188/c9f5cbef-681d-4104-8685-9f5ff4e9b663", "lang": "en" }, "idxc_mr_202610": { "title": "IDXCarbon Monthly Report October 2026", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/189/23b9fd34-8cdc-4097-ae90-67bcee1cd65a", "lang": "en" }, "ojk_sp166_2026": { "title": "Siaran Pers SP 166/OJK/DKPU/IX/2026 — RDK Agustus 2026 (7 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Documents/Pages/RDKB-Agustus-2026/SP%20166%20Kinerja%20dan%20Intermediasi%20Sektor%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Terjaga%20Mendukung%20Akselerasi%20Pertumbuhan%20Ekonomi%20RDKB%20Agustus%202026.pdf", "lang": "id" }, "ojk_sp103_2025": { "title": "Siaran Pers SP 103/GKPB/OJK/VII/2025 — OJK launches carbon trading book for the financial sector (15 Jul 2025)", "publisher": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/Launching-Buku-Perdagangan-Karbon-SJK.aspx", "lang": "id", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "ojk_sp185_2026": { "title": "Siaran Pers SP 185/OJK/DKPU/X/2026 — RDK September 2026 (5 Oct 2026)", "publisher": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/RDKB-September-2026.aspx", "lang": "id", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "ojk_sp219_2026": { "title": "Siaran Pers SP 219/OJK/DKPU/XI/2026 — RDK Oktober 2026 (5 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/RDKB-Oktober-2026.aspx", "lang": "id", "checked": "2026-11-14" } }, "facts": { "id:launch": { "id": "id:launch", "category": "timeline", "label": "IDXCarbon launch date", "value": "26 Sep 2023, launched by President Joko Widodo", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:idx_pr_launch", "evidence": "officially launched the Indonesia Carbon Exchange (IDXCarbon)… on Tuesday (26/9)", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:license": { "id": "id:license", "category": "scope", "label": "Carbon exchange operator licence", "value": "OJK Decree KEP-77/D.04/2023, 18 Sep 2023, granted to IDX", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:idx_pr_launch", "evidence": "granted to the IDX by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) through Decree number KEP-77/D.04/2023 on September 18th 2023", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:mech": { "id": "id:mech", "category": "scope", "label": "Trading mechanisms", "value": "4: Auction, Regular, Negotiated, Marketplace", "num": 4, "unit": "mechanisms", "source": "id:idx_pr_launch", "evidence": "there are 4 (four) IDXCarbon trading mechanisms, namely Auction Market, Regular Market, Negotiated Market, and Marketplace", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:srn": { "id": "id:srn", "category": "scope", "label": "Registry connection", "value": "Connected to SRN-PPI (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) to avoid double counting", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:idx_pr_launch", "evidence": "IDXCarbon is connected to the National Registry System - Climate Change Control (SRN-PPI)", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:faq_units": { "id": "id:faq_units", "category": "credits", "label": "Tradable units (FAQ)", "value": "PTBAE-PU (allowance) and SPE-GRK (offset); run by IDX, supervised by OJK", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:idxc_faq", "evidence": "carbon unit that can be traded on IDXCarbon is PTBAE-PU (allowance) and SPE-GRK (carbon offset)", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:surrender": { "id": "id:surrender", "category": "compliance", "label": "Surrender of PTBAE-PU", "value": "Not done through IDXCarbon (done to the ministry); retirement of SPE-GRK is done on IDXCarbon", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:idxc_faq", "evidence": "Surrender process is cannot be done through IDX Carbon.", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:pojk14_date": { "id": "id:pojk14_date", "category": "timeline", "label": "POJK 14/2023 enacted and promulgated", "value": "2 Aug 2023 (effective on promulgation)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:pojk14", "evidence": "Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 2 Agustus 2023", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:pojk14_units": { "id": "id:pojk14_units", "category": "credits", "label": "Units tradable under POJK 14/2023 (Art. 5)", "value": "PTBAE-PU and SPE-GRK", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:pojk14", "evidence": "Unit Karbon yang diperdagangkan di Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon terdiri atas: a. PTBAE-PU; dan b. SPE-GRK.", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:pojk14_cap": { "id": "id:pojk14_cap", "category": "scope", "label": "Minimum paid-up capital of exchange operator (Art. 13)", "value": "IDR 100 billion, not from loans", "num": 100000000000.0, "unit": "IDR", "source": "id:pojk14", "evidence": "wajib memiliki modal disetor paling sedikit sebesar Rp100.000.000.000,00", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:pojk10_date": { "id": "id:pojk10_date", "category": "timeline", "label": "POJK 10/2026 amending POJK 14/2023", "value": "Enacted 2 Jul 2026, promulgated and effective 6 Jul 2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:pojk10_abs", "evidence": "POJK ini diundangkan pada tanggal 6 Juli 2026 dan ditetapkan pada tanggal 2 Juli 2026.", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:pojk10_sruk": { "id": "id:pojk10_sruk", "category": "scope", "label": "Registry change under POJK 10/2026", "value": "Exchange-traded units must be recorded in SRUK, which replaces SRN-PPI", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:pojk10_abs", "evidence": "wajib tercatat pada Sistem Registri Unit Karbon (SRUK) yang menggantikan Sistem Registri Nasional Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:pojk10_foreign": { "id": "id:pojk10_foreign", "category": "credits", "label": "Foreign carbon units under POJK 10/2026", "value": "Allows trading of foreign carbon units not recorded in SRUK; expands scope of carbon units", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:pojk10_abs", "evidence": "Perdagangan atas unit karbon dari luar negeri yang tidak tercatat pada SRUK", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:pojk10_trans": { "id": "id:pojk10_trans", "category": "timeline", "label": "Transition to SRUK", "value": "Trading of units in ministry systems allowed until SRUK operates, max 3 months after promulgation", "num": 3, "unit": "months", "source": "id:pojk10_abs", "evidence": "paling lama 3 (tiga) bulan setelah Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan ini diundangkan", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:perpres110": { "id": "id:perpres110", "category": "scope", "label": "Legal basis of POJK 10/2026", "value": "Aligns with Presidential Regulation (Perpres) 110/2025 on carbon economic value instruments", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:pojk10_abs", "evidence": "agar sejalan dengan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 110 Tahun 2025", "kind": "quoted", "note": "Perpres 110/2025 text itself not opened." }, "id:kep2026": { "id": "id:kep2026", "category": "timeline", "label": "IDX amended carbon exchange rules (Kep-00102 to 00105/BEI/07-2026)", "value": "Issued and effective 9 Jul 2026, approved by OJK letter S-186/PM.01/2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:kep104_2026", "evidence": "Tgl. Dikeluarkan : 9 Juli 2026 Tgl. Diberlakukan : 9 Juli 2026", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:unitscope2026": { "id": "id:unitscope2026", "category": "credits", "label": "Listed carbon units under 2026 trading rules", "value": "Units in SRUK (Kuota Emisi GRK, SPE GRK, non-SPE GRK) and units not recorded in SRUK", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:kep104_2026", "evidence": "II.1.2. unit karbon yang tidak tercatat di SRUK", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:hours2026": { "id": "id:hours2026", "category": "scope", "label": "Trading hours from 13 Jul 2026", "value": "07:00–19:00 exchange time (09:00–15:00 during transition)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:kep104_2026", "evidence": "Waktu perdagangan di PBK adalah pada Hari PBK pukul 07.00.00 sampai dengan pukul 19.00.00", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:lot": { "id": "id:lot", "category": "scope", "label": "Trading unit", "value": "1 lot = 1 tCO2e", "num": 1, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "id:kep104_2026", "evidence": "kelipatan 1 (satu) lot atau 1 (satu) ton karbon dioksida ekuivalen (CO2e)", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:tick": { "id": "id:tick", "category": "price", "label": "Regular market tick size and minimum price", "value": "IDR 200 tick; minimum price IDR 200 (auction minimum IDR 1)", "num": 200, "unit": "IDR", "source": "id:kep104_2026", "evidence": "Besaran Fraksi Harga Pasar Reguler PBK ditetapkan sebesar Rp200,00", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:autorej": { "id": "id:autorej", "category": "price", "label": "Regular market auto-rejection band", "value": "±20% from reference price", "num": 20, "unit": "%", "source": "id:kep104_2026", "evidence": "lebih dari 20% (dua puluh persen) di atas atau di bawah acuan harga", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:segments2026": { "id": "id:segments2026", "category": "scope", "label": "Market segments (2026 rules)", "value": "Auction, Regular, Negotiated, Non-Regular", "num": 4, "unit": "segments", "source": "id:kep104_2026", "evidence": "Segmen Pasar di PBK terdiri dari: Pasar Lelang PBK; Pasar Reguler PBK; Pasar Negosiasi PBK; dan Pasar Non-Reguler PBK", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:fee_reg": { "id": "id:fee_reg", "category": "price", "label": "Transaction fee: regular and negotiated markets", "value": "0.11% of transaction value (per buyer and seller)", "num": 0.11, "unit": "%", "source": "id:se13_2023", "evidence": "Pasar Reguler PBK 0,11% (nol koma sebelas persen) dari nilai transaksi", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:fee_auc": { "id": "id:fee_auc", "category": "price", "label": "Transaction fee: auction and non-regular markets", "value": "0.22% of transaction value", "num": 0.22, "unit": "%", "source": "id:se13_2023", "evidence": "Pasar Lelang PBK 0,22% (nol koma dua puluh dua persen) dari nilai transaksi", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:fee_list": { "id": "id:fee_list", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon unit registration (listing) fee", "value": "IDR 0 per tonne", "num": 0, "unit": "IDR/t", "source": "id:se13_2023", "evidence": "Biaya pendaftaran Unit Karbon ditetapkan sebesar Rp. 0,00 (nol rupiah) per ton", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:fee_wd": { "id": "id:fee_wd", "category": "price", "label": "Fund withdrawal fee", "value": "IDR 25,000 per withdrawal", "num": 25000, "unit": "IDR", "source": "id:se13_2023", "evidence": "sebesar Rp25.000,00 (dua puluh lima ribu rupiah) per penarikan dana", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:groups": { "id": "id:groups", "category": "credits", "label": "SPE-GRK standardized groups (from Jan 2025)", "value": "8 groups: IDNBS, IDNBSA, IDNBSI, IDTBS, IDTBS-RE, IDTBSA, IDTBSA-RE, IDTBSI; \"A\" = authorized for international trading", "num": 8, "unit": "groups", "source": "id:se1_2025", "evidence": "telah mendapat otorisasi perdagangan karbon luar negeri dari Pemerintah Republik Indonesia", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:intl": { "id": "id:intl", "category": "timeline", "label": "International trading of Indonesian carbon units inaugurated", "value": "20 Jan 2025 by KLH/BPLH, OJK and IDX", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:idxc_pr_list", "evidence": "officially inaugurated the International Trade of Indonesian Carbon Units through the Indonesia Carbon Exchange", "kind": "institutional" }, "id:ets_launch": { "id": "id:ets_launch", "category": "timeline", "label": "Power-sector carbon trading launched (ESDM)", "value": "22 Feb 2023", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:esdm_2023_99", "evidence": "meluncurkan Perdagangan Karbon Subsektor Tenaga Listrik pada 22 Februari 2023", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:ets_99": { "id": "id:ets_99", "category": "coverage", "label": "Power-sector ETS coverage 2023", "value": "99 coal-fired units from 42 companies (55 PLN Group, 44 IPP), above 100 MW", "num": 99, "unit": "units", "source": "id:esdm_2023_99", "evidence": "Pembagian 99 unit PLTU Batubara dari 42 perusahaan", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:ets_146": { "id": "id:ets_146", "category": "coverage", "label": "Power-sector ETS coverage 2024", "value": "146 units (adds coal units ≥25 MW)", "num": 146, "unit": "units", "source": "id:esdm_pr_2024", "evidence": "jumlah peserta perdagangan karbon, imbuhnya, menjadi 146 unit", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:ets_2023tx": { "id": "id:ets_2023tx", "category": "compliance", "label": "Power-sector carbon trading 2023 result", "value": "7.1 MtCO2e traded, IDR 84.17 billion", "num": 7100000.0, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "id:esdm_pr_2024", "evidence": "senilai Rp84,17 miliar, dimana total transaksi karbon sebesar 7,1 juta ton CO2 ekuivalen", "kind": "quoted", "note": "Mostly bilateral trading among power plants; not IDXCarbon volume." }, "id:ets_phases": { "id": "id:ets_phases", "category": "timeline", "label": "Power-sector ETS roadmap phases", "value": "Phase 1 2023–2024, Phase 2 2025–2027, Phase 3 2028–2030; ≥100 MtCO2e reduction potential by 2030", "num": 100000000.0, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "id:esdm_pr_2024", "evidence": "fase pertama pada tahun 2023-2024, fase kedua tahun 2025-2027, dan fase ketiga tahun 2028-2030", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:ptbae_int": { "id": "id:ptbae_int", "category": "compliance", "label": "Phase 1 emission intensity caps (PTBAE) for coal plants", "value": "1.297 (25–<100 MW); 1.089 (mine-mouth ≥100 MW); 1.011 (non-mine-mouth 100–400 MW); 0.911 (>400 MW) tCO2e/MWh", "num": 1.011, "unit": "tCO2e/MWh", "source": "id:esdm_pr_2023", "evidence": "nilai PTBAE sebesar 1,011 ton CO2e /MWh", "kind": "quoted", "note": "num = 100–400 MW non-mine-mouth category." }, "id:permen16": { "id": "id:permen16", "category": "scope", "label": "Power-sector carbon pricing regulation", "value": "Permen ESDM 16/2022 (announced 24 Jan 2023), derived from Perpres 98/2021", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "id:esdm_pr_2023", "evidence": "Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 16 Tahun 2022 tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon", "kind": "quoted" }, "id:ojk_users_202608": { "id": "id:ojk_users_202608", "category": "market", "label": "Registered carbon exchange service users, 26 Sep 2023 – 31 Aug 2026 (OJK)", "value": "159 service users", "num": 159, "unit": "service users", "source": "id:ojk_sp166_2026", "evidence": "sejak diluncurkan pada 26 September 2023 hingga 31 Agustus 2026, secara total terdapat 159 pengguna jasa yang telah terdaftar", "kind": "quoted", "note": "Published by the regulator OJK in its monthly board meeting press release." }, "id:ojk_vol_202608": { "id": "id:ojk_vol_202608", "category": "market", "label": "Cumulative carbon exchange volume, 26 Sep 2023 – 31 Aug 2026 (OJK)", "value": "1.98 million tCO2e (table: 1,977,400 tCO2e)", "num": 1977400, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "id:ojk_sp166_2026", "evidence": "Secara agregat, volume transaksi tercatat sebanyak 1,98 juta tCO2e", "kind": "quoted", "note": "Regulator-published aggregate; the release's data table shows Volume Perdagangan (Ton CO2e) 1.977.400." }, "id:ojk_val_202608": { "id": "id:ojk_val_202608", "category": "market", "label": "Cumulative carbon exchange value, 26 Sep 2023 – 31 Aug 2026 (OJK)", "value": "IDR 93.90 billion", "num": 93900000000, "unit": "IDR", "source": "id:ojk_sp166_2026", "evidence": "dengan akumulasi nilai transaksi mencapai Rp93,90 miliar", "kind": "quoted", "note": "Regulator-published aggregate." }, "id:ojk_users_202507": { "id": "id:ojk_users_202507", "category": "market", "label": "Registered carbon exchange service users, July 2025 (OJK)", "value": "113 service users", "num": 113, "unit": "service users", "source": "id:ojk_sp103_2025", "evidence": "Jumlah pengguna jasa meningkat dari 16 pengguna jasa menjadi 113 pengguna jasa.", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14", "note": "Government (OJK) figure; replaces the IDX press release figure on public pages (2026-11-14)." }, "id:ojk_proj_202507": { "id": "id:ojk_proj_202507", "category": "market", "label": "Projects registered on the carbon exchange, July 2025 (OJK)", "value": "8 projects", "num": 8, "unit": "projects", "source": "id:ojk_sp103_2025", "evidence": "Proyek yang didaftarkan sebanyak 8 proyek", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "id:ojk_users_202609": { "id": "id:ojk_users_202609", "category": "market", "label": "Registered carbon exchange service users, to 30 Sep 2026 (OJK)", "value": "160 service users", "num": 160, "unit": "service users", "source": "id:ojk_sp185_2026", "evidence": "hingga 30 September 2026 ... terdapat 160 pengguna jasa yang telah terdaftar", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "id:ojk_users_202610": { "id": "id:ojk_users_202610", "category": "market", "label": "Registered carbon exchange service users, to 30 Oct 2026 (OJK)", "value": "160 service users", "num": 160, "unit": "service users", "source": "id:ojk_sp219_2026", "evidence": "hingga 30 Oktober 2026 ... total terdapat 160 pengguna jasa yang telah terdaftar", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" } }, "series": [ { "name": "IDXCarbon monthly traded volume", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "All market segments combined. Source: IDXCarbon Monthly Reports (Sep 2025–Oct 2026; Aug 2025 from the Sep 2025 comparison column). Earlier monthly reports are not posted on the site.", "points": [] }, { "name": "IDXCarbon monthly traded value", "unit": "IDR", "note": "All market segments combined.", "points": [] }, { "name": "IDXCarbon monthly average price (value ÷ volume)", "unit": "IDR/tCO2e", "note": "Calculated: Total Value / Total Volume for each month; mixes all SPE-GRK groups and segments, so it is not a benchmark price.", "points": [] }, { "name": "IDXCarbon registered participants (service users), month-end", "unit": "entities", "note": "\"No. of Participant\" in Monthly Reports.", "points": [] }, { "name": "IDXCarbon retired carbon units per month", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "\"Retired Carbon Unit\" in Monthly Reports.", "points": [] }, { "name": "IDXCarbon available (listed, unretired) carbon units, month-end", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "\"Available Carbon Unit\" in Monthly Reports.", "points": [] }, { "name": "IDXCarbon annual traded volume", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "2026 is Jan–Oct only. 2023 and 2024 annual totals not found in an official source that could be opened.", "points": [] }, { "name": "Traded volume by market segment", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "x = year|segment.", "points": [] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2023-01-24", "text": "ESDM announced Ministerial Regulation 16/2022 setting carbon pricing rules for the power sector.", "fact": "id:permen16" }, { "date": "2023-02-22", "text": "Indonesia launched mandatory carbon trading for coal-fired power plants.", "fact": "id:ets_launch" }, { "date": "2023-08-02", "text": "OJK enacted Regulation 14/2023 on carbon trading through a carbon exchange.", "fact": "id:pojk14_date" }, { "date": "2023-09-18", "text": "OJK licensed the Indonesia Stock Exchange as carbon exchange operator (KEP-77/D.04/2023).", "fact": "id:license" }, { "date": "2023-09-20", "text": "IDXCarbon fee schedule took effect: 0.11% for regular and negotiated trades.", "fact": "id:fee_reg" }, { "date": "2024", "text": "Power-sector carbon trading expanded to 146 coal units, adding plants of 25 MW and above.", "fact": "id:ets_146" }, { "date": "2025-01-17", "text": "IDXCarbon introduced eight standardized SPE-GRK groups, including units authorized for international trading.", "fact": "id:groups" }, { "date": "2025-01-20", "text": "International trading of Indonesian carbon units through IDXCarbon was inaugurated.", "fact": "id:intl" }, { "date": "2026-07-06", "text": "OJK Regulation 10/2026 took effect, replacing SRN-PPI with the SRUK registry and opening trade in foreign units.", "fact": "id:pojk10_date" }, { "date": "2026-07-09", "text": "IDX amended its carbon exchange rules, adding a non-regular market and units not recorded in SRUK.", "fact": "id:kep2026" }, { "date": "2026-07-13", "text": "IDXCarbon trading hours extended to 07:00–19:00.", "fact": "id:hours2026" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Annual IDXCarbon volume/value for 2023 and 2024", "reason": "IDXCarbon Data Monthly page only posts Sep 2025–Oct 2026 reports; idx.co.id press releases for those years returned HTTP 403 to curl/WebFetch." }, { "item": "Press release on international trading (idx.co.id/en/news/press-release/2305): volumes, buyers, prices", "reason": "HTTP 403 from idx.co.id; only the opening paragraph on idxcarbon.co.id was readable (no numbers)." }, { "item": "Full text of POJK 10/2026", "reason": "ojk.go.id rejected curl (\"Request Rejected\"); only the OJK abstract PDF was read via WebFetch." }, { "item": "Perpres 110/2025 text (replacement of Perpres 98/2021, carbon levy, international trade rules)", "reason": "peraturan.go.id refused connection, BPK JDIH returned 403, kemenkoinfra JDIH PDF returned 404." }, { "item": "PTBAE-PU (Kuota Emisi GRK) prices or price cap on IDXCarbon", "reason": "Product page lists no PTBAE-PU series; no PTBAE-PU trades appear in monthly reports; no official price cap found." }, { "item": "Power-sector installed capacity covered (often cited 33,569 MW) and absolute emission cap", "reason": "Only seen in news reports; ESDM gatrik PDFs now return an HTML app shell." }, { "item": "Carbon tax (UU HPP) rate and start date", "reason": "No official source opened in this pass." }, { "item": "SRN-PPI registry statistics", "reason": "srn.menlhk.go.id could not be reached." }, { "item": "Trading data/daily page figures", "reason": "Data Daily page renders no table in static HTML." } ], "code": "id" }, "japan": { "country": "Japan", "scheme": "GX-ETS", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "meti_ets": { "title": "排出量取引制度（政策ページ）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets.html", "lang": "ja" }, "meti_leaflet": { "title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "meti_price_notice": { "title": "参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格を定める告示（経済産業省告示第27号, 2026-03-30）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/torihikikakaku.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "meti_guideline": { "title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（経済産業省告示第29号, 2026-03-30）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "egov_act": { "title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "publisher": "e-Gov (Digital Agency)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "lang": "ja" }, "egov_order": { "title": "GX推進法施行令（2026-04-01施行版）", "publisher": "e-Gov (Digital Agency)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505CO0000000379/20260401_507CO0000000412", "lang": "ja" }, "meti_press_20250225": { "title": "GX推進法等改正法案の閣議決定（ニュースリリース, 2025-02-25）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2024/02/20250225001/20250225001.html", "lang": "ja" }, "sc_price_opinion": { "title": "令和8年度の参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格に関する意見（排出量取引制度小委員会, 2025-12-19）", "publisher": "METI (Industrial Structure Council)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/20251219_2.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "sc_interim_en": { "title": "ETS Subcommittee Interim Report – Implementation Guidelines for Allowance Allocation (English)", "publisher": "METI (Industrial Structure Council)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/006_06_00.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "sc_010": { "title": "バンキング適正化措置、割当量等の公表（第10回排出量取引制度小委員会 事務局資料, 2026-10-27）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/010_03_00.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "sc_009": { "title": "上下限価格に係る措置について（第9回排出量取引制度小委員会 事務局資料, 2026-09-25）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/009_03_00.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "gxl_top": { "title": "GXリーグ公式ウェブサイト トップ", "publisher": "GX League (METI)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/", "lang": "ja" }, "gxl_ets_overview": { "title": "GX-ETSの概要（2023-02-14）", "publisher": "GX League (METI)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/aboutgxleague/document/GX-ETSの概要.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "gxl_overview": { "title": "GXリーグ活動概要 ～What is the GX League～（2023-02-14）", "publisher": "GX League (METI)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/aboutgxleague/document/GXリーグ活動概要～What is the GX League～.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_tender": { "title": "J-クレジット 入札販売（結果一覧）", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat (METI/MOE/MAFF)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t01": { "title": "J-クレジット 第1回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_01.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t02": { "title": "J-クレジット 第2回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_02.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t03": { "title": "J-クレジット 第3回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_03.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t04": { "title": "J-クレジット 第4回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_04.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t05": { "title": "J-クレジット 第5回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_05.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t06": { "title": "J-クレジット 第6回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_06.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t07": { "title": "J-クレジット 第7回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_07.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t08": { "title": "J-クレジット 第8回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_08.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t09": { "title": "J-クレジット 第9回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_09.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t10": { "title": "J-クレジット 第10回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_10.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t11": { "title": "J-クレジット 第11回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_11.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t12": { "title": "J-クレジット 第12回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_12.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t13": { "title": "J-クレジット 第13回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_13.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_t14": { "title": "J-クレジット 第14回入札販売 入札結果", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_14.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jc_data": { "title": "Ｊ－クレジット制度について（データ集）2026年9月", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/data/pdf/credit_002.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "env_ghg2024": { "title": "2024年度温室効果ガス排出量及び吸収量について（概要版, 2026年4月）", "publisher": "Ministry of the Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.env.go.jp/content/000394131.pdf", "lang": "ja" }, "jcm_home": { "title": "The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) home", "publisher": "Government of Japan (JCM)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/", "lang": "en" } }, "facts": { "jp:f01": { "id": "jp:f01", "category": "scope", "label": "Inclusion threshold", "value": "Direct CO2 emissions of 100,000 t or more (average of previous 3 fiscal years)", "num": 100000, "unit": "t-CO2/yr", "source": "jp:meti_ets", "evidence": "直接排出量が前年度までの３年度平均で10万トン以上の事業者を対象", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f02": { "id": "jp:f02", "category": "scope", "label": "Threshold set by Cabinet Order", "value": "100,000 t (Article 2 of the Enforcement Order)", "num": 100000, "unit": "t-CO2/yr", "source": "jp:egov_order", "evidence": "法第三十三条第一項の政令で定める量は、十万トンとする。", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f03": { "id": "jp:f03", "category": "scope", "label": "Covered gas and scope", "value": "CO2 only, direct emissions (Scope 1); Scope 2 and non-CO2 gases excluded", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_leaflet", "evidence": "間接排出（…いわゆるScope2）は対象外です", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f04": { "id": "jp:f04", "category": "scope", "label": "Compliance unit", "value": "Judged per company; subsidiaries treated as separate entities (joint filing allowed)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_leaflet", "evidence": "子会社、関連会社等はいずれも別事業者として扱われます", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f05": { "id": "jp:f05", "category": "coverage", "label": "Expected number of covered companies", "value": "Approx. 300-400 companies", "num": null, "unit": "companies", "source": "jp:sc_interim_en", "evidence": "approximately 300–400 companies being subject to the scheme", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f06": { "id": "jp:f06", "category": "coverage", "label": "Share of national GHG emissions covered", "value": "Nearly 60% of Japan's GHG emissions", "num": 60, "unit": "%", "source": "jp:sc_interim_en", "evidence": "covering nearly 60% of Japan’s greenhouse gas emissions", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f07": { "id": "jp:f07", "category": "coverage", "label": "GX League voluntary ETS participation (FY2024)", "value": "Over 700 companies, about 60% of Japan's emissions", "num": 700, "unit": "companies", "source": "jp:sc_interim_en", "evidence": "As of FY 2024, over 700 companies are participating", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f08": { "id": "jp:f08", "category": "price", "label": "Reference price ceiling, FY2026", "value": "JPY 4,300 per t-CO2 allowance", "num": 4300, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:meti_price_notice", "evidence": "参考上限取引価格 四千三百円", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f09": { "id": "jp:f09", "category": "price", "label": "Adjustment reference price (floor), FY2026", "value": "JPY 1,700 per t-CO2 allowance", "num": 1700, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:meti_price_notice", "evidence": "調整基準取引価格 千七百円", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f10": { "id": "jp:f10", "category": "price", "label": "Subcommittee recommendation on FY2026 ceiling", "value": "JPY 4,300 per allowance (1 t-CO2)", "num": 4300, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:sc_price_opinion", "evidence": "排出枠あたり 4,300 円とする", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f11": { "id": "jp:f11", "category": "price", "label": "Subcommittee recommendation on FY2026 floor", "value": "JPY 1,700 per allowance (1 t-CO2)", "num": 1700, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:sc_price_opinion", "evidence": "排出枠あたり 1,700 円とする", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f12": { "id": "jp:f12", "category": "price", "label": "Price escalation rule FY2027-FY2030", "value": "Prior-year price x (1.03 + projected domestic corporate goods price index change)", "num": 1.03, "unit": "multiplier", "source": "jp:meti_price_notice", "evidence": "一・〇三に当該各年度の国内企業物価指数の見通しの値…を加算した値を乗じて得た額", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f13": { "id": "jp:f13", "category": "price", "label": "Ceiling mechanism (deemed holding)", "value": "When triggered, firms may pay ceiling price per allowance instead of surrendering, limited to shortfall vs. allocation", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "排出枠の量に参考上限取引価格を乗じて得た額の負担金を政府に納付することを認める", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f14": { "id": "jp:f14", "category": "price", "label": "Floor mechanism", "value": "GX Promotion Organization may buy allowances when average price falls below the adjustment reference price", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "機構は、平均売買取引価格が調整基準取引価格を下回る場合には、…買い入れることができる", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f15": { "id": "jp:f15", "category": "price", "label": "Proposed ceiling trigger (under discussion)", "value": "Proposal: monthly average price above ceiling for 3 consecutive months", "num": 3, "unit": "months", "source": "jp:sc_009", "evidence": "平均売買取引価格が３か月連続で上限価格を上回ること", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f16": { "id": "jp:f16", "category": "compliance", "label": "Allocation method", "value": "Free allocation by government based on sector guidelines", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_leaflet", "evidence": "排出枠を制度対象者に無償で割り当てます", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f17": { "id": "jp:f17", "category": "compliance", "label": "Grandfathering annual reduction rate (energy-related CO2)", "value": "1.7% per continuous reporting year", "num": 1.7, "unit": "%/yr", "source": "jp:meti_guideline", "evidence": "１から0.017にエネルギー起源排出量届出継続年度数…を乗じた値を減じて", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f18": { "id": "jp:f18", "category": "compliance", "label": "Grandfathering annual reduction rate (process CO2)", "value": "0.3% per continuous reporting year", "num": 0.3, "unit": "%/yr", "source": "jp:meti_guideline", "evidence": "１から0.003に原材料起源排出量届出継続年度数…を乗じた値を減じて", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f19": { "id": "jp:f19", "category": "compliance", "label": "Benchmark: coal-fired power, FY2026-FY2030", "value": "8.098, 8.081, 8.065, 7.616, 7.165 (x10^-4 t-CO2/kWh)", "num": 0.0008098, "unit": "t-CO2/kWh", "source": "jp:meti_guideline", "evidence": "令和８年度 8.098×10 -4…令和12年度 7.165×10 -4", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f20": { "id": "jp:f20", "category": "compliance", "label": "Benchmark: LNG/city-gas power, FY2026-FY2030", "value": "3.857, 3.855, 3.853, 4.258, 4.656 (x10^-4 t-CO2/kWh)", "num": 0.0003857, "unit": "t-CO2/kWh", "source": "jp:meti_guideline", "evidence": "令和８年度 3.857×10 -4…令和12年度 4.656×10 -4", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f21": { "id": "jp:f21", "category": "compliance", "label": "Benchmark: cement (per t clinker), FY2026-FY2030", "value": "0.8392, 0.8370, 0.8349, 0.8328, 0.8306 t-CO2/t clinker", "num": 0.8392, "unit": "t-CO2/t clinker", "source": "jp:meti_guideline", "evidence": "令和８年度 0.8392令和９年度 0.8370…令和12年度 0.8306", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f22": { "id": "jp:f22", "category": "compliance", "label": "Benchmark: paper (pulping & papermaking), FY2026-FY2030", "value": "1.086, 1.067, 1.048, 1.029, 1.010", "num": 1.086, "unit": "t-CO2/t (benchmark factor)", "source": "jp:meti_guideline", "evidence": "令和８年度 1.086令和９年度 1.067令和10年度 1.048", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f23": { "id": "jp:f23", "category": "credits", "label": "Offset credit usage cap", "value": "10% of each year's emissions", "num": 10, "unit": "%", "source": "jp:sc_interim_en", "evidence": "The cap will be set at 10% of actual emissions", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f24": { "id": "jp:f24", "category": "credits", "label": "Credit cap in allocation guideline", "value": "Cancelled credits counted up to 0.1 x direct emissions", "num": 0.1, "unit": "ratio", "source": "jp:meti_guideline", "evidence": "第１号に掲げる量に0.1を乗じた量を上限とする", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f25": { "id": "jp:f25", "category": "credits", "label": "Eligible credits", "value": "J-Credits and JCM credits", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_leaflet", "evidence": "Jクレジット及びJCMクレジット無効化量", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f26": { "id": "jp:f26", "category": "compliance", "label": "Surrender obligation", "value": "Hold allowances equal to verified emissions by 31 January of the following year", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "割当年度の翌年度の一月三十一日に、その法人等保有口座において保有しなければならない", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f27": { "id": "jp:f27", "category": "compliance", "label": "Non-compliance charge", "value": "Unsurrendered volume x reference ceiling price x 1.1", "num": 1.1, "unit": "multiplier", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "参考上限取引価格を乗じて得た額に一・一を乗じて得た額を徴収する", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f28": { "id": "jp:f28", "category": "compliance", "label": "Implied non-compliance charge, FY2026", "value": "JPY 4,730 per t-CO2 (= 4,300 x 1.1)", "num": 4730, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:meti_price_notice", "evidence": "計算: f08 (4,300円) x 1.1 (f27)", "kind": "calc" }, "jp:f29": { "id": "jp:f29", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty for failure to file / false filing (Art.143)", "value": "Fine of up to JPY 500,000", "num": 500000, "unit": "JPY", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "第三十三条第一項の規定による届出をせず…五十万円以下の罰金", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f30": { "id": "jp:f30", "category": "market", "label": "Speculative trading prohibited", "value": "Allowances must not be subject to speculative trading", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "投機的取引の対象とされてはならない", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f31": { "id": "jp:f31", "category": "compliance", "label": "Number of registered verification bodies (listed)", "value": "18 bodies listed on METI page as of 2026-11-04 update (count of listed names)", "num": 18, "unit": "bodies", "source": "jp:meti_ets", "evidence": "登録確認機関一覧 ※順次公表予定", "kind": "calc" }, "jp:f32": { "id": "jp:f32", "category": "timeline", "label": "Verification body registration opened", "value": "5 January 2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_ets", "evidence": "2026年１月５日より…登録確認機関の登録申請を開始します", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f33": { "id": "jp:f33", "category": "compliance", "label": "Verification fee: target check, 0.1-1 Mt emitters", "value": "JPY 3,104,700", "num": 3104700, "unit": "JPY", "source": "jp:egov_order", "evidence": "十万トン以上百万トン未満である事業者 三百十万四千七百円", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f34": { "id": "jp:f34", "category": "compliance", "label": "Verification body registration validity", "value": "5 years", "num": 5, "unit": "years", "source": "jp:egov_order", "evidence": "法第六十一条第一項の政令で定める期間は、五年とする。", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f35": { "id": "jp:f35", "category": "timeline", "label": "Mandatory ETS start", "value": "FY2026 (from April 2026)", "num": 2026, "unit": "FY", "source": "jp:meti_press_20250225", "evidence": "2026年度（令和8年度）から…排出量取引制度に参加することを義務付け", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f36": { "id": "jp:f36", "category": "timeline", "label": "GX Promotion Act amendment promulgated", "value": "4 June 2025 (Act No. 52 of 2025); in force 1 April 2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "\"amendment_promulgate_date\":\"2025-06-04\"", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f37": { "id": "jp:f37", "category": "timeline", "label": "GX Promotion Act promulgated", "value": "19 May 2023 (Act No. 32 of 2023)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "\"promulgation_date\":\"2023-05-19\"", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f38": { "id": "jp:f38", "category": "timeline", "label": "First filing and transition plan deadline", "value": "30 September 2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_leaflet", "evidence": "9月30日までに、制度対象である旨等の届出をしてください", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f39": { "id": "jp:f39", "category": "timeline", "label": "First-year special rule: allocation", "value": "FY2026 target filing and allocation take place in FY2027 (filing by 30 Sep 2027, allocation end-Nov)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_leaflet", "evidence": "2026年度に限り、排出目標量等合計量の届出及び排出枠の割当ては2027年度となります", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f40": { "id": "jp:f40", "category": "timeline", "label": "First surrender date (FY2026 obligations)", "value": "31 January 2028", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_leaflet", "evidence": "2027年9月30日まで11月末2028年1月31日", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f41": { "id": "jp:f41", "category": "timeline", "label": "Allowance trading market opening", "value": "Around autumn FY2027", "num": 2027, "unit": "FY", "source": "jp:sc_010", "evidence": "排出枠取引市場を2027年度秋頃に開設する", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f42": { "id": "jp:f42", "category": "timeline", "label": "ERMS registry/reporting system", "value": "Planned launch around June 2026", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:meti_leaflet", "evidence": "ERMSは2026年６月頃に公開・運用開始される予定です", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f43": { "id": "jp:f43", "category": "timeline", "label": "Paid allocation (auction) for power generators", "value": "From FY2033", "num": 2033, "unit": "FY", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "令和十五年度から、特定事業者に対しては…有償又は無償で割り当てる", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f44": { "id": "jp:f44", "category": "timeline", "label": "Fossil fuel levy start", "value": "From FY2028", "num": 2028, "unit": "FY", "source": "jp:egov_act", "evidence": "経済産業大臣は、令和十年度から…化石燃料賦課金", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f45": { "id": "jp:f45", "category": "timeline", "label": "GX-ETS Phase 1 (voluntary) period", "value": "FY2023-FY2025", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:gxl_ets_overview", "evidence": "第１フェーズ（2023年度～2025年度）", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f46": { "id": "jp:f46", "category": "compliance", "label": "Phase 1 NDC-level reduction rates (2013 base)", "value": "27.0% (FY2023), 29.7% (FY2024), 32.4% (FY2025)", "num": 32.4, "unit": "%", "source": "jp:gxl_ets_overview", "evidence": "2023年度27.0％、 2024年度29.7％、 2025年度32.4％", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f47": { "id": "jp:f47", "category": "scope", "label": "Phase 1 trading scope", "value": "Domestic direct emissions only (Scope 1)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:gxl_ets_overview", "evidence": "排出量取引の対象は、国内の直接排出分のみ", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f48": { "id": "jp:f48", "category": "market", "label": "GX League basic concept endorsements (Feb 2022)", "value": "440 companies", "num": 440, "unit": "companies", "source": "jp:gxl_overview", "evidence": "「ＧＸリーグ基本構想」発表（→ 440社からの賛同）", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f49": { "id": "jp:f49", "category": "coverage", "label": "GX League endorsers (as of Feb 2023)", "value": "679 companies, over 40% of Japan's CO2 emissions", "num": 679, "unit": "companies", "source": "jp:gxl_overview", "evidence": "日本のCO2排出量の４割以上を占める企業（679社）が賛同表明", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f50": { "id": "jp:f50", "category": "timeline", "label": "GX League wind-down", "value": "Activities ended after FY2025 except reporting/settlement of voluntary trading", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:gxl_top", "evidence": "2025年度をもって自主的排出量取引の実績報告・精算を除いて活動を終了", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f59": { "id": "jp:f59", "category": "credits", "label": "J-Credit registered projects (incl. transferred)", "value": "1,497 projects", "num": 1497, "unit": "projects", "source": "jp:jc_data", "evidence": "登録プロジェクト件数 ( 移行プロジェクト 含む ) ： 1,497 件", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f60": { "id": "jp:f60", "category": "credits", "label": "J-Credit cumulative certified volume", "value": "14.87 Mt-CO2 (after 69th committee)", "num": 14.87, "unit": "Mt-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_data", "evidence": "クレジット認証量 ( 移行プロジェクト 含む ) ： 1487 万 t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f61": { "id": "jp:f61", "category": "credits", "label": "J-Credit 2030 certification target", "value": "15 Mt-CO2 by FY2030", "num": 15, "unit": "Mt-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_data", "evidence": "2030 年度の目標については 1500 万 t-CO2 とした", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f62": { "id": "jp:f62", "category": "coverage", "label": "Japan GHG net emissions FY2024", "value": "Approx. 994 Mt-CO2e, -28.7% vs FY2013", "num": 994, "unit": "Mt-CO2e", "source": "jp:env_ghg2024", "evidence": "約9億9,400万トン（CO2換算）…2013年度比28.7%減少", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f63": { "id": "jp:f63", "category": "coverage", "label": "Japan CO2 emissions FY2024", "value": "Approx. 971 Mt-CO2, -26.0% vs FY2013", "num": 971, "unit": "Mt-CO2", "source": "jp:env_ghg2024", "evidence": "CO2排出量は約9億7,100万トン…2013年度比26.0%減少", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f64": { "id": "jp:f64", "category": "coverage", "label": "Implied emissions covered by GX-ETS", "value": "Roughly 600 Mt-CO2e (nearly 60% x ~994 Mt); indicative only", "num": 596, "unit": "Mt-CO2e", "source": "jp:env_ghg2024", "evidence": "計算: f06 (約60%) x f62 (9億9,400万トン)", "kind": "calc" }, "jp:f65": { "id": "jp:f65", "category": "credits", "label": "JCM partner country pages listed", "value": "32 partner countries listed on JCM site (count)", "num": 32, "unit": "countries", "source": "jp:jcm_home", "evidence": "Mongolia - Japan Page … Oman - Japan Page", "kind": "calc" }, "jp:f66": { "id": "jp:f66", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #4 (2018-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,716/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1716, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t04", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,716 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f67": { "id": "jp:f67", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #5 (2018-04): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,724/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1724, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t05", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,724 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f68": { "id": "jp:f68", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #6 (2019-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,830/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1830, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t06", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,830 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f69": { "id": "jp:f69", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #7 (2019-04): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,801/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1801, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t07", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,801 円 /t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f70": { "id": "jp:f70", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #8 (2020-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,851/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1851, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t08", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,851 円 /t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f71": { "id": "jp:f71", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #9 (2020-06): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,887/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1887, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t09", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,8 87 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f72": { "id": "jp:f72", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #10 (2021-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 2,191/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 2191, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t10", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 2,191 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f73": { "id": "jp:f73", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #11 (2021-04): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 2,536/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 2536, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t11", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 2,536 円 /t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f74": { "id": "jp:f74", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #12 (2022-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 2,995/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 2995, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 2 ,995 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f75": { "id": "jp:f75", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #13 (2022-04): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 3,278/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 3278, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t13", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 3,278 円 /t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f76": { "id": "jp:f76", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #14 (2023-05): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 3,246/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 3246, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t14", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 3,2 46 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f77": { "id": "jp:f77", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #4 (2018-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,148/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1148, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t04", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,148 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f78": { "id": "jp:f78", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #5 (2018-04): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,395/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1395, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t05", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,395 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f79": { "id": "jp:f79", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #6 (2019-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,602/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1602, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t06", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,602 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f80": { "id": "jp:f80", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #7 (2019-04): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,506/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1506, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t07", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,506 円 /t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f81": { "id": "jp:f81", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #8 (2020-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,473/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1473, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t08", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,473 円 /t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f82": { "id": "jp:f82", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #10 (2021-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,500/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1500, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t10", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,500 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f83": { "id": "jp:f83", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #11 (2021-04): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,518/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1518, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t11", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,518 円 /t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f84": { "id": "jp:f84", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #12 (2022-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,574/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1574, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,574 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f85": { "id": "jp:f85", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #13 (2022-04): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,607/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1607, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t13", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,607 円 /t-CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f86": { "id": "jp:f86", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #14 (2023-05): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,551/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "num": 1551, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t14", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,551 円 /t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f87": { "id": "jp:f87", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #9 (2020-06): energy-saving", "value": "No successful bids", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "jp:jc_t09", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札なし", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f88": { "id": "jp:f88", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #1 (2016-06): avg price", "value": "JPY 510/t-CO2 (1,000 t sold)", "num": 510, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t01", "evidence": "平均販売単価（税抜） ：５１０円／ｔ-ＣＯ２", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f89": { "id": "jp:f89", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #2 (2017-01): avg price", "value": "JPY 1,594/t-CO2 (500,000 t sold)", "num": 1594, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t02", "evidence": "平均販売単価（税抜） ：１ , ５９４ 円／ｔ - ＣＯ２", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f90": { "id": "jp:f90", "category": "price", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #3 (2017-04): avg price", "value": "JPY 908/t-CO2 (500,000 t sold)", "num": 908, "unit": "JPY/t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t03", "evidence": "落札価格の平均値 ※1 （税抜） ：９０８円／ｔ-ＣＯ２", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f91": { "id": "jp:f91", "category": "market", "label": "J-Credit govt tender #14 (2023-05): renewable volume sold", "value": "256,204 t-CO2 sold vs 330,500 t bid", "num": 256204, "unit": "t-CO2", "source": "jp:jc_t14", "evidence": "総販売量 256,204t - CO2 … 総入札量 330,500t - CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "jp:f92": { "id": "jp:f92", "category": "market", "label": "Government tender sales ended", "value": "Secretariat no longer runs tenders; last (14th) tender May 2023", "num": 14, "unit": "tenders", "source": "jp:jc_tender", "evidence": "今後、Ｊ－クレジット制度事務局が窓口となる入札販売は行いません", "kind": "quoted" } }, "series": [ { "name": "J-Credit government tender: renewable power, weighted average winning price", "unit": "JPY/t-CO2 (ex-tax)", "note": "Government-held J-Credits from household solar subsidy programmes; tenders #4-#14. Tender sales ended after #14 (May 2023).", "points": [ { "x": "2018-01", "y": 1716, "fact": "jp:f66" }, { "x": "2018-04", "y": 1724, "fact": "jp:f67" }, { "x": "2019-01", "y": 1830, "fact": "jp:f68" }, { "x": "2019-04", "y": 1801, "fact": "jp:f69" }, { "x": "2020-01", "y": 1851, "fact": "jp:f70" }, { "x": "2020-06", "y": 1887, "fact": "jp:f71" }, { "x": "2021-01", "y": 2191, "fact": "jp:f72" }, { "x": "2021-04", "y": 2536, "fact": "jp:f73" }, { "x": "2022-01", "y": 2995, "fact": "jp:f74" }, { "x": "2022-04", "y": 3278, "fact": "jp:f75" }, { "x": "2023-05", "y": 3246, "fact": "jp:f76" } ] }, { "name": "J-Credit government tender: energy-saving, weighted average winning price", "unit": "JPY/t-CO2 (ex-tax)", "note": "No successful bids in tender #9 (2020-06) (see f87).", "points": [ { "x": "2018-01", "y": 1148, "fact": "jp:f77" }, { "x": "2018-04", "y": 1395, "fact": "jp:f78" }, { "x": "2019-01", "y": 1602, "fact": "jp:f79" }, { "x": "2019-04", "y": 1506, "fact": "jp:f80" }, { "x": "2020-01", "y": 1473, "fact": "jp:f81" }, { "x": "2021-01", "y": 1500, "fact": "jp:f82" }, { "x": "2021-04", "y": 1518, "fact": "jp:f83" }, { "x": "2022-01", "y": 1574, "fact": "jp:f84" }, { "x": "2022-04", "y": 1607, "fact": "jp:f85" }, { "x": "2023-05", "y": 1551, "fact": "jp:f86" } ] }, { "name": "GX-ETS benchmark: coal-fired power", "unit": "kg-CO2/kWh", "note": "Guideline value in t-CO2/kWh x10^-4 multiplied by 1,000 for display (unit conversion only).", "points": [ { "x": "FY2026", "y": 0.8098, "fact": "jp:f19" }, { "x": "FY2027", "y": 0.8081, "fact": "jp:f19" }, { "x": "FY2028", "y": 0.8065, "fact": "jp:f19" }, { "x": "FY2029", "y": 0.7616, "fact": "jp:f19" }, { "x": "FY2030", "y": 0.7165, "fact": "jp:f19" } ] }, { "name": "GX-ETS benchmark: LNG/city-gas power", "unit": "kg-CO2/kWh", "note": "Same conversion as coal series. LNG benchmark rises from FY2029.", "points": [ { "x": "FY2026", "y": 0.3857, "fact": "jp:f20" }, { "x": "FY2027", "y": 0.3855, "fact": "jp:f20" }, { "x": "FY2028", "y": 0.3853, "fact": "jp:f20" }, { "x": "FY2029", "y": 0.4258, "fact": "jp:f20" }, { "x": "FY2030", "y": 0.4656, "fact": "jp:f20" } ] }, { "name": "GX-ETS benchmark: cement (per tonne clinker)", "unit": "t-CO2/t clinker", "note": "", "points": [ { "x": "FY2026", "y": 0.8392, "fact": "jp:f21" }, { "x": "FY2027", "y": 0.837, "fact": "jp:f21" }, { "x": "FY2028", "y": 0.8349, "fact": "jp:f21" }, { "x": "FY2029", "y": 0.8328, "fact": "jp:f21" }, { "x": "FY2030", "y": 0.8306, "fact": "jp:f21" } ] }, { "name": "GX-ETS Phase 1 NDC-level reduction rate (2013 base year)", "unit": "% below base year", "note": "Threshold for creating excess reduction units in voluntary Phase 1.", "points": [ { "x": "FY2023", "y": 27.0, "fact": "jp:f46" }, { "x": "FY2024", "y": 29.7, "fact": "jp:f46" }, { "x": "FY2025", "y": 32.4, "fact": "jp:f46" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2022-02", "text": "GX League basic concept published, endorsed by 440 companies.", "fact": "jp:f48" }, { "date": "2023-02", "text": "GX League endorsers reach 679 companies covering over 40% of Japan's CO2 emissions.", "fact": "jp:f49" }, { "date": "2023-04", "text": "Voluntary GX-ETS Phase 1 begins (FY2023-FY2025).", "fact": "jp:f45" }, { "date": "2023-05", "text": "GX Promotion Act promulgated (Act No. 32 of 2023).", "fact": "jp:f37" }, { "date": "2023-05", "text": "Final (14th) government J-Credit tender held.", "fact": "jp:f91" }, { "date": "2025-06", "text": "Amendment making the ETS mandatory promulgated (Act No. 52 of 2025).", "fact": "jp:f36" }, { "date": "2025-12", "text": "ETS Subcommittee recommends FY2026 ceiling of JPY 4,300 and floor of JPY 1,700.", "fact": "jp:f10" }, { "date": "2026-01", "text": "Registration of verification bodies opens on 5 January.", "fact": "jp:f32" }, { "date": "2026-03", "text": "METI notifies FY2026 reference ceiling (JPY 4,300) and adjustment price (JPY 1,700).", "fact": "jp:f08" }, { "date": "2026-03", "text": "GX League ends its activities after FY2025, except reporting and settlement.", "fact": "jp:f50" }, { "date": "2026-04", "text": "Mandatory GX-ETS takes effect for emitters of 100,000 t-CO2 or more.", "fact": "jp:f35" }, { "date": "2026-06", "text": "ERMS reporting and registry system scheduled to go live.", "fact": "jp:f42" }, { "date": "2026-09", "text": "Covered companies must file and submit transition plans by 30 September.", "fact": "jp:f38" }, { "date": "2027-09", "text": "First target filing for FY2026 allocation due; allocation by end-November 2027.", "fact": "jp:f39" }, { "date": "2027", "text": "Allowance trading market expected to open around autumn FY2027.", "fact": "jp:f41" }, { "date": "2028-01", "text": "First surrender of allowances for FY2026 emissions due on 31 January.", "fact": "jp:f40" }, { "date": "2028", "text": "Fossil fuel levy on upstream suppliers begins in FY2028.", "fact": "jp:f44" }, { "date": "2033", "text": "Paid allocation (auctioning) for power generators begins in FY2033.", "fact": "jp:f43" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "GX推進法改正の法律案概要・要綱など METI /files/ 配下のPDF（例 https://www.meti.go.jp/files/900015393.pdf）", "reason": "curl は403、内蔵ブラウザでも本文の代わりに空の応答(HTTP 202・チャレンジ画面とみられる)が返り、本文を読めなかった。迂回はしていない。同内容は改正法本文(e-Gov)とニュースリリースで代替確認。" }, { "item": "内閣官房 GX実行会議資料（cas.go.jp の PDF・index）", "reason": "curl で PDF の代わりに HTML/404 が返り本文取得できず。" }, { "item": "GX推進機構 排出量取引制度ポータル（ets.gxa.go.jp）", "reason": "接続できず（応答なし）。" }, { "item": "2026年9月30日までに実際に届出をした制度対象者の数", "reason": "公式資料で数値を見つけられなかった（第10回小委資料は割当量の公表方法の議論のみ）。" }, { "item": "2027年度の上限・下限価格の水準", "reason": "小委で「2027年度の上下限価格の決定」が審議事項に挙がっているのみで、数値は未公表。" }, { "item": "GX-ETS第1フェーズの超過削減枠の取引量・約定価格の推移", "reason": "取引所サイト由来の価格・売買の統計は掲載しない方針。政府(GXリーグ)側の集計資料も見つけられなかった。" }, { "item": "JPXカーボン・クレジット市場の月次・日次の価格推移（時系列）", "reason": "取引所サイト由来の価格は掲載しない方針のため収録していない。政府の公表値は見つけられなかった。" }, { "item": "GXリーグ参画企業数の最新値（2025年度）", "reason": "参画企業一覧ページは社名の羅列のみで総数の記載なし。英語版中間整理の「700社超（FY2024）」を代わりに収録。" }, { "item": "JCMクレジットの発行量累計", "reason": "JCMサイトのCSVまでは取得していない（時間の都合）。" }, { "item": "制度上の排出枠の単位（「円」の告示に t-CO2 当たりと明記されているか）", "reason": "告示本文は「四千三百円」のみ。トン当たりであることは法第39条の定義（二酸化炭素一トンに相当する排出枠の取引価格）と小委意見の「一トンに相当する…排出枠あたり」で確認。" } ], "code": "jp" }, "korea": { "country": "South Korea", "scheme": "Korea Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS)", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "moleg_act": { "title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "publisher": "Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center (law.go.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "lang": "ko" }, "moleg_decree": { "title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령 [시행 2026. 11. 10.] [대통령령 제36804호]", "publisher": "Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center (law.go.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "lang": "ko" }, "mcee_plan4": { "title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE), published on korea.kr", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "lang": "ko" }, "mcee_explain": { "title": "발전부문 유상할당은 초기 부담 완화하여 단계적 상승 (보도설명자료, 2025.11.11)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE), published on korea.kr", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727612", "lang": "ko" }, "mcee_phase4_alloc": { "title": "온실가스 배출권거래제 제4차 계획기간(2026~2030) 배출권 할당 완료 (보도자료, 2025.12.28, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE), published on korea.kr", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156737066", "lang": "ko" }, "mcee_free": { "title": "배출권거래제 무상할당 기준 합리화로 4차 계획기간 할당 기반 마련 (보도자료, 2025.12.16)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE), published on korea.kr", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156735370", "lang": "ko" }, "mcee_broker": { "title": "온실가스 배출권 위탁거래 본격 시행, 주식처럼 증권사를 통해 거래 가능 (보도자료, 2025.11.21 배포)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE), published on korea.kr", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156730842", "lang": "ko" }, "mcee_msr_decree": { "title": "온실가스 배출권 시장 안정성 강화하고 세부제도 합리적으로 개선한다 (보도자료, 2026.4.21)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE), published on korea.kr", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156756850", "lang": "ko" }, "mcee_ghg2025": { "title": "2025년도 국가 온실가스 잠정배출량 6억 8,571만톤 (보도자료, hwpx 첨부)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE), published on korea.kr", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156782809", "lang": "ko" }, "krx_overview": { "title": "배출권시장 개요", "publisher": "Korea Exchange (KRX) ETS Market Information Platform", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://ets.krx.co.kr/contents/OPN/01/01050401/OPN01050401.jsp", "lang": "ko" }, "krx_daily": { "title": "시세조회: 배출권 일자별 정보 (daily close, volume, value by vintage; queried 2026-11-12)", "publisher": "Korea Exchange (KRX) ETS Market Information Platform", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://ets.krx.co.kr/contents/ETS/03/03010000/ETS03010000.jsp", "lang": "ko" }, "krx_auction": { "title": "시세조회: 배출권 경매 정보 (auction results; queried 2026-11-12)", "publisher": "Korea Exchange (KRX) ETS Market Information Platform", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://ets.krx.co.kr/contents/ETS/03/03010000/ETS03010000.jsp", "lang": "ko" } }, "facts": { "kr:f01": { "id": "kr:f01", "category": "timeline", "label": "ETS Act enacted", "value": "14 May 2012 (Act No. 11419)", "num": 2012, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "부 칙 <법률 제11419호, 2012. 5. 14.>", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f02": { "id": "kr:f02", "category": "timeline", "label": "Phase 1 period", "value": "1 Jan 2015 – 31 Dec 2017 (3 years)", "num": 2015, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "1차 계획기간”이라 한다)은 2015년 1월 1일부터 2017년 12월 31일까지", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f03": { "id": "kr:f03", "category": "timeline", "label": "Phase 2 period", "value": "1 Jan 2018 – 31 Dec 2020 (3 years)", "num": 2018, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "2차 계획기간”이라 한다)은 2018년 1월 1일부터 2020년 12월 31일까지", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f04": { "id": "kr:f04", "category": "timeline", "label": "Phase 3 and Phase 4 periods", "value": "Phase 3: 2021–2025; Phase 4: 2026–2030 (5-year periods)", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "3차 계획기간 ‘21~’25, 4차 계획기간 ‘26~’30", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f05": { "id": "kr:f05", "category": "timeline", "label": "Length of a compliance period (current law)", "value": "5 years", "num": 5, "unit": "years", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "5년 단위로 온실가스 배출업체에 배출권을 할당", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f06": { "id": "kr:f06", "category": "market", "label": "Exchange designated", "value": "January 2014 (Korea Exchange)", "num": 2014, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:krx_overview", "evidence": "배출권거래소 지정('14.1)", "kind": "institutional" }, "kr:f07": { "id": "kr:f07", "category": "market", "label": "Market opening", "value": "January 2015", "num": 2015, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:krx_overview", "evidence": "한국거래소 배출권 거래시장 개시('15.1)", "kind": "institutional" }, "kr:f09": { "id": "kr:f09", "category": "price", "label": "Free allocation, Phase 1", "value": "100% of allowances allocated free", "num": 100, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:moleg_decree", "evidence": "1차 계획기간…배출권의 전부를 무상으로 할당한다", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f10": { "id": "kr:f10", "category": "price", "label": "Free allocation, Phase 2", "value": "97% of allowances allocated free", "num": 97, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:moleg_decree", "evidence": "2차 계획기간…100분의 97을 무상으로 할당한다", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f11": { "id": "kr:f11", "category": "price", "label": "Free allocation ceiling, Phase 3 onwards", "value": "at most 90%, set in each allocation plan; may not exceed the previous period's ratio", "num": 90, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:moleg_decree", "evidence": "무상할당비율은 100분의 90 이내의 범위에서…할당계획에서 정한다", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f12": { "id": "kr:f12", "category": "scope", "label": "Coverage thresholds", "value": "Company average ≥125,000 tCO2e/yr over 3 years, or any site ≥25,000 tCO2e/yr", "num": 125000, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "125,000 이산화탄소상당량톤…이상인 업체이거나 25,000 …이상인 사업장", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f13": { "id": "kr:f13", "category": "scope", "label": "Gases", "value": "Greenhouse gases under the Carbon Neutrality Act, excluding NF3", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "온실가스[삼불화질소(NF3)는 제외한다]", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f14": { "id": "kr:f14", "category": "coverage", "label": "Phase 4 cap (2026–2030)", "value": "2,537.30 MtCO2e, set on a linear reduction path", "num": 2537.3, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "선형 감축경로로 총 25억 3,730만 톤을 설정", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f15": { "id": "kr:f15", "category": "coverage", "label": "Phase 3 cap (2021–2025)", "value": "3.03 billion t (annual average 610 Mt)", "num": 3030, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "배출허용총량 30.3억톤 (연평균) (6.1억톤)", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f16": { "id": "kr:f16", "category": "coverage", "label": "Phase 4 cap, annual average", "value": "510 Mt per year (2.54 billion t total)", "num": 510, "unit": "MtCO2e/yr", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "25.4억톤 (5.1억톤)", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f17": { "id": "kr:f17", "category": "scope", "label": "Covered companies, Phase 3", "value": "684 (2021)", "num": 684, "unit": "companies", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "684개(‘21)", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f18": { "id": "kr:f18", "category": "scope", "label": "Covered companies, Phase 4", "value": "772 (2026)", "num": 772, "unit": "companies", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "772개(‘26)", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f19": { "id": "kr:f19", "category": "coverage", "label": "Benchmark-method allocation: participation ratio against emissions, Phase 3 (not the share of national emissions)", "value": "62% (participants' emissions basis)", "num": 62, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "참여비율 (배출량 대비) 62%", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f20": { "id": "kr:f20", "category": "coverage", "label": "Benchmark-method allocation: participation ratio against emissions, Phase 4 (not the share of national emissions)", "value": "77% (benchmark-allocation row; 62% in Phase 3)", "num": 77, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "참여비율 (배출량 대비) … 77%", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f21": { "id": "kr:f21", "category": "coverage", "label": "Phase 4 pre-allocation", "value": "2,362.99 Mt to 772 companies, allocated 29 Dec 2025", "num": 2362.99, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_phase4_alloc", "evidence": "772개 할당대상 업체를 대상으로 온실가스 배출권 23억 6,299만 톤을 12월 29일자로 할당", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f22": { "id": "kr:f22", "category": "coverage", "label": "Phase 4 power-sector allocation", "value": "59 companies, 211 sites, 795.75 Mt", "num": 795.754468, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_phase4_alloc", "evidence": "발전 59 211 795,754,468", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f23": { "id": "kr:f23", "category": "coverage", "label": "Phase 4 non-power allocation", "value": "713 companies, 10,327 sites, 1,567.24 Mt", "num": 1567.240148, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_phase4_alloc", "evidence": "발전外 713 10,327 1,567,240,148", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f24": { "id": "kr:f24", "category": "scope", "label": "Covered sites, Phase 4", "value": "10,538 sites", "num": 10538, "unit": "sites", "source": "kr:mcee_phase4_alloc", "evidence": "합 계 772 10,538 2,362,994,616", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f25": { "id": "kr:f25", "category": "price", "label": "Phase 4 cap: free allocation", "value": "2.10 billion t", "num": 2100, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "무상할당 21.0억톤", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f26": { "id": "kr:f26", "category": "price", "label": "Phase 4 cap: auctioned allocation", "value": "0.26 billion t", "num": 260, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "유상할당 2.6억톤", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f27": { "id": "kr:f27", "category": "market", "label": "Phase 4 new-entrant/expansion reserve", "value": "89 Mt (inside the cap)", "num": 89, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "신증설 예비분 0.89억톤", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f28": { "id": "kr:f28", "category": "market", "label": "Phase 4 market stability reserve (K-MSR)", "value": "85 Mt, placed inside the cap for the first time", "num": 85, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "시장안정화예비분 0.85억톤", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f29": { "id": "kr:f29", "category": "market", "label": "Phase 4 market-making reserve", "value": "20 Mt, outside the cap", "num": 20, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "총량 外 예비분 0.20억톤 시장조성예비분 0.20억톤", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f30": { "id": "kr:f30", "category": "price", "label": "Auction share, power sector, Phase 4", "value": "15% (2026), 20% (2027), 30% (2028), 40% (2029), 50% (2030)", "num": 50, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_phase4_alloc", "evidence": "(발전부문) ‘26 15%→ ‘27 20%→ ‘28 30%→ ‘29 40%→ ‘30 50%", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f31": { "id": "kr:f31", "category": "price", "label": "Auction share, non-power sectors, Phase 4", "value": "15% for sectors not exempt (up from 10%); trade-exposed sectors 0%", "num": 15, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "발전 외 부문(5%)도 현행 10%에서 15%까지만 확대", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f32": { "id": "kr:f32", "category": "price", "label": "Trade-exposed industry kept at 100% free allocation", "value": "sectors covering 95% of industry (steel, petrochemicals, cement, semiconductors, etc.)", "num": 95, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "대부분의 업종*(산업부문의 95%)은…100% 무상할당을 유지", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f33": { "id": "kr:f33", "category": "price", "label": "Effective auction share, Phase 3", "value": "4.0%", "num": 4.0, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "(실질 유상비율 4.0%)", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f34": { "id": "kr:f34", "category": "price", "label": "Effective auction share, Phase 4", "value": "11.0%", "num": 11.0, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "(실질 유상비율 11.0%)", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f35": { "id": "kr:f35", "category": "price", "label": "Power sector total auction share over the period", "value": "29% in Phase 4 vs 10% in Phase 3", "num": 29, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_explain", "evidence": "발전부문 4기 총 유상할당비율은 29%로 3기 10% 대비", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f36": { "id": "kr:f36", "category": "price", "label": "Benchmark coefficient", "value": "top 37% (Phase 3) moving stepwise to top 20% (Phase 4)", "num": 20, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "BM계수 가중평균(상위37%) 상위37% → 상위20%(단계적)", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f37": { "id": "kr:f37", "category": "compliance", "label": "Phase 3 over-allocation clawback (power)", "value": "25.2 Mt over-allocated; 23.95 Mt recovered from companies", "num": 23.95, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_phase4_alloc", "evidence": "과잉할당된 배출권 2,395만 톤", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f38": { "id": "kr:f38", "category": "compliance", "label": "Emissions reporting deadline", "value": "within 3 months after the end of each compliance year", "num": 3, "unit": "months", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "매 이행연도 종료일부터 3개월 이내에", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f39": { "id": "kr:f39", "category": "compliance", "label": "Surrender deadline", "value": "within 8 months after the end of each compliance year", "num": 8, "unit": "months", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "이행연도 종료일부터 8개월 이내에", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f40": { "id": "kr:f40", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty surcharge for shortfall", "value": "up to 3× the average market price of that compliance year, per tonne", "num": 3, "unit": "x average price", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "배출권 평균 시장가격의 3배 이하의 과징금", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f41": { "id": "kr:f41", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty base", "value": "3× the year's exchange average price (total trade value ÷ total volume)", "num": 3, "unit": "x", "source": "kr:moleg_decree", "evidence": "거래대금 합계를 총거래량으로 나누어…평균 시장가격의 3배로 한다", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f42": { "id": "kr:f42", "category": "credits", "label": "Offset credit (KOC/KCU) use limit, legal ceiling", "value": "up to 10% of a company's surrender obligation; exact limit set in the allocation plan", "num": 10, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:moleg_decree", "evidence": "제출해야 하는 배출권의 100분의 10 이내의 범위에서 할당계획으로 정한다", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f43": { "id": "kr:f43", "category": "credits", "label": "Offset project start date", "value": "projects started on or after 3 Dec 2016 (Paris Agreement entry into force in Korea)", "num": 2016, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "2016년 12월 3일 이후에 시작한 사업", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f44": { "id": "kr:f44", "category": "credits", "label": "Offset credit validity", "value": "unsurrendered, unbanked offset credits lapse 8 months after the compliance year", "num": 8, "unit": "months", "source": "kr:moleg_decree", "evidence": "각 이행연도 종료일부터 8개월이 지나면 그 효력을 잃는다", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f45": { "id": "kr:f45", "category": "market", "label": "Market makers", "value": "KDB, IBK and KEXIM by law, plus licensed securities firms by decree", "num": 3, "unit": "state banks", "source": "kr:moleg_act", "evidence": "한국산업은행…중소기업은행…한국수출입은행", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f46": { "id": "kr:f46", "category": "market", "label": "Brokered (consignment) trading start", "value": "24 Nov 2025; banks, insurers, funds and pension funds can trade via brokers", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:mcee_broker", "evidence": "11월 24일부터 온실가스 배출권을 주식과 같이 증권사를 통해", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f47": { "id": "kr:f47", "category": "market", "label": "Trading hours", "value": "10:00–12:00; auctions 14:00–15:00 (from 24 Nov 2025)", "num": 10, "unit": "hour", "source": "kr:mcee_broker", "evidence": "거래시간은 기존과 같이 10시~12시까지", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f48": { "id": "kr:f48", "category": "market", "label": "Brokerage legal basis", "value": "Act amended January 2024", "num": 2024, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:mcee_broker", "evidence": "2024년 1월 ‘…법률’ 개정으로 배출권거래중개업이 신설", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f49": { "id": "kr:f49", "category": "price", "label": "K-MSR made law", "value": "Decree amendment approved 21 Apr 2026, effective 29 Apr 2026; price corridor details to be set by August 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "kr:mcee_msr_decree", "evidence": "4월 21일 국무회의에서 의결되어 4월 29일부터 시행", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f50": { "id": "kr:f50", "category": "price", "label": "K-MSR trigger", "value": "auction price outside a pre-set range (upper reserve-release price to lower auction-reserve price)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "kr:mcee_msr_decree", "evidence": "상단예비분공급가격~하단경매보류가격) 이탈시 시장안정화 예비분을 활용", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f51": { "id": "kr:f51", "category": "scope", "label": "Exit threshold during a period", "value": "a company may be removed if prior-year emissions fall below 3,000 tCO2e", "num": 3000, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_msr_decree", "evidence": "전년도 온실가스 배출량이 3,000tCO2-eq 미만으로 줄어든 경우", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f52": { "id": "kr:f52", "category": "timeline", "label": "2035 NDC", "value": "53–61% below 2018 net emissions (742.3 Mt), adopted 11 Nov 2025", "num": 61, "unit": "%", "source": "kr:mcee_plan4", "evidence": "2018년 순배출량(7억 4,230만톤CO2eq) 대비 2035년에 △53%~△61%", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f53": { "id": "kr:f53", "category": "coverage", "label": "National GHG emissions 2025 (provisional)", "value": "685.71 MtCO2e", "num": 685.71, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "kr:mcee_ghg2025", "evidence": "2025년도 국가 온실가스 잠정배출량 6억 8,571만톤", "kind": "quoted" }, "kr:f54": { "id": "kr:f54", "category": "price", "label": "Government statement on price recovery", "value": "from about KRW 10,000 average last year to the KRW 30,000 range as of 20 Aug 2026", "num": 30000, "unit": "KRW/t", "source": "kr:mcee_ghg2025", "evidence": "지난해 평균 1만원 수준에서 올해 8월 20일 기준 3만원대 수준까지 상승", "kind": "quoted" } }, "series": [ { "name": "KAU year-end closing price", "unit": "KRW/t", "note": "Closing price on the last trading day of each year for that year's vintage (KAU15…KAU25); 2026 = KAU26 close on 12 Nov 2026.", "points": [] }, { "name": "KAU annual traded volume on KRX", "unit": "Mt", "note": "Calculated: sum of KRX daily volume across all KAU vintages per calendar year; 2026 to 12 Nov.", "points": [] }, { "name": "KAU annual trade value on KRX", "unit": "KRW bn", "note": "Calculated: sum of KRX daily trade value across all KAU vintages per calendar year; 2026 to 12 Nov.", "points": [] }, { "name": "Monthly government auction clearing price 2026", "unit": "KRW/t", "note": "KRX auction results, one auction per month.", "points": [] }, { "name": "Power-sector auction share, Phase 4", "unit": "%", "note": "Set in the Phase 4 allocation plan.", "points": [ { "x": "2026", "y": 15, "fact": "kr:f30" }, { "x": "2027", "y": 20, "fact": "kr:f30" }, { "x": "2028", "y": 30, "fact": "kr:f30" }, { "x": "2029", "y": 40, "fact": "kr:f30" }, { "x": "2030", "y": 50, "fact": "kr:f30" } ] }, { "name": "Free allocation share by phase", "unit": "%", "note": "Phase 1–2 statutory; Phase 3+ is a ceiling of 90%.", "points": [ { "x": "Phase 1", "y": 100, "fact": "kr:f09" }, { "x": "Phase 2", "y": 97, "fact": "kr:f10" }, { "x": "Phase 3+ (ceiling)", "y": 90, "fact": "kr:f11" } ] }, { "name": "Cap per phase, annual average", "unit": "MtCO2e/yr", "note": "From the Phase 4 allocation plan comparison table.", "points": [ { "x": "Phase 3 (2021–25)", "y": 610, "fact": "kr:f15" }, { "x": "Phase 4 (2026–30)", "y": 510, "fact": "kr:f16" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2012-05-14", "text": "The Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits is enacted.", "fact": "kr:f01" }, { "date": "2014-01", "text": "Korea Exchange is designated as the allowance exchange.", "fact": "kr:f06" }, { "date": "2018-01-01", "text": "Phase 2 starts, with 97% free allocation.", "fact": "kr:f03" }, { "date": "2021-01-01", "text": "Phase 3 starts: five-year period, 684 companies.", "fact": "kr:f17" }, { "date": "2024-01", "text": "Act amended to create brokered trading and open the market to financial firms.", "fact": "kr:f48" }, { "date": "2025-11-11", "text": "Cabinet adopts the 2035 NDC and the Phase 4 allocation plan with a 2,537.30 Mt cap.", "fact": "kr:f14" }, { "date": "2025-11-24", "text": "Trading through securities brokers begins.", "fact": "kr:f46" }, { "date": "2025-12-29", "text": "2,362.99 Mt of Phase 4 allowances are allocated to 772 companies.", "fact": "kr:f21" }, { "date": "2026-04-29", "text": "Decree amendment putting the market stability reserve into law takes effect.", "fact": "kr:f49" }, { "date": "2030", "text": "Power-sector auction share reaches 50%; Phase 4 ends.", "fact": "kr:f30" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Phase 1 and Phase 2 caps and company counts", "reason": "Not found in the official texts read (only Phase 3 and Phase 4 figures are in the 2025 allocation plan release)." }, { "item": "Current numeric offset (KOC/KCU) limit for Phase 4", "reason": "Decree sets a 10% ceiling and the MCEE says the limit was kept, but the number in the Phase 4 plan was not in the texts read." }, { "item": "Banking limit (multiple of net sales)", "reason": "Seen only in press reports; official plan text not opened." }, { "item": "K-MSR price corridor values", "reason": "To be finalised by August 2026 per MCEE; no official notice found." }, { "item": "Number of designated market makers", "reason": "Not stated in the official texts read." }, { "item": "Full allocation plan document and GIR statistics (gir.go.kr, me.go.kr)", "reason": "Not opened; korea.kr copies of MCEE releases used instead." } ], "code": "kr" }, "singapore": { "country": "Singapore", "scheme": "Carbon tax & ICC", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "nea_ct": { "title": "Carbon Tax", "publisher": "National Environment Agency (NEA)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "lang": "en" }, "nea_mrv": { "title": "Measurement and Reporting Requirements for Greenhouse Gas Emissions", "publisher": "National Environment Agency (NEA)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax/measurement-and-reporting-requirements-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions", "lang": "en" }, "nea_iccgd": { "title": "Guidance Document on Surrendering International Carbon Credits, Version 1.2 (8 July 2026)", "publisher": "National Environment Agency (NEA)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/carbon-credits/icc-guidance-document-v1-2_8jul2026.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "nccs_ct": { "title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "publisher": "National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "lang": "en" }, "nccs_pq2026": { "title": "Parliamentary Reply by DPM Gan on Singapore's Carbon Tax Trajectory from 2028 (5 August 2026)", "publisher": "NCCS / Prime Minister's Office", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/parliamentary-reply-by-dpm-gan-on-singapore-s-carbon-tax-trajectory-from-2028/", "lang": "en" }, "nccs_pq2025": { "title": "Parliamentary Reply by Min Grace Fu on Singapore's Carbon Tax (24 September 2025)", "publisher": "NCCS / Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/parliamentary-reply-by-min-grace-fu-on-singapore-s-carbon-tax/", "lang": "en" }, "nccs_sp2018": { "title": "Opening speech at the Second Reading of the Carbon Pricing Bill, 20 March 2018", "publisher": "NCCS", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/opening-speech-by-masagos-zulkifli-minister-for-the-environment-and-water-resources-at-the-second-reading-of-the-carbon-pricing-bill-20-march-2018/", "lang": "en" }, "nccs_png": { "title": "Singapore Signs First Implementation Agreement with Papua New Guinea on Carbon Credits Collaboration (8 December 2023)", "publisher": "NCCS", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/singapore-signs-first-implementation-agreement-with-papua-new-guinea-on-carbon-credits/", "lang": "en" }, "sso_cpa": { "title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "publisher": "Singapore Statutes Online, Attorney-General's Chambers", "kind": "government", "url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "lang": "en" }, "mof_bs2022": { "title": "Budget Statement FY2022", "publisher": "Ministry of Finance (MOF)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/2df7e174-4cfc-4cfe-9929-d28186d8299f/fy2022_budget_statement.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "mof_pr2022": { "title": "Budget 2022: Charting Our New Way Forward Together (press release, 18 February 2022)", "publisher": "Ministry of Finance (MOF)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mof.gov.sg/news-resources/newsroom/budget-2022-charting-our-new-way-forward-together/", "lang": "en" }, "mof_bs2018": { "title": "Budget Statement FY2018", "publisher": "Ministry of Finance (MOF)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/6519d8ac-65b5-49fb-a663-a037c5e5e8e5/fy2018_budget_statement.pdf", "lang": "en" }, "cmc_a6": { "title": "Singapore's Article 6 Cooperation, last updated 5 November 2026", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation (Government of Singapore)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/our-art6-cooperation/", "lang": "en" }, "cmc_elig": { "title": "Singapore's International Carbon Credit (ICC) Framework - Eligibility Criteria, last updated 3 August 2026", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation (Government of Singapore)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/environmental-integrity/eligibility-criteria/", "lang": "en" }, "cmc_el": { "title": "Overall Eligibility List, last updated 2 November 2026", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation (Government of Singapore)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/environmental-integrity/overall-eligibility-list/", "lang": "en" }, "cmc_faq": { "title": "FAQ - General Information, last updated 2 November 2026", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation (Government of Singapore)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/frequently-asked-questions/general-information/", "lang": "en" }, "cmc_faq2": { "title": "FAQ - Project Development and Application, last updated 2 November 2026", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation (Government of Singapore)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/frequently-asked-questions/project-development-and-application/", "lang": "en" }, "cmc_reg": { "title": "Overall Project Register, last updated 2 November 2026", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation (Government of Singapore)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/project-register/", "lang": "en" }, "cmc_news": { "title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation (Government of Singapore)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "lang": "en" } }, "facts": { "sg:f01": { "id": "sg:f01", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon tax rate, emissions years 2019-2023", "value": "S$5/tCO2e", "num": 5, "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "for carbon tax for GHG emissions in 2023 or any earlier emissions year — $5/tCO2e", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f02": { "id": "sg:f02", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon tax rate, emissions years 2024-2025", "value": "S$25/tCO2e", "num": 25, "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "for carbon tax for GHG emissions in 2024 or 2025 — $25/tCO2e", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f03": { "id": "sg:f03", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon tax rate, emissions year 2026 onwards (stated for 2026-2027)", "value": "S$45/tCO2e", "num": 45, "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "for carbon tax for GHG emissions in 2026 or any later emissions year — $45/tCO2e", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f04": { "id": "sg:f04", "category": "price", "label": "2030 rate ambition (current)", "value": "S$50-80/tCO2e by 2030", "num": null, "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "raised to S$45/tCO2e with effect from 1 Jan 2026 for 2026 and 2027, with a view to reaching S$50-80/tCO2e by 2030", "kind": "quoted", "range": [ 50, 80 ] }, "sg:f05": { "id": "sg:f05", "category": "price", "label": "2030 ambition, lower bound", "value": "S$50/tCO2e", "num": 50, "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "source": "sg:mof_bs2022", "evidence": "with a view to reaching $50 to $80 per tonne by 2030", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f06": { "id": "sg:f06", "category": "price", "label": "2030 ambition, upper bound", "value": "S$80/tCO2e", "num": 80, "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "source": "sg:mof_bs2022", "evidence": "with a view to reaching $50 to $80 per tonne by 2030", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f07": { "id": "sg:f07", "category": "price", "label": "2030 ambition as set in Budget 2018 (superseded)", "value": "S$10-15/tCO2e by 2030", "num": null, "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "source": "sg:mof_bs2018", "evidence": "We intend to increase it to a rate of between $10 and $15 per tonne of emissions by 2030.", "kind": "quoted", "range": [ 10, 15 ] }, "sg:f08": { "id": "sg:f08", "category": "price", "label": "Fixed-price carbon credit (FPCC) value by purchase year", "value": "S$5 (bought 2024 or earlier); S$25 (2025-26); S$45 (2027 onwards)", "num": null, "unit": "SGD per credit", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "for any fixed-price carbon credit purchased in 2025 or 2026 — $25", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f09": { "id": "sg:f09", "category": "price", "label": "Post-2027 trajectory status", "value": "Under review; future rates to be announced in advance", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nccs_pq2026", "evidence": "the Government is reviewing the carbon tax trajectory for 2028 and beyond, and will announce future rates in advance", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f10": { "id": "sg:f10", "category": "timeline", "label": "Carbon Pricing Bill first reading", "value": "2 March 2018", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "Bill : 17/2018 First Reading : 2 March 2018", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f11": { "id": "sg:f11", "category": "timeline", "label": "Carbon Pricing Act passed (second and third readings)", "value": "20 March 2018", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "Act 23 of 2018—Carbon Pricing Act 2018 ... Second and Third Readings : 20 March 2018", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f12": { "id": "sg:f12", "category": "timeline", "label": "Carbon Pricing Act commencement / tax start", "value": "1 January 2019", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "Commencement : 1 January 2019", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f13": { "id": "sg:f13", "category": "timeline", "label": "First carbon pricing scheme in Southeast Asia", "value": "Implemented 1 January 2019", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "Singapore implemented a carbon tax, the first carbon pricing scheme in Southeast Asia, on 1 January 2019.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f14": { "id": "sg:f14", "category": "timeline", "label": "First carbon tax payment", "value": "2020, based on 2019 emissions", "num": 2020, "unit": "year", "source": "sg:mof_bs2018", "evidence": "The first payment will be in 2020, based on emissions in 2019.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f15": { "id": "sg:f15", "category": "timeline", "label": "Budget 2022 announcement of rate increases", "value": "18 February 2022", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:mof_pr2022", "evidence": "delivered the Singapore Government's Budget Statement for Financial Year 2022 in Parliament on Friday, 18 February 2022.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f16": { "id": "sg:f16", "category": "price", "label": "Budget 2022 rate path", "value": "S$25 (2024-25), S$45 (2026-27), S$50-80 by 2030", "num": null, "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "source": "sg:mof_bs2022", "evidence": "raise our carbon tax to $25 per tonne in 2024 and 2025, and $45 per tonne in 2026 and 2027", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f17": { "id": "sg:f17", "category": "timeline", "label": "Carbon Pricing (Amendment) Bill first reading", "value": "3 October 2022", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "Act 37 of 2022—Carbon Pricing (Amendment) Act 2022 Date of First Reading : 3 October 2022", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f18": { "id": "sg:f18", "category": "timeline", "label": "Carbon Pricing (Amendment) Act 2022 passed", "value": "8 November 2022", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "Date of Second and Third Readings : 8 November 2022", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f19": { "id": "sg:f19", "category": "timeline", "label": "Amended Regulations published", "value": "6 October 2023", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "Legislative amendments to the accompanying Regulations have been published on 6 Oct 2023.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f20": { "id": "sg:f20", "category": "timeline", "label": "Amendment Act commencement", "value": "1 January 2024", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "Date of commencement : 1 January 2024", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f21": { "id": "sg:f21", "category": "scope", "label": "First emissions threshold (reportable facility)", "value": "2,000 tCO2e", "num": 2000, "unit": "tCO2e/yr", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "The first emissions threshold is 2,000 tCO2e.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f22": { "id": "sg:f22", "category": "scope", "label": "Second emissions threshold (taxable facility)", "value": "25,000 tCO2e", "num": 25000, "unit": "tCO2e/yr", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "The second emissions threshold is 25,000 tCO2e.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f23": { "id": "sg:f23", "category": "compliance", "label": "Reportable facilities: measured and reported but not taxed", "value": "2,000-<25,000 tCO2e: report only, no tax", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nccs_sp2018", "evidence": "at least 2,000 tonnes but less than 25,000 tonnes – must have their GHG emissions measured and reported, but will not be taxed.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f24": { "id": "sg:f24", "category": "compliance", "label": "Taxable facilities: verified reporting plus tax", "value": "Monitoring Plan, third-party verified Emissions Report, carbon tax", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nea_mrv", "evidence": "The Emissions Report must be prepared based on the approved Monitoring Plan and be verified by an accredited third-party verification company", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f25": { "id": "sg:f25", "category": "scope", "label": "Covered sectors", "value": "Manufacturing; power/gas/steam/chilled water supply; water, sewage and waste", "num": 3, "unit": "sectors", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "manufacturing and manufacturing related services; supply of electricity, gas, steam, compressed air and chilled water", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f26": { "id": "sg:f26", "category": "scope", "label": "Number of covered greenhouse gases", "value": "7 gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3", "num": 7, "unit": "gases", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "It currently covers seven GHGs, namely carbon dioxide", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f27": { "id": "sg:f27", "category": "scope", "label": "Emissions basis", "value": "Direct (Scope 1) emissions from fuel combustion and IPPU", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "GHG emissions directly released into the atmosphere (i.e. Scope 1 Emissions) from both fuel combustion and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU)", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f28": { "id": "sg:f28", "category": "scope", "label": "Transport fuels excluded from carbon tax", "value": "No additional carbon tax on petrol, diesel, CNG (excise duties apply)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:mof_bs2022", "evidence": "we will not impose an additional carbon tax on the use of petrol, diesel and compressed natural gas.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f29": { "id": "sg:f29", "category": "coverage", "label": "Number of taxable facilities", "value": "About 50 facilities", "num": 50, "unit": "facilities", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "around 70% are covered by the carbon tax levied on about 50 facilities in the manufacturing, power, waste, and water sectors", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f30": { "id": "sg:f30", "category": "coverage", "label": "Share of national GHG emissions covered by carbon tax", "value": "Around 70%", "num": 70, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "Of our emissions, around 70% are covered by the carbon tax", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f31": { "id": "sg:f31", "category": "coverage", "label": "Share covered by carbon tax plus transport fuel excise", "value": "About 80%", "num": 80, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "About 80% of our total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are covered by carbon tax and fuel excise duties", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f32": { "id": "sg:f32", "category": "coverage", "label": "Carbon tax coverage at introduction", "value": "Around 80% of national emissions", "num": 80, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "Singapore's carbon tax covered around 80% of our total national emissions at the point of introduction.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f33": { "id": "sg:f33", "category": "coverage", "label": "2022 coverage after HFC rebasing", "value": "Around 71% (from 76%)", "num": 71, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "Singapore's carbon tax coverage for 2022 emissions fell to around 71% from 76%.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f34": { "id": "sg:f34", "category": "coverage", "label": "2022 coverage before HFC rebasing", "value": "76%", "num": 76, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "Singapore's carbon tax coverage for 2022 emissions fell to around 71% from 76%.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f35": { "id": "sg:f35", "category": "compliance", "label": "Registration deadline", "value": "30 June of the year after the trigger year", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "register by 30 June of the year immediately following the trigger year through EDMA system", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f36": { "id": "sg:f36", "category": "compliance", "label": "Emissions Report deadline", "value": "30 June of the year following the reporting period", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nea_mrv", "evidence": "Submit an Emissions Report for every taxable facility and each reporting period by 30 June of the year following", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f37": { "id": "sg:f37", "category": "compliance", "label": "Monitoring Plan deadline (taxable facilities)", "value": "31 December of the year after the trigger year", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nea_mrv", "evidence": "It shall be submitted by 31 December of the year immediately following the trigger year.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f38": { "id": "sg:f38", "category": "compliance", "label": "Tax payment deadline", "value": "30 September of the year after the emissions year (or 30 days after notice, if later)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "by the later of — (i) 30 September of the year immediately following the emissions year", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f39": { "id": "sg:f39", "category": "compliance", "label": "Payment instrument", "value": "Surrender of fixed-price carbon credits (FPCCs) bought from the Government", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "The payment under subsection (1) must be made — (a) subject to subsection (3A), by the surrender of fixed-price carbon credits", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f40": { "id": "sg:f40", "category": "compliance", "label": "Notice of ICC Use submission window", "value": "1 July of emissions year to 30 June of following year", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nea_iccgd", "evidence": "Submissions can be made anytime from 1 July of emissions year to 30 June of emissions year + 1.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f41": { "id": "sg:f41", "category": "market", "label": "Transition framework (allowances) for EITE firms", "value": "From 2024; allowances based on efficiency benchmarks and decarbonisation plans", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "The amount of allowances awarded to each facility is determined based on its performance on internationally-recognised efficiency benchmarks", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f42": { "id": "sg:f42", "category": "market", "label": "Transition framework excludes new investments", "value": "New investments do not qualify", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "These transitory allowances are limited to only a portion of companies' emissions ... New investments will not qualify", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f43": { "id": "sg:f43", "category": "market", "label": "Expected carbon tax revenue, first five years (2018 estimate)", "value": "Nearly S$1 billion (2019-2023)", "num": 1, "unit": "SGD billion", "source": "sg:mof_bs2018", "evidence": "We expect to collect carbon tax revenue of nearly $1 billion in the first five years.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f44": { "id": "sg:f44", "category": "market", "label": "Net revenue from rate increase", "value": "No additional net revenue expected this decade", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "The Government does not expect to derive additional net revenue from the carbon tax increase in this decade.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f45": { "id": "sg:f45", "category": "market", "label": "Electricity tariff sensitivity", "value": "~1% tariff rise per S$5/tCO2e increase", "num": 1, "unit": "% per S$5/tCO2e", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "with every $5/tCO2e increase in the carbon tax level, electricity tariffs could rise by around 1%", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f46": { "id": "sg:f46", "category": "market", "label": "Household impact of S$45 rate", "value": "About S$3/month for average 4-room HDB flat", "num": 3, "unit": "SGD/month", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "estimated to translate to an increase of about $3 per month in household utility bills for the average 4-room HDB flat", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f47": { "id": "sg:f47", "category": "market", "label": "Household impact of S$25 rate (Budget 2022)", "value": "About S$4/month for average 4-room HDB household", "num": 4, "unit": "SGD/month", "source": "sg:mof_bs2022", "evidence": "At $25 per tonne, this would translate to an increase of about $4 per month in the utility bills for an average 4-room HDB household.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f48": { "id": "sg:f48", "category": "market", "label": "Regular U-Save rebate ceiling", "value": "Up to S$380/year", "num": 380, "unit": "SGD/year", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "the Government provides up to $380/year in U-Save rebates under the permanent GST Voucher Scheme", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f49": { "id": "sg:f49", "category": "market", "label": "Enhanced U-Save, FY2024", "value": "Up to S$950 (2.5x regular)", "num": 950, "unit": "SGD", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "2.5 times the regular U-Save amount, or up to $950 in FY2024", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f50": { "id": "sg:f50", "category": "credits", "label": "ICC offset limit", "value": "Up to 5% of taxable emissions, from 1 January 2024", "num": 5, "unit": "% of taxable emissions", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "From 1 Jan 2024, taxable facilities are allowed to use high quality ICC to offset up to 5% of their taxable emissions.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f51": { "id": "sg:f51", "category": "credits", "label": "ICC environmental integrity principles", "value": "Article 6 compliance plus seven principles", "num": 7, "unit": "principles", "source": "sg:nccs_ct", "evidence": "comply with rules under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, and meet seven principles to demonstrate high environmental integrity", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f52": { "id": "sg:f52", "category": "credits", "label": "ICC vintage window", "value": "Reductions/removals between 1 Jan 2021 and 31 Dec 2030", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:cmc_elig", "evidence": "must have occurred between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2030.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f53": { "id": "sg:f53", "category": "credits", "label": "ICCs only from IA host countries", "value": "Credits from non-IA countries not allowed", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:cmc_faq", "evidence": "carbon credits from projects hosted in countries without an implementation agreement are not allowed to be used", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f54": { "id": "sg:f54", "category": "credits", "label": "Implementation Agreements signed (NEA page, updated 19 Aug 2026)", "value": "11", "num": 11, "unit": "agreements", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "To date, the Government has signed 11 Implementation Agreements (IAs)", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f55": { "id": "sg:f55", "category": "credits", "label": "Implementation Agreements signed (CMC FAQ, updated 2 Nov 2026)", "value": "12: PNG, Ghana, Bhutan, Peru, Chile, Rwanda, Paraguay, Thailand, Mongolia, Vietnam, Philippines, Lao PDR", "num": 12, "unit": "agreements", "source": "sg:cmc_faq", "evidence": "Singapore has signed legally binding Implementation Agreements (IAs) with twelve countries", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f56": { "id": "sg:f56", "category": "credits", "label": "IAs entered into force", "value": "9 of 12 (all except Paraguay, PNG, Philippines)", "num": 9, "unit": "agreements", "source": "sg:cmc_a6", "evidence": "Bhutan (Entered into Force) Chile (Entered into Force) Ghana (Entered into Force) Mongolia (Entered into Force) Paraguay", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f57": { "id": "sg:f57", "category": "credits", "label": "Countries listed in MOU table", "value": "17 countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Morocco, Senegal, Zambia, Malawi, Ethiopia, Fiji)", "num": 17, "unit": "countries", "source": "sg:cmc_a6", "evidence": "calc: count of country names in 'Table 1: Countries with MOU with Singapore by Continent'", "kind": "calc", "formula": "count of names in Table 1", "inputs": [] }, "sg:f58": { "id": "sg:f58", "category": "credits", "label": "Share of proceeds for adaptation", "value": "5%", "num": 5, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:cmc_a6", "evidence": "make a monetary contribution equivalent to 5% share of proceeds (SOP)", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f59": { "id": "sg:f59", "category": "credits", "label": "OMGE cancellation at issuance", "value": "2% of authorised credits", "num": 2, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:cmc_a6", "evidence": "2% of Article 6-authorised carbon credits generated are required to be cancelled at issuance", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f60": { "id": "sg:f60", "category": "credits", "label": "Countries with application calls launched", "value": "Bhutan, Ghana, Peru, Rwanda, Thailand", "num": 5, "unit": "countries", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "launched application calls for carbon credit projects in Bhutan, Ghana, Peru, Rwanda, and Thailand", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f61": { "id": "sg:f61", "category": "credits", "label": "Mongolia application process opened", "value": "8 October 2026", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "8 October 2026 Singapore and Mongolia to open application process for carbon credit projects", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f62": { "id": "sg:f62", "category": "credits", "label": "Host countries with published Eligibility List", "value": "6: Ghana, Bhutan, Peru, Rwanda, Thailand, Mongolia", "num": 6, "unit": "countries", "source": "sg:cmc_el", "evidence": "Eligibility List by Host Country Ghana Bhutan Peru Rwanda Thailand Mongolia", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f63": { "id": "sg:f63", "category": "credits", "label": "Projects on IA Project Register", "value": "0 registered (as of 2 Nov 2026)", "num": 0, "unit": "projects", "source": "sg:cmc_reg", "evidence": "There are no projects registered at the moment.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f64": { "id": "sg:f64", "category": "credits", "label": "Project lead time to generate credits", "value": "Up to four years", "num": 4, "unit": "years", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "carbon credit projects typically take up to four years to generate credits, supply will take time to build up.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f65": { "id": "sg:f65", "category": "credits", "label": "Carbon crediting programme registries for ICC retirement", "value": "5: ACR, ART, Global Carbon Council, Gold Standard, Verra", "num": 5, "unit": "registries", "source": "sg:nea_iccgd", "evidence": "ACR (formerly known as the American Carbon Registry); Architecture for REDD+ Transactions; Global Carbon Council; Gold Standard; or/and Verra", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f66": { "id": "sg:f66", "category": "credits", "label": "Roll-over of unused 2024 ICC limit", "value": "Up to 5% of 2024 taxable emissions rolled to EY2025", "num": 5, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:cmc_faq", "evidence": "allowed to roll over their unutilised ICC offset limit, of up to 5% of taxable emissions in 2024, to emissions year 2025.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f67": { "id": "sg:f67", "category": "credits", "label": "2024 roll-over quota expiry", "value": "Expires; cannot be carried beyond 2025", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "the ICC offset quota carried over from emissions year 2024 to emissions year 2025 will expire and cannot be carried forward further.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f68": { "id": "sg:f68", "category": "credits", "label": "Roll-over of unused 2025 ICC limit to 2026", "value": "Allowed, adjusted by credit conversion factor", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "allowed to roll over their unutilised International Carbon Credit (ICC) offset quota from emissions year 2025 to emissions year 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f69": { "id": "sg:f69", "category": "credits", "label": "Credit conversion factor 2025 to 2026", "value": "(A - B) x (25/45), rounded down", "num": 0.5556, "unit": "ratio", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "(A – B) x ($25/$45) rounded down to the nearest whole number", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f70": { "id": "sg:f70", "category": "credits", "label": "NEA worked example: rolled-over quota", "value": "4,000 x (25/45) = 2,222 credits", "num": 2222, "unit": "credits", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "the roll over ICC offset quota is 4,000 x (25/45) = 2,222 (rounded down to the nearest whole number)", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f71": { "id": "sg:f71", "category": "credits", "label": "Credit conversion factor as decimal", "value": "25/45 = 0.5556", "num": 0.5556, "unit": "ratio", "source": "sg:nea_ct", "evidence": "calc: 25/45 from f02 and f03", "kind": "calc", "formula": "25/45", "inputs": [ "f02", "f03" ] }, "sg:f72": { "id": "sg:f72", "category": "price", "label": "Rate multiple, 2024 vs 2019-23", "value": "5x (S$25 / S$5)", "num": 5, "unit": "x", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "calc: f02/f01", "kind": "calc", "formula": "25/5", "inputs": [ "f01", "f02" ] }, "sg:f73": { "id": "sg:f73", "category": "price", "label": "Rate increase, 2026 vs 2024-25", "value": "+80% (S$45 / S$25 - 1)", "num": 80, "unit": "%", "source": "sg:sso_cpa", "evidence": "calc: f03/f02 - 1", "kind": "calc", "formula": "(45/25-1)*100", "inputs": [ "f02", "f03" ] }, "sg:f74": { "id": "sg:f74", "category": "timeline", "label": "Budget 2018 confirms carbon tax design", "value": "Tax on all facilities emitting 25,000 tCO2e or more, from 2019", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "sg:mof_bs2018", "evidence": "I will proceed with a carbon tax on all facilities producing 25,000 tonnes or more of greenhouse gas emissions in a year.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f75": { "id": "sg:f75", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Papua New Guinea", "value": "2023-12-08", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:nccs_png", "evidence": "This marks the first Implementation Agreement for Singapore.", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f76": { "id": "sg:f76", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Ghana", "value": "2024-05-27", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "27 May 2024 Singapore Signs Implementation Agreement with Ghana to Collaborate On Carbon Credits", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f77": { "id": "sg:f77", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Bhutan", "value": "2025-02-28", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "28 February 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement with Bhutan to cooperate on carbon credits under Article 6", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f78": { "id": "sg:f78", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Peru", "value": "2025-04-01", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "1 April 2025 Singapore Signs Implementation Agreement On Carbon Credits Collaboration With Peru", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f79": { "id": "sg:f79", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Chile", "value": "2025-04-07", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "7 April 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Chile", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f80": { "id": "sg:f80", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Rwanda", "value": "2025-05-06", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "6 May 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Rwanda", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f81": { "id": "sg:f81", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Paraguay", "value": "2025-05-23", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "23 May 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Paraguay", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f82": { "id": "sg:f82", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Thailand", "value": "2025-08-19", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "19 August 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Thailand", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f83": { "id": "sg:f83", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Vietnam", "value": "2025-09-16", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "16 September 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Vietnam", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f84": { "id": "sg:f84", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Mongolia", "value": "2025-10-06", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "6 October 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Mongolia", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f85": { "id": "sg:f85", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Philippines", "value": "2026-06-08", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "8 June 2026 Singapore signs the Philippines' first Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f86": { "id": "sg:f86", "category": "timeline", "label": "Implementation Agreement signed: Lao PDR", "value": "2026-09-04", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "4 September 2026 Singapore and Lao People's Democratic Republic sign Implementation Agreement on carbon credits", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f87": { "id": "sg:f87", "category": "timeline", "label": "First IA call for projects (Ghana)", "value": "30 September 2024", "num": null, "unit": "date", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "30 September 2024 Singapore and Ghana Launch First Call For Project Applications Under IA On CC Cooperation", "kind": "quoted" }, "sg:f88": { "id": "sg:f88", "category": "credits", "label": "Cumulative IAs signed by end-2023", "value": "1", "num": 1, "unit": "agreements", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "calc: count of dated IA signings in CMC newsroom up to 2023", "kind": "calc", "formula": "count", "inputs": [ "f75" ] }, "sg:f89": { "id": "sg:f89", "category": "credits", "label": "Cumulative IAs signed by end-2024", "value": "2", "num": 2, "unit": "agreements", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "calc: count of dated IA signings in CMC newsroom up to 2024", "kind": "calc", "formula": "count", "inputs": [ "f75", "f76" ] }, "sg:f90": { "id": "sg:f90", "category": "credits", "label": "Cumulative IAs signed by end-2025", "value": "10", "num": 10, "unit": "agreements", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "calc: count of dated IA signings in CMC newsroom up to 2025", "kind": "calc", "formula": "count", "inputs": [ "f75", "f76", "f77", "f78", "f79", "f80", "f81", "f82", "f83", "f84" ] }, "sg:f91": { "id": "sg:f91", "category": "credits", "label": "Cumulative IAs signed by end-2026", "value": "12", "num": 12, "unit": "agreements", "source": "sg:cmc_news", "evidence": "calc: count of dated IA signings in CMC newsroom up to 2026", "kind": "calc", "formula": "count", "inputs": [ "f75", "f76", "f77", "f78", "f79", "f80", "f81", "f82", "f83", "f84", "f85", "f86" ] } }, "series": [ { "name": "Singapore carbon tax rate by emissions year", "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "note": "Statutory rates in CPA Third Schedule; 2028+ under review (2030 ambition S$50-80 shown separately).", "points": [ { "x": "2019", "y": 5, "fact": "sg:f01" }, { "x": "2020", "y": 5, "fact": "sg:f01" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 5, "fact": "sg:f01" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 5, "fact": "sg:f01" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 5, "fact": "sg:f01" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 25, "fact": "sg:f02" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 25, "fact": "sg:f02" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 45, "fact": "sg:f03" }, { "x": "2027", "y": 45, "fact": "sg:f03" } ] }, { "name": "2030 carbon tax ambition range", "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "note": "Budget 2022 ambition; lower and upper bound for 2030.", "points": [ { "x": "2030", "y": 50, "fact": "sg:f05" }, { "x": "2030", "y": 80, "fact": "sg:f06" } ] }, { "name": "Cumulative Article 6 Implementation Agreements signed", "unit": "agreements", "note": "Counted from dated CMC newsroom items; matches CMC FAQ total of 12.", "points": [ { "x": "2023", "y": 1, "fact": "sg:f88" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 2, "fact": "sg:f89" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 10, "fact": "sg:f90" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 12, "fact": "sg:f91" } ] }, { "name": "Carbon tax coverage of national GHG emissions", "unit": "%", "note": "Introduction-era ~80%; 2022 before/after HFC rebasing; current ~70%.", "points": [ { "x": "2019", "y": 80, "fact": "sg:f32" }, { "x": "2022 (pre-rebasing)", "y": 76, "fact": "sg:f34" }, { "x": "2022 (rebased)", "y": 71, "fact": "sg:f33" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 70, "fact": "sg:f30" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2018", "text": "Budget 2018 confirms a S$5/tCO2e carbon tax from 2019 on facilities emitting 25,000 tCO2e or more.", "fact": "sg:f74" }, { "date": "2018-03-02", "text": "Carbon Pricing Bill (Bill 17/2018) receives its first reading.", "fact": "sg:f10" }, { "date": "2018-03-20", "text": "Parliament passes the Carbon Pricing Act 2018 at second and third readings.", "fact": "sg:f11" }, { "date": "2019-01-01", "text": "Carbon tax takes effect at S$5/tCO2e, Southeast Asia's first carbon pricing scheme.", "fact": "sg:f13" }, { "date": "2020", "text": "First carbon tax payments are made on 2019 emissions.", "fact": "sg:f14" }, { "date": "2022-02-18", "text": "Budget 2022 sets a path to S$25 (2024-25), S$45 (2026-27) and S$50-80 by 2030.", "fact": "sg:f15" }, { "date": "2022-11-08", "text": "Parliament passes the Carbon Pricing (Amendment) Act 2022.", "fact": "sg:f18" }, { "date": "2023-10-06", "text": "Amended carbon pricing regulations are published.", "fact": "sg:f19" }, { "date": "2023-12-08", "text": "Singapore signs its first Article 6 Implementation Agreement, with Papua New Guinea.", "fact": "sg:f75" }, { "date": "2024-01-01", "text": "Tax rises to S$25/tCO2e; ICC offsets up to 5% and the transition framework begin.", "fact": "sg:f20" }, { "date": "2024-05-27", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Ghana.", "fact": "sg:f76" }, { "date": "2024-09-30", "text": "Singapore and Ghana launch the first call for projects under an Implementation Agreement.", "fact": "sg:f87" }, { "date": "2025-02-28", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Bhutan.", "fact": "sg:f77" }, { "date": "2025-04-01", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Peru.", "fact": "sg:f78" }, { "date": "2025-04-07", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Chile.", "fact": "sg:f79" }, { "date": "2025-05-06", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Rwanda.", "fact": "sg:f80" }, { "date": "2025-05-23", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Paraguay.", "fact": "sg:f81" }, { "date": "2025-08-19", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Thailand.", "fact": "sg:f82" }, { "date": "2025-09-16", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Vietnam.", "fact": "sg:f83" }, { "date": "2025-10-06", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Mongolia.", "fact": "sg:f84" }, { "date": "2026-01-01", "text": "Tax rises to S$45/tCO2e for 2026 and 2027.", "fact": "sg:f03" }, { "date": "2026-06-08", "text": "Singapore signs an Article 6 Implementation Agreement with Philippines.", "fact": "sg:f85" }, { "date": "2026-08-05", "text": "Government says the 2028-and-beyond trajectory is under review, with rates to be announced in advance.", "fact": "sg:f09" }, { "date": "2026-09-04", "text": "Lao PDR becomes the twelfth Implementation Agreement partner.", "fact": "sg:f86" }, { "date": "2030", "text": "Target to reach S$50-80/tCO2e.", "fact": "sg:f04" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Standalone carbon tax revenue (actual collections)", "reason": "MOF publishes only the combined 'Customs, Excise and Carbon Taxes' line (FY2025 analysis); no separate carbon tax figure found on official pages. Only the 2018 estimate (nearly S$1bn over 5 years) is confirmed." }, { "item": "Transition framework allowance share (% of emissions)", "reason": "NCCS/NEA/MOF pages say allowances cover 'only a portion' of emissions; no percentage published on pages read." }, { "item": "NEA Tables 2-4 (reckonable vs non-reckonable, gases, obligations by threshold)", "reason": "Published as images on the NEA carbon tax page; text not machine-readable, so not transcribed." }, { "item": "Number of methodologies on each Eligibility List", "reason": "Country-specific Eligibility List documents were not opened; only the list of 6 host countries is confirmed." }, { "item": "ICC prescribed limit in Regulations text (5%)", "reason": "Carbon Pricing (Carbon Tax and Carbon Credits Registry) Regulations on SSO not opened; 5% confirmed from NEA/NCCS/MOF instead. Plain curl to SSO returned HTTP 403; Act read via in-app browser." }, { "item": "Section 20B allowance period", "reason": "Text read was truncated before the period end; not recorded." }, { "item": "Original NCCS URL /mitigation-efforts/carbon-tax/", "reason": "Returns 404; current page is /mitigation-efforts/carbontax/." }, { "item": "Discrepancy note: IA count", "reason": "NEA page (updated 19 Aug 2026) says 11 IAs; CMC FAQ (2 Nov 2026) says 12 after Lao PDR signing on 4 Sep 2026. Both recorded." } ], "code": "sg" }, "taiwan": { "country": "Taiwan", "scheme": "Carbon Fee (Climate Change Response Act)", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "cca_fee": { "title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration (CCA), Ministry of Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "law_ccra": { "title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "law_fee": { "title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "law_vrp": { "title": "自主減量計畫管理辦法 (Regulations Governing Voluntary Reduction Plans), amended 1 September 2026", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020140", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "cca_rc_list": { "title": "碳費費率審議會 審議情形 (Carbon Fee Rate Review Committee: meetings)", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration (CCA), Ministry of Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/carbon-fee-rate-committee/review-status/2309.html", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "cca_rc2024rec": { "title": "113年第6次碳費費率審議會 會議紀錄 (6th meeting 2024, minutes, 7 Oct 2024)", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration (CCA), Ministry of Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/JVJaWd1E9o3ZFXw", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "cca_rc2026ppt": { "title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration (CCA), Ministry of Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "cca_rc2026rec": { "title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 會議紀錄 (1st meeting 2026, minutes, 12 Feb 2026)", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration (CCA), Ministry of Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/MJX5lArfODwFxjw", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "moenv_14412": { "title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 費率是否調整須補充資料再審 (2 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "moenv_14034": { "title": "環境部修正發布「碳費收費辦法」第3條之1、第9條… (1 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14034", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "moenv_13854": { "title": "碳費制度以減量為核心，務實修正碳費收費辦法部分條文 (6 Aug 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/13854", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "moenv_14025": { "title": "英國 CBAM 認可臺灣碳費制度 (31 Aug 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14025", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "moenv_14481": { "title": "臺灣減碳成績接軌COP31倡議 環境部提四大減碳成效 (11 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14481", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "tcx_en": { "title": "Taiwan Carbon Solution Exchange (home page)", "publisher": "Taiwan Carbon Solution Exchange (TCX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.tcx.com.tw/en/", "lang": "en" }, "tcx_trades": { "title": "TCX國內減量額度交易平台 售後資訊公告 (domestic credit platform: completed trades)", "publisher": "Taiwan Carbon Solution Exchange (TCX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://carbonoffset.tcx.com.tw/announcement", "lang": "zh-TW" }, "moenv_14489": { "title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV), Climate Change Administration", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "lang": "zh-TW" } }, "facts": { "tw:f01": { "id": "tw:f01", "category": "price", "label": "General carbon fee rate", "value": "NT$300 per tCO2e", "num": 300, "unit": "TWD/tCO2e", "source": "tw:moenv_14412", "evidence": "核定碳費費率一般費率 300 元 / 公噸 CO2e", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f02": { "id": "tw:f02", "category": "price", "label": "Preferential rate A (sector-specific reduction target)", "value": "NT$50 per tCO2e", "num": 50, "unit": "TWD/tCO2e", "source": "tw:cca_rc2024rec", "evidence": "所適用之費率（優惠費率 A），建議訂為 50 元/公噸二氧化碳當量", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f03": { "id": "tw:f03", "category": "price", "label": "Preferential rate B (technology-benchmark reduction target)", "value": "NT$100 per tCO2e", "num": 100, "unit": "TWD/tCO2e", "source": "tw:cca_rc2024rec", "evidence": "之費率（優惠費率 B），建議訂為 100 元/公噸二氧化碳當量", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f04": { "id": "tw:f04", "category": "timeline", "label": "Rate notice issued and effective date", "value": "Rates announced 21 Oct 2024; effective 1 Jan 2025", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "本部於113.10.21訂定公告「碳費徵收費率」，並自114.1.1生效", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f05": { "id": "tw:f05", "category": "timeline", "label": "Rate Review Committee formed; 6 meetings in 2024", "value": "Committee formed 1 Mar 2024; 6 meetings Mar–Oct 2024", "num": 6, "unit": "meetings", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "於113年3月1日…組成碳費費率審議會，並自113年3月至10間召開6次會議", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f06": { "id": "tw:f06", "category": "price", "label": "Committee's suggested rate range for 2030 and after", "value": "NT$1,200–1,800 per tCO2e (suggested benchmark, not set)", "num": 1200, "unit": "TWD/tCO2e", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "西元2030年後之費率可考量於1,200元/公噸CO2e至1,800元/公噸CO2e範圍內訂定", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f07": { "id": "tw:f07", "category": "price", "label": "Committee's recommended step period for rate rises", "value": "Rates to rise in stages, every 2 years", "num": 2, "unit": "years", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "建議費率及優惠費率可以2年為一期，分階段進行調升", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f08": { "id": "tw:f08", "category": "timeline", "label": "Rate review completed", "value": "Committee completed the rate review on 7 Oct 2024", "num": 2024, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "費率審議會於113年10月7日完成審議", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f09": { "id": "tw:f09", "category": "timeline", "label": "Rate pre-announcement", "value": "MOENV pre-announced the rates on 8 Oct 2024", "num": 2024, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "由環境部於113年10月8日進行預告，114年1月1日生效", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f10": { "id": "tw:f10", "category": "timeline", "label": "Three implementing regulations issued", "value": "3 carbon fee sub-regulations issued 29 Aug 2024", "num": 3, "unit": "regulations", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "環境部於113年8月29日發布「碳費收費辦法」及「自主減量計畫管理辦法」", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f11": { "id": "tw:f11", "category": "scope", "label": "Threshold and sectors", "value": "Plants with direct + electricity-indirect emissions ≥25,000 tCO2e/yr in power, gas supply and manufacturing", "num": 25000, "unit": "tCO2e/yr", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "年排放量合計值達二萬五千公噸二氧化碳當量以上之電力、燃氣供應業及製造業", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f12": { "id": "tw:f12", "category": "scope", "label": "Estimated payers (pre-launch, 2022 inventory)", "value": "About 500 plants (281 companies, 141 listed)", "num": 500, "unit": "plants", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "推估收費對象約500廠(281家公司，其中有141家上市櫃公司)", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f13": { "id": "tw:f13", "category": "coverage", "label": "Emissions of fee payers (pre-launch estimate)", "value": "About 155 MtCO2e", "num": 155, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "收費對象之溫室氣體排放量約155百萬公噸二氧化碳當量", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f14": { "id": "tw:f14", "category": "coverage", "label": "Share of national emissions (pre-launch estimate)", "value": "About 54% of national total", "num": 54, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "約占全國總排放量54%", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f15": { "id": "tw:f15", "category": "compliance", "label": "First-year payers", "value": "461 plants (240 companies), all paid by May 2026", "num": 461, "unit": "plants", "source": "tw:moenv_14034", "evidence": "461廠收費對象（合計240家企業）已於今年5月全數完成繳費", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f16": { "id": "tw:f16", "category": "compliance", "label": "Plants with approved voluntary reduction plans", "value": "402 of 461 first-year plants", "num": 402, "unit": "plants", "source": "tw:moenv_14412", "evidence": "首年應繳納碳費之工廠共 461 廠，其中 402 廠自主減量計畫經審查通過", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f17": { "id": "tw:f17", "category": "compliance", "label": "Expected reduction from approved plans by 2030", "value": "45.2 MtCO2e by 2030", "num": 45.2, "unit": "MtCO2e", "source": "tw:moenv_14412", "evidence": "預估至 119 年可達 4,520 萬公噸二氧化碳當量的減量成效", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f18": { "id": "tw:f18", "category": "market", "label": "Green investment planned in approved plans", "value": "About NT$738.2 billion", "num": 738.2, "unit": "TWD bn", "source": "tw:moenv_14412", "evidence": "核定計畫所規劃的綠色投資總額約 7,382 億元", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f19": { "id": "tw:f19", "category": "compliance", "label": "Filing and payment deadline", "value": "By end of May each year, for the previous calendar year's emissions", "num": 5, "unit": "month", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "每年五月底前，依其前一年度一月一日至十二月三十一日之溫室氣體排放量", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f20": { "id": "tw:f20", "category": "scope", "label": "Chargeable emissions formula and K value", "value": "(Annual emissions − K) × adjustment coefficient; K = 25,000 tCO2e, K = 0 for high carbon-leakage firms", "num": 25000, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "前項K值為二萬五千公噸二氧化碳當量；其屬高碳洩漏風險之事業，K值為零", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f21": { "id": "tw:f21", "category": "scope", "label": "Emission adjustment coefficient, high-leakage, phase 1", "value": "0.2", "num": 0.2, "unit": "coefficient", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "第一期排放量調整係數值為零點二", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f22": { "id": "tw:f22", "category": "scope", "label": "Emission adjustment coefficient, high-leakage, phase 2", "value": "0.4", "num": 0.4, "unit": "coefficient", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "第二期排放量調整係數值為零點四", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f23": { "id": "tw:f23", "category": "scope", "label": "Emission adjustment coefficient, high-leakage, phase 3", "value": "0.6", "num": 0.6, "unit": "coefficient", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "第三期排放量調整係數值為零點六", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f24": { "id": "tw:f24", "category": "scope", "label": "Emission adjustment coefficient, other firms", "value": "1", "num": 1, "unit": "coefficient", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "非屬前項認定之高碳洩漏風險者，其適用之排放量調整係數值為一", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f25": { "id": "tw:f25", "category": "credits", "label": "Domestic credit offset limit", "value": "Up to 10% of chargeable emissions", "num": 10, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "其扣除上限不得超過事業收費排放量之百分之十", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f26": { "id": "tw:f26", "category": "credits", "label": "Deduction ratio for voluntary / offset project credits", "value": "1 credit deducts 1.2 t", "num": 1.2, "unit": "ratio", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "自願減量專案或抵換專案減量額度，得扣除之比率為一點二", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f27": { "id": "tw:f27", "category": "credits", "label": "Deduction ratio for early-action project credits", "value": "0.3 (other firms) or 0.1 (high-leakage firms); usable only in first 3 years", "num": 0.3, "unit": "ratio", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "其扣除比率為零點三；供屬經審查認定之高碳洩漏風險事業使用，其扣除比率為零點一", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f28": { "id": "tw:f28", "category": "credits", "label": "Foreign credit offset limit", "value": "Up to 5% of chargeable emissions; MOENV-recognised credits; not for high-leakage firms", "num": 5, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "其扣除上限不得超過事業收費排放量之百分之五", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f29": { "id": "tw:f29", "category": "compliance", "label": "Voluntary reduction plan progress report deadline", "value": "By 30 April each year, for the previous year", "num": 30, "unit": "day (April)", "source": "tw:law_vrp", "evidence": "事業應於每年四月三十日前向中央主管機關提交前一年度之自主減量計畫執行進度報告", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f30": { "id": "tw:f30", "category": "compliance", "label": "Plan application cut-off for same-year preferential rate", "value": "Apply by 30 June to get the preferential rate from the year of application", "num": 30, "unit": "day (June)", "source": "tw:law_vrp", "evidence": "於六月三十日前申請自主減量計畫之事業：申請當年度及自主減量計畫執行期間適用優惠費率", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f31": { "id": "tw:f31", "category": "compliance", "label": "Plan review period", "value": "Decision within 3 months", "num": 3, "unit": "months", "source": "tw:law_vrp", "evidence": "於三個月內將審查結果作成准駁之決定", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f32": { "id": "tw:f32", "category": "scope", "label": "Sector reduction target, steel (rate A)", "value": "25.2% by 2030 vs 2021", "num": 25.2, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "附表1顯示行業別指定削減率：鋼鐵業25.2%", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f33": { "id": "tw:f33", "category": "scope", "label": "Sector reduction target, cement (rate A)", "value": "22.3% by 2030 vs 2021", "num": 22.3, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "水泥業22.3%、其他行業42%，目標年為民國119年，基準年為民國110年", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f34": { "id": "tw:f34", "category": "scope", "label": "Sector reduction target, other industries (rate A)", "value": "42% by 2030 vs 2021", "num": 42, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "其他行業42%，目標年為民國119年，基準年為民國110年", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f35": { "id": "tw:f35", "category": "scope", "label": "Technology-benchmark target base years (rate B)", "value": "Base = average of 2018–2022", "num": 2018, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "技術標竿指定削減率：以107~111年為基準年", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f36": { "id": "tw:f36", "category": "compliance", "label": "Overpayment refund threshold", "value": "Refund on request if overpayment ≥ NT$2,000", "num": 2000, "unit": "TWD", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "溢繳金額達新臺幣二千元以上者，得向中央主管機關申請無息退還", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f37": { "id": "tw:f37", "category": "compliance", "label": "Record retention", "value": "6 years", "num": 6, "unit": "years", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "應保存六年備查", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f38": { "id": "tw:f38", "category": "compliance", "label": "Instalment threshold for back payments", "value": "Back payment ≥ NT$5 million may be paid in instalments", "num": 5, "unit": "TWD million", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "應補繳加徵之差額達新臺幣五百萬元以上", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f39": { "id": "tw:f39", "category": "compliance", "label": "Late payment surcharge", "value": "0.5% of unpaid amount per day; enforcement after 30 days", "num": 0.5, "unit": "%/day", "source": "tw:law_ccra", "evidence": "每逾一日按滯納之金額加徵百分之零點五滯納金", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f40": { "id": "tw:f40", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty for under-reporting", "value": "Fee recalculated at 2× the rate; back-collection up to 5 years", "num": 2, "unit": "multiple", "source": "tw:law_ccra", "evidence": "以碳費收費費率之二倍計算其應繳費額", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f41": { "id": "tw:f41", "category": "timeline", "label": "Climate Change Response Act amended", "value": "15 Feb 2023", "num": 2023, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:law_ccra", "evidence": "修正日期： 民國 112 年 02 月 15 日", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f42": { "id": "tw:f42", "category": "timeline", "label": "Long-term target in the Act", "value": "Net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 (ROC year 139)", "num": 2050, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:law_ccra", "evidence": "國家溫室氣體長期減量目標為中華民國一百三十九年溫室氣體淨零排放", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f43": { "id": "tw:f43", "category": "timeline", "label": "Longer-term plan", "value": "Gradually develop a cap-based emissions trading system (Act Art. 34)", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "中長程碳定價機制：參考國際經驗，逐步發展總量管制下的碳交易制度。", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f44": { "id": "tw:f44", "category": "compliance", "label": "Future ETS shortfall penalty in the Act", "value": "3× carbon market price per tonne, capped at NT$1,500/t", "num": 1500, "unit": "TWD/t", "source": "tw:law_ccra", "evidence": "每公噸超額量處碳市場價格三倍之罰鍰，以每一公噸新臺幣一千五百元為上限", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f45": { "id": "tw:f45", "category": "compliance", "label": "Voluntary reduction plan applications, 2025", "value": "430 plants (67 chose sector targets, 363 technology benchmarks)", "num": 430, "unit": "plants", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "114年共430廠申請，其中67廠選用附表1、363廠選用附表2", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f46": { "id": "tw:f46", "category": "compliance", "label": "Applications withdrawn or lapsed", "value": "24 plants", "num": 24, "unit": "plants", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "其中有24廠於本部審查過程中撤案或逾期未補正", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f47": { "id": "tw:f47", "category": "compliance", "label": "Plans cleared by review panel, as of 6 Feb 2026", "value": "190 plants (185 more past first review; 31 in first review)", "num": 190, "unit": "plants", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "撤案/逾期不補正 初審作業中 通過初審分組 通過審查小組 24 31 185 190", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f48": { "id": "tw:f48", "category": "compliance", "label": "Reduction measures in submitted plans", "value": "2,781 measures", "num": 2781, "unit": "measures", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "措施總筆數：2,781項", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f49": { "id": "tw:f49", "category": "compliance", "label": "Annual reduction at full operation (2030 vs 2025), submitted plans", "value": "About 47.45 MtCO2e a year", "num": 47.45, "unit": "MtCO2e/yr", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "完全運轉下的年總減量…約4,745萬噸CO2e/年", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f50": { "id": "tw:f50", "category": "compliance", "label": "Reduction from low-carbon fuel switching", "value": "26.31 MtCO2e/yr (55.4%), 123 measures", "num": 26.31, "unit": "MtCO2e/yr", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "轉換低碳燃料 123 26,311,005 4.4% 55.4%", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f51": { "id": "tw:f51", "category": "compliance", "label": "Reduction from process improvement & energy efficiency", "value": "18.82 MtCO2e/yr (39.7%), 2,282 measures", "num": 18.82, "unit": "MtCO2e/yr", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "製程改善 & 提升能源效率 2,282 18,820,269 82.1% 39.7%", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f52": { "id": "tw:f52", "category": "compliance", "label": "Reduction from renewable energy", "value": "2.32 MtCO2e/yr (4.9%), 376 measures", "num": 2.32, "unit": "MtCO2e/yr", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "使用再生能源 376 2,322,240 13.5% 4.9%", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f53": { "id": "tw:f53", "category": "scope", "label": "High carbon-leakage review principles", "value": "Issued 12 Jan 2026; 17 industries qualify by sector (leakage risk value > 0.2%)", "num": 17, "unit": "industries", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026ppt", "evidence": "以碳洩漏風險值 大於0.2%為門檻值、共計17個行業別", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f54": { "id": "tw:f54", "category": "price", "label": "Feb 2026 committee resolution", "value": "Recommends phased rate rises with 2030 as the horizon", "num": 2030, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:cca_rc2026rec", "evidence": "以西元 2030 年為期，規劃分階段調升費率", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f55": { "id": "tw:f55", "category": "price", "label": "Nov 2026 rate review", "value": "2 Nov 2026: 3 options (no change / general rate only / both); 19 members; no consensus", "num": 3, "unit": "options", "source": "tw:moenv_14412", "evidence": "本次會議尚無共識，要求環境部依委員所提意見補充相關資料後，續行審議。", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f56": { "id": "tw:f56", "category": "price", "label": "Members attending the Nov 2026 review", "value": "19 members (first meeting of the 2nd committee)", "num": 19, "unit": "members", "source": "tw:moenv_14412", "evidence": "本次為第 2 屆碳費費率審議委員首次會議，由召集人謝燕儒次長主持，共 19 位委員出席", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f57": { "id": "tw:f57", "category": "timeline", "label": "Committee meetings listed by CCA (Mar 2024–Feb 2026)", "value": "8 meetings", "num": 8, "unit": "meetings", "source": "tw:cca_rc_list", "evidence": "共 8 筆資料", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f58": { "id": "tw:f58", "category": "timeline", "label": "Sept 2026 amendments", "value": "1 Sep 2026: first-time entrants pay from the year after their first verified inventory", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:moenv_14034", "evidence": "於 9 月 1 日正式發布", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f59": { "id": "tw:f59", "category": "credits", "label": "Unused early-action credits and maximum deduction", "value": "Even at 44 Mt of credits, ratio 0.1 allows at most 4.4 Mt", "num": 44, "unit": "Mt", "source": "tw:moenv_13854", "evidence": "即使以4,400萬噸額度估算，經0.1比率換算，理論扣除量至多為440萬噸", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f60": { "id": "tw:f60", "category": "timeline", "label": "UK CBAM recognition", "value": "Listed 27 Aug 2026 as a UK CBAM qualifying carbon pricing scheme, one of 16", "num": 16, "unit": "schemes", "source": "tw:moenv_14025", "evidence": "首階段名單全球僅納入16個碳定價制度，臺灣碳費即為其中之一", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f61": { "id": "tw:f61", "category": "timeline", "label": "UK CBAM first filing and payment deadline", "value": "31 May 2028", "num": 2028, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:moenv_14025", "evidence": "首次申報及繳費期限為2028年5月31日", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f62": { "id": "tw:f62", "category": "coverage", "label": "NDC 3.0 targets", "value": "−28±2% by 2030; −38±2% by 2035", "num": 28, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:moenv_14481", "evidence": "設定 2030 年減 28±2%、2035 年減 38±2%之目標", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f63": { "id": "tw:f63", "category": "coverage", "label": "Estimated 2025 net emissions vs 2005", "value": "−8.7%", "num": 8.7, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:moenv_14481", "evidence": "推估 2025 年淨排放量較基準年（2005 年）減少達 8.7%", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f64": { "id": "tw:f64", "category": "market", "label": "Carbon exchange founders", "value": "TCX set up by the Taiwan Stock Exchange and the National Development Fund", "num": 2023, "unit": "year (Act)", "source": "tw:tcx_en", "evidence": "the Taiwan Stock Exchange and the Executive Yuan National Development Fund Management Committee jointly established TCX", "kind": "institutional" }, "tw:f65": { "id": "tw:f65", "category": "market", "label": "TCX role in domestic credits", "value": "Exclusively entrusted by MOENV under Act Art. 36 to run domestic credit trading", "num": 36, "unit": "article", "source": "tw:tcx_en", "evidence": "has exclusively entrusted the Taiwan Carbon Solution Exchange (TCX) to handle the domestic carbon credit trading", "kind": "institutional" }, "tw:f72": { "id": "tw:f72", "category": "timeline", "label": "Trial filing year", "value": "Apr–Jun 2025 trial filing, no payment", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "114年4月至6月進行試申報碳費（不繳費）", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f73": { "id": "tw:f73", "category": "timeline", "label": "Plan deadline for preferential rate in first payment", "value": "Apply for a voluntary reduction plan by 30 Jun 2025", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "114年6月30日前可申請自主減量計畫，以利115年適用優惠費率", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f74": { "id": "tw:f74", "category": "timeline", "label": "First payment window", "value": "Apr–May 2026, for 2025 emissions", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:cca_fee", "evidence": "115年4月至5月繳交114年排放量碳費", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f75": { "id": "tw:f75", "category": "scope", "label": "High-leakage application deadline", "value": "By 31 January of the payment year", "num": 31, "unit": "day (January)", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "事業應於繳費當年度一月三十一日前，向中央主管機關提出申請認定屬高碳洩漏風險", "kind": "quoted" }, "tw:f76": { "id": "tw:f76", "category": "price", "label": "Worked example: non-leakage plant at general rate", "value": "100,000 t emitted: (100,000 − 25,000) × 1 × NT$300 = NT$22.5 million (calc from f01, f20, f24)", "num": 22.5, "unit": "TWD million", "source": "tw:law_fee", "evidence": "收費排放量=（年排放量－K值）×排放量調整係數值", "kind": "calc" }, "tw:f77": { "id": "tw:f77", "category": "price", "label": "Rate committee meetings by year", "value": "2024: 6; 2025: 1; 2026: 2 (calc from f57 list plus the 2 Nov 2026 meeting, f55)", "num": 9, "unit": "meetings", "source": "tw:cca_rc_list", "evidence": "115-02-12 115年第1次 … 114-08-06 114年第1次 … 113年第6次", "kind": "calc" }, "tw:f78": { "id": "tw:f78", "category": "timeline", "label": "Draft rules for recognising foreign credits pre-announced", "value": "12 Nov 2026: MOENV pre-announced the draft Foreign Emission Reduction Credit Recognition Rules, under Act Art. 27", "num": 2026, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:moenv_14489", "evidence": "環境部於今 (12) 日預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f79": { "id": "tw:f79", "category": "credits", "label": "Who may apply for recognition (draft)", "value": "3 groups: carbon fee payers, cap-and-trade entities, and bodies designated by the central financial authority", "num": 3, "unit": "groups", "source": "tw:moenv_14489", "evidence": "僅限碳費收費對象、總量管制事業及中央金融主管機關指定機關（構）可提出申請", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f80": { "id": "tw:f80", "category": "credits", "label": "Earliest vintage of recognisable foreign credits (draft)", "value": "Generated in 2021 or later", "num": 2021, "unit": "year", "source": "tw:moenv_14489", "evidence": "必須是 2021 年以後產生", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f81": { "id": "tw:f81", "category": "credits", "label": "Project types excluded (draft)", "value": "3 excluded: nuclear, controversial logging/forestry projects, measures extending fossil fuel use", "num": 3, "unit": "types", "source": "tw:moenv_14489", "evidence": "核能、容易產生爭議的伐木林業專案、延長化石燃料使用的措施不予認可", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f82": { "id": "tw:f82", "category": "credits", "label": "Host authorisation and corresponding adjustment (draft)", "value": "Host-country authorisation and a completed corresponding adjustment are required", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "tw:moenv_14489", "evidence": "須取得專案地主國締約方授權並完成國際認可的「相應調整」(Corresponding Adjustment)", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f83": { "id": "tw:f83", "category": "credits", "label": "Use restriction on recognised credits (draft)", "value": "Only for statutory obligations (carbon fee deduction or cap-and-trade offset); not for ESG or product carbon-neutral claims", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "tw:moenv_14489", "evidence": "經認可額度僅專用於碳費扣除或總量管制抵銷等法定義務，絕不能再拿去宣稱企業 ESG 或產品碳中和", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f84": { "id": "tw:f84", "category": "timeline", "label": "Public comment period on the draft", "value": "30 days from the day after publication in the Executive Yuan Gazette", "num": 30, "unit": "days", "source": "tw:moenv_14489", "evidence": "可於本預告刊登公報之次日起 30 日內預告期間或公聽會時提出", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f85": { "id": "tw:f85", "category": "credits", "label": "Disclosure of recognised credits (draft)", "value": "Project source, type, recognised quantity and cancellation to be published on a government platform", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "tw:moenv_14489", "evidence": "其專案來源、專案類型、認可數量及註銷使用情形等，將全數公開於政府平台", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f901": { "id": "tw:f901", "category": "coverage", "label": "Real GDP growth set against emissions, 2015–2025 (MOENV comparison)", "value": "Real GDP +47.6% over 2015–2025, alongside an 8.7% emissions reduction", "num": 47.6, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:moenv_14481", "evidence": "十年來實質 GDP 大幅成長 47.6%，排放量卻絕對下降 8.7%", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f902": { "id": "tw:f902", "category": "coverage", "label": "Net emissions trend since 2021", "value": "Net emissions down 4 consecutive years from 2021; average annual fall above 2%", "num": 4, "unit": "years", "source": "tw:moenv_14481", "evidence": "我國國家淨排放量自 2021 年起已連續 4 年呈現下降趨勢（年平均減幅逾 2%）", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f903": { "id": "tw:f903", "category": "coverage", "label": "Electricity share of final energy use, 2025", "value": "34.8%", "num": 34.8, "unit": "%", "source": "tw:moenv_14481", "evidence": "我國 2025 年電力占最終能源使用比重已達 34.8%", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" }, "tw:f904": { "id": "tw:f904", "category": "coverage", "label": "NDC 3.0 implementation programmes", "value": "20 flagship programmes across 6 sectors", "num": 20, "unit": "programmes", "source": "tw:moenv_14481", "evidence": "透過六大部門 20 項旗艦計畫跨部會管考落實", "kind": "quoted", "checked": "2026-11-14" } }, "series": [ { "name": "General carbon fee rate by emissions year", "unit": "TWD/tCO2e", "note": "Rate in force from 1 Jan 2025; 2 Nov 2026 review reached no consensus, so 2026 stays at NT$300 for now.", "points": [ { "x": "2025", "y": 300, "fact": "tw:f01" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 300, "fact": "tw:f55" } ] }, { "name": "Carbon fee payers and voluntary reduction plans", "unit": "plants", "note": "Different dates: estimate (2022 data), applications (2025), panel-cleared (6 Feb 2026), first-year payers and approvals (Nov 2026).", "points": [ { "x": "Est. payers (pre-launch)", "y": 500, "fact": "tw:f12" }, { "x": "Plan applications 2025", "y": 430, "fact": "tw:f45" }, { "x": "Cleared by 6 Feb 2026", "y": 190, "fact": "tw:f47" }, { "x": "First-year payers", "y": 461, "fact": "tw:f15" }, { "x": "Plans approved (Nov 2026)", "y": 402, "fact": "tw:f16" } ] }, { "name": "Planned annual reduction by measure type", "unit": "MtCO2e/yr", "note": "Full-operation reduction in 2030 vs 2025, from submitted plans (CCA, Feb 2026). Negative-emission measures (2) excluded by CCA.", "points": [ { "x": "Low-carbon fuels", "y": 26.31, "fact": "tw:f50" }, { "x": "Process & efficiency", "y": 18.82, "fact": "tw:f51" }, { "x": "Renewable energy", "y": 2.32, "fact": "tw:f52" } ] }, { "name": "Emission adjustment coefficient for high-leakage firms", "unit": "coefficient", "note": "Share of (emissions) charged; phase lengths are not yet set in the regulation.", "points": [ { "x": "Phase 1", "y": 0.2, "fact": "tw:f21" }, { "x": "Phase 2", "y": 0.4, "fact": "tw:f22" }, { "x": "Phase 3", "y": 0.6, "fact": "tw:f23" }, { "x": "Other firms", "y": 1, "fact": "tw:f24" } ] }, { "name": "TCX fixed-price domestic credit trades", "unit": "TWD/t", "note": "Exchange trade figures are not republished here.", "points": [] }, { "name": "Rate Review Committee meetings per year", "unit": "meetings", "note": "Count of meetings listed by CCA plus the 2 Nov 2026 meeting.", "points": [ { "x": "2024", "y": 6, "fact": "tw:f05" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 1, "fact": "tw:f77" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 2, "fact": "tw:f77" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2023-02-15", "text": "Climate Change Response Act amended, with a legal basis for carbon fees.", "fact": "tw:f41" }, { "date": "2024-03-01", "text": "Carbon Fee Rate Review Committee formed.", "fact": "tw:f05" }, { "date": "2024-08-29", "text": "Three implementing regulations issued.", "fact": "tw:f10" }, { "date": "2024-10-07", "text": "Committee completes rate review.", "fact": "tw:f08" }, { "date": "2024-10-21", "text": "Rates announced: NT$300 general, NT$50 and NT$100 preferential.", "fact": "tw:f04" }, { "date": "2025-01-01", "text": "Rates take effect; 2025 emissions are the first charged.", "fact": "tw:f04" }, { "date": "2025-04", "text": "Trial filing, April to June, without payment.", "fact": "tw:f72" }, { "date": "2026-01-12", "text": "High carbon-leakage review principles issued.", "fact": "tw:f53" }, { "date": "2026-05", "text": "First payment completed by 461 plants.", "fact": "tw:f15" }, { "date": "2026-08-27", "text": "UK lists Taiwan's carbon fee as a qualifying scheme for its CBAM.", "fact": "tw:f60" }, { "date": "2026-09-01", "text": "Fee and plan regulations amended.", "fact": "tw:f58" }, { "date": "2026-11-02", "text": "Rate review reaches no consensus; more data requested.", "fact": "tw:f55" }, { "date": "2027-05-31", "text": "Payment deadline for 2026 emissions (rule: end of May).", "fact": "tw:f19" }, { "date": "2030", "text": "Target year for reduction plans and the committee's suggested NT$1,200–1,800 benchmark.", "fact": "tw:f06" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Total carbon fee revenue collected for 2025 emissions", "reason": "No official figure found on CCA/MOENV pages checked (only that all 461 plants paid)." }, { "item": "Actual chargeable emissions in the first year", "reason": "Not published in the sources opened; only pre-launch 155 Mt / 54% estimate." }, { "item": "Date of the next rate review meeting", "reason": "MOENV says the review continues at the next meeting but gives no date." }, { "item": "Number of firms recognised as high carbon-leakage", "reason": "Only applications were mentioned by a member in Feb 2026 minutes; no official approved count found." }, { "item": "Length of each high-leakage coefficient phase", "reason": "Regulation sets 0.2/0.4/0.6 by phase but no phase dates; Nov 2026 MOENV asks for a phasing plan." }, { "item": "Rate Review Committee minutes for 2 Nov 2026", "reason": "Not yet posted on the CCA review-status page (list ends 12 Feb 2026); MOENV press release used." }, { "item": "English versions on law.moj.gov.tw/Eng and moenv.gov.tw/en", "reason": "Chinese official texts used; the earlier English MOENV press release returned a bot-check (403) and was not retried." }, { "item": "TCX founding date and international credit trading volumes", "reason": "Not stated on the TCX pages opened." } ], "code": "tw" }, "thailand": { "country": "Thailand", "scheme": "Carbon price in fuel excise, T-VER credits and draft ETS", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "tgo_prem_iss": { "title": "T-VER database: Premium T-VER carbon credit issuance statistics by fiscal year (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/2/1", "lang": "en" }, "rg_excise_cp": { "title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "publisher": "Royal Gazette (Secretariat of the Cabinet) / Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "lang": "th" }, "exc_pr6_2568": { "title": "Press release No. 6/2568: Excise Department performance in fiscal year 2568 under the SMART Excise strategy (20 September 2025)", "publisher": "Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/Press6-2568.pdf", "lang": "th" }, "exc_pr35_2567": { "title": "Press release No. 35/2567: Excise Department sets course for Net Zero 2050 (30 September 2024)", "publisher": "Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/press35-2567.pdf", "lang": "th" }, "exc_pr39_2567": { "title": "Press release No. 39/2567: Excise Department prepares integration of policy, law and administration (2024)", "publisher": "Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/press39-2567.pdf", "lang": "th" }, "exc_pr4_2569": { "title": "Press release No. 4/2569: Excise Department signs MOU with oil-industry operators on a digital oil-data link to support a future carbon tax (20 February 2026)", "publisher": "Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/Press4-2569.pdf", "lang": "th" }, "exc_km": { "title": "Knowledge management note: Developing the law on carbon tax collection", "publisher": "Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.excise.go.th/cs/groups/public/documents/document/mjaw/mdyx/~edisp/webportal16200061848.pdf", "lang": "th" }, "dcce_cab2025": { "title": "Cabinet approves in principle the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (news release, 2 December 2025)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/14324/", "lang": "th" }, "dcce_krisdika": { "title": "DCCE begins first-round review of the draft Climate Change Act with the Office of the Council of State (news release, 5 May 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/22044", "lang": "th" }, "dcce_summary": { "title": "Summary of key points of the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (public-consultation draft, file dated November 2024)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.-1-1.pdf", "lang": "th" }, "tgo_reg": { "title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "lang": "en" }, "tgo_iss": { "title": "T-VER database: statistics of carbon credit issuance by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "lang": "en" }, "tgo_prem": { "title": "T-VER database: Premium T-VER registration and issuance statistics by fiscal year (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/2/1", "lang": "en" }, "tgo_home": { "title": "T-VER home page: registered-project totals (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/", "lang": "th" }, "tgo_about": { "title": "T-VER: About Us / Overview", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/en/about-us/en-overview", "lang": "en" }, "tgo_od_type": { "title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "publisher": "TGO Open Data", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "lang": "en" }, "tgo_od_meth": { "title": "Open data cc_02_01: T-VER carbon credit trading statistics by methodology, accumulated since FY2016 (CSV, last modified 24 April 2026)", "publisher": "TGO Open Data", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/a21f432c-cbac-4473-a3b1-46cc8b5183fd/resource/7430b1cb-b7a8-4e2d-8aaf-60ea9cf50e7c/download/cc_02_01.csv", "lang": "en" }, "tgo_cm_trade": { "title": "Carbon market portal: T-VER trading prices and volumes by project type, bilateral (OTC) and FTIX exchange (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://carbonmarket.tgo.or.th/modules/chart/classify.php", "lang": "th" } }, "facts": { "th:f01": { "id": "th:f01", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon price used in fuel excise", "value": "THB 200 per tCO2e", "num": 200, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "ราคาคาร์บอนมีมูลค่า ๒๐๐ บาท ต่อตันคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์เทียบเท่า", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f02": { "id": "th:f02", "category": "timeline", "label": "Excise notification issued (signed by Director-General)", "value": "28 March 2025", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "ประกาศ ณ วันที่ ๒๘ มีนาคม พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f03": { "id": "th:f03", "category": "timeline", "label": "Notification published in the Royal Gazette", "value": "22 April 2025 (Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, page 7)", "num": 142, "unit": "volume", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "เล่ม ๑๔๒ ตอนพิเศษ ๑๗๑ ง ราชกิจจานุเบกษา ๒๒ เมษายน ๒๕๖๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f04": { "id": "th:f04", "category": "timeline", "label": "Entry into force rule (clause 3)", "value": "From the day after the date of issue, i.e. 29 March 2025 (issued 28 March 2025, f02)", "num": 29, "unit": "day", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "ข้อ ๓ ประกาศฉบับนี้ให้ใช้บังคับตั้งแต่วันถัดจากวันออกประกาศเป็นต้นไป", "kind": "calc" }, "th:f05": { "id": "th:f05", "category": "scope", "label": "Legal basis: tariff schedule amended by Ministerial Regulation No. 41", "value": "Ministerial Regulation prescribing excise tariff rates (No. 41) B.E. 2568 (2025)", "num": 41, "unit": "number", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "กฎกระทรวงกำหนดพิกัดอัตราภาษีสรรพสามิต (ฉบับที่ ๔๑) พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f06": { "id": "th:f06", "category": "scope", "label": "How the per-unit carbon component is set", "value": "Carbon price (THB 200/tCO2e) multiplied in proportion to each product's emission factor per unit", "num": 200, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "ตามสัดส่วนของค่าการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจก (Emission Factor)", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f07": { "id": "th:f07", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Unleaded gasoline", "value": "THB 0.447 per litre", "num": 0.447, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "น้ำมันเบนซินชนิดไร้สารตะกั่ว … ๐.๔๔๗", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f08": { "id": "th:f08", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Gasohol E10", "value": "THB 0.403 per litre", "num": 0.403, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "น้ำมันแก๊สโซฮอล์ อี ๑๐ … ๐.๔๐๓", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f09": { "id": "th:f09", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Gasohol E20", "value": "THB 0.358 per litre", "num": 0.358, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "น้ำมันแก๊สโซฮอล์ อี ๒๐ … ๐.๓๕๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f10": { "id": "th:f10", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Gasohol E85", "value": "THB 0.069 per litre", "num": 0.069, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "น้ำมันแก๊สโซฮอล์ อี ๘๕ … ๐.๐๖๙", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f11": { "id": "th:f11", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Kerosene", "value": "THB 0.498 per litre", "num": 0.498, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "น้ำมันก๊าดและน้ำมันที่จุดให้แสงสว่างที่คล้ายกัน … ๐.๔๙๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f12": { "id": "th:f12", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Jet fuel (other than heading (1))", "value": "THB 0.498 per litre", "num": 0.498, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "น้ำมันเชื้อเพลิงสำหรับเครื่องบินไอพ่น นอกจาก (๑) … ๐.๔๙๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f13": { "id": "th:f13", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel, sulphur ≤0.001% (no biodiesel)", "value": "THB 0.548 per litre", "num": 0.548, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "น้ำมันดีเซลที่มีปริมาณกำมะถันไม่เกินร้อยละ ๐.๐๐๑ … ๐.๕๔๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f14": { "id": "th:f14", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel ≤4%", "value": "THB 0.537 per litre", "num": 0.537, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "ผสมอยู่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๔ … ๐.๕๓๗", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f15": { "id": "th:f15", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >4% to 7%", "value": "THB 0.518 per litre", "num": 0.518, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๔ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๗ … ๐.๕๑๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f16": { "id": "th:f16", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >7% to 9%", "value": "THB 0.504 per litre", "num": 0.504, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๗ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๙ … ๐.๕๐๔", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f17": { "id": "th:f17", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >9% to 14%", "value": "THB 0.485 per litre", "num": 0.485, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๙ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๑๔ … ๐.๔๘๕", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f18": { "id": "th:f18", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >14% to 19%", "value": "THB 0.458 per litre", "num": 0.458, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๑๔ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๑๙ … ๐.๔๕๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f19": { "id": "th:f19", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >19% to 24%", "value": "THB 0.431 per litre", "num": 0.431, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๑๙ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๒๔ … ๐.๔๓๑", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f20": { "id": "th:f20", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: LPG", "value": "THB 0.623 per kg", "num": 0.623, "unit": "THB/kg", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "ก๊าซปิโตรเลียมเหลว (แอล.พี.จี.) … กิโลกรัม … ๐.๖๒๓", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f21": { "id": "th:f21", "category": "price", "label": "Carbon component per unit: Fuel oil", "value": "THB 0.618 per litre", "num": 0.618, "unit": "THB/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "น้ำมันเตาและน้ำมันที่คล้ายกัน … ๐.๖๑๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f22": { "id": "th:f22", "category": "price", "label": "Implied emission factor, unleaded gasoline", "value": "about 2.24 kgCO2e per litre (= 0.447 / 200 × 1,000; facts f07, f01)", "num": 2.235, "unit": "kgCO2e/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "calc: 0.447 THB/L ÷ 200 THB/tCO2e", "kind": "calc" }, "th:f23": { "id": "th:f23", "category": "price", "label": "Implied emission factor, diesel", "value": "about 2.74 kgCO2e per litre (= 0.548 / 200 × 1,000; facts f13, f01)", "num": 2.74, "unit": "kgCO2e/litre", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "calc: 0.548 THB/L ÷ 200 THB/tCO2e", "kind": "calc" }, "th:f24": { "id": "th:f24", "category": "scope", "label": "NDC target cited in the notification", "value": "30-40% below business-as-usual by 2030", "num": 40, "unit": "%", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "๓๐ - ๔๐ จากการดำเนินธุรกิจตามปกติ (Business As Usual: BAU) ภายในปี พ.ศ. ๒๕๗๓", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f25": { "id": "th:f25", "category": "scope", "label": "Long-term targets cited in the notification", "value": "Carbon neutrality by 2050; net-zero GHG by 2065", "num": 2065, "unit": "year", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "เป็นกลางทางคาร์บอน ภายในปี พ.ศ. ๒๕๙๓ … สุทธิเป็นศูนย์ภายในปี พ.ศ. ๒๖๐๘", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f26": { "id": "th:f26", "category": "timeline", "label": "Cabinet resolution on CBAM preparedness plan cited as background", "value": "11 December 2024", "num": 2024, "unit": "year", "source": "th:rg_excise_cp", "evidence": "ซึ่งคณะรัฐมนตรีมีมติเห็นชอบเมื่อวันที่ ๑๑ ธันวาคม ๒๕๖๗", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f27": { "id": "th:f27", "category": "price", "label": "Excise Department FY2025 report: carbon price and legal form", "value": "Ministerial regulation plus Excise notification setting THB 200 per tonne of carbon", "num": 200, "unit": "THB/t", "source": "th:exc_pr6_2568", "evidence": "ออกประกาศกรมสรรพสามิต เพื่อกำหนดราคาคาร์บอน 200 บาทต่อตันคาร์บอน", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f28": { "id": "th:f28", "category": "market", "label": "Retailers showing per-fill carbon emissions with the Excise Department", "value": "2 companies (PTT OR and Bangchak)", "num": 2, "unit": "companies", "source": "th:exc_pr6_2568", "evidence": "ร่วมกับภาคเอกชน 2 ราย ได้แก่ บริษัท ปตท. น้ำมันและการค้าปลีก", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f29": { "id": "th:f29", "category": "price", "label": "First phase design: convert existing fuel excise into carbon-tax form", "value": "Existing oil excise re-expressed as carbon tax, no extra burden on the public (announced 30 Sep 2024)", "num": 2024, "unit": "year", "source": "th:exc_pr35_2567", "evidence": "แปลงภาษีสรรพสามิตที่เดิมมีการเก็บภาษีสรรพสามิตน้ำมัน ให้อยู่ในรูปของภาษีคาร์บอน", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f30": { "id": "th:f30", "category": "price", "label": "Effect on current excise burden", "value": "Adding the mechanism does not change the current excise tax burden (stated 2024)", "num": 0, "unit": "THB", "source": "th:exc_pr39_2567", "evidence": "การเพิ่มกลไกดังกล่าวจะไม่กระทบต่อภาระภาษีสรรพสามิตในปัจจุบัน", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f31": { "id": "th:f31", "category": "price", "label": "Social cost of carbon range in Excise Department study note", "value": "THB 192-3,133 per tonne of carbon; average THB 483", "num": 483, "unit": "THB/t", "source": "th:exc_km", "evidence": "ตั้งแต่ 192 – 3,133 บาทต่อตันคาร์บอน โดยเฉลี่ยอยู่ที่ 483 บาท", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f32": { "id": "th:f32", "category": "timeline", "label": "MOU on digital oil-volume data link to support a carbon tax", "value": "Signed 20 Feb 2026 with 18 companies (13 oil companies, 4 transporters, 1 aviation refueller)", "num": 18, "unit": "companies", "source": "th:exc_pr4_2569", "evidence": "รวมทั้งสิ้น 18 บริษัท", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f33": { "id": "th:f33", "category": "timeline", "label": "Cabinet approves draft Climate Change Act in principle", "value": "2 December 2025", "num": 2025, "unit": "year", "source": "th:dcce_cab2025", "evidence": "วันที่ 2 ธันวาคม 2568 … ครม. มีมติเห็นชอบต่อหลักการของร่างพระราชบัญญัติการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f34": { "id": "th:f34", "category": "scope", "label": "Size of the cabinet-approved draft Act", "value": "14 chapters, 205 sections", "num": 205, "unit": "sections", "source": "th:dcce_cab2025", "evidence": "มีบทบัญญัติ 14 หมวด 205 มาตรา", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f35": { "id": "th:f35", "category": "scope", "label": "Carbon pricing instruments in the draft Act", "value": "ETS (allowance allocation), CBAM, carbon tax and carbon credits", "num": 4, "unit": "instruments", "source": "th:dcce_cab2025", "evidence": "การจัดสรรสิทธิการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจก (ETS) การปรับราคาคาร์บอนข้ามพรมแดน หรือ CBAM ภาษีคาร์บอน", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f36": { "id": "th:f36", "category": "timeline", "label": "Council of State first-round review of the draft Act begins", "value": "5 May 2026 (Council of State Committee 7)", "num": 7, "unit": "committee", "source": "th:dcce_krisdika", "evidence": "เมื่อวันที่ 5 พฤษภาคม 2569 … พิจารณา … เป็นวาระแรก ร่วมกับสำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f37": { "id": "th:f37", "category": "scope", "label": "ETS chapter in the 2024 consultation draft", "value": "Chapter 8, sections 72-99: cap set in line with national targets; allowances allocated free and/or by auction", "num": 99, "unit": "section", "source": "th:dcce_summary", "evidence": "หมวด ๘ ระบบซื้อขายสิทธิในการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจก มาตรา ๗๒ – มาตรา ๙๙", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f38": { "id": "th:f38", "category": "credits", "label": "Banking/offsetting limit in the 2024 consultation draft ETS", "value": "Up to 15% of allowances to be surrendered", "num": 15, "unit": "%", "source": "th:dcce_summary", "evidence": "แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๑๕ ของสิทธิในการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกที่จะต้องคืน", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f39": { "id": "th:f39", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty for excess emissions in the 2024 consultation draft", "value": "Administrative fine up to 3 times the average auction price of allowances", "num": 3, "unit": "x", "source": "th:dcce_summary", "evidence": "ไม่เกินสามเท่าของราคาเฉลี่ยของสิทธิในการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกที่จัดสรรโดยการประมูล", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f40": { "id": "th:f40", "category": "scope", "label": "Carbon tax chapter in the 2024 consultation draft", "value": "Chapter 10, sections 118-147; rates set by ministerial regulation up to a ceiling in the Act's schedule", "num": 147, "unit": "section", "source": "th:dcce_summary", "evidence": "หมวด ๑๐ ภาษีคาร์บอน มาตรา ๑๑๘ – มาตรา ๑๔๗", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f41": { "id": "th:f41", "category": "scope", "label": "Size of the 2024 consultation draft", "value": "202 sections in 14 chapters", "num": 202, "unit": "sections", "source": "th:dcce_summary", "evidence": "ประกอบด้วย ๒๐๒ มาตรา มีทั้งหมด ๑๔ หมวด", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f42": { "id": "th:f42", "category": "credits", "label": "T-VER programme", "value": "Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program run by TGO; credits from registered projects may be traded in the voluntary market", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "th:tgo_about", "evidence": "carbon credits, generated by registered T-VER projects may be traded in the voluntary carbon market", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f43": { "id": "th:f43", "category": "market", "label": "Standard T-VER projects registered per fiscal year, FY2014-FY2026 (single and bundled)", "value": "9, 11, 19, 41, 50, 50, 45, 32, 53, 54, 96, 93, 101", "num": 101, "unit": "projects", "source": "th:tgo_reg", "evidence": "\"Number of Registered Projects.\",\"data\":[9,11,19,41,50,50,45,32,53,54,96,93,101,0]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f44": { "id": "th:f44", "category": "market", "label": "Standard T-VER projects registered, FY2014-FY2026 total (single and bundled)", "value": "654 projects (sum of f43)", "num": 654, "unit": "projects", "source": "th:tgo_reg", "evidence": "calc: sum of annual registrations FY2014-FY2026", "kind": "calc" }, "th:f45": { "id": "th:f45", "category": "market", "label": "Standard T-VER projects registered in FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "value": "101 projects, the highest of any fiscal year", "num": 101, "unit": "projects", "source": "th:tgo_reg", "evidence": "\"Number of Registered Projects.\",\"data\":[…,96,93,101,0]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f46": { "id": "th:f46", "category": "market", "label": "Forestry and agriculture share of FY2026 registrations", "value": "75 of 101 projects", "num": 75, "unit": "projects", "source": "th:tgo_reg", "evidence": "\"[FOR\\u0026AGR]\",\"data\":[2,5,0,3,3,1,3,0,23,15,48,56,75,0]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f47": { "id": "th:f47", "category": "market", "label": "Expected annual reductions of projects registered in FY2026", "value": "1,660,056 tCO2e", "num": 1660056, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_reg", "evidence": "\"Carbon Credit\",\"data\":[…,1984744,2008082,1660056,0]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f48": { "id": "th:f48", "category": "market", "label": "Expected reductions of projects registered per fiscal year, FY2014-FY2026", "value": "114,237 … 1,660,056 tCO2e (13 years)", "num": 1660056, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_reg", "evidence": "\"data\":[114237,590175,409007,1035672,1303096,1634113,916936,3578816,…]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f49": { "id": "th:f49", "category": "market", "label": "Standard T-VER credits issued per fiscal year, FY2015-FY2026", "value": "339,537 … 4,355,196 tCO2e (12 years)", "num": 4355196, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_iss", "evidence": "\"Carbon Credit\",\"data\":[0,339537,249612,493207,887523,1262757,2578321,3030038,4673841,…,4355196,0]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f50": { "id": "th:f50", "category": "market", "label": "Standard T-VER credits issued, cumulative FY2014-FY2026", "value": "28,247,683 tCO2e", "num": 28247683, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_iss", "evidence": "456 | 28,247,683 (grid total row)", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f51": { "id": "th:f51", "category": "market", "label": "Issuance events (project-issuances) counted FY2014-FY2026", "value": "456", "num": 456, "unit": "issuances", "source": "th:tgo_iss", "evidence": "Number of projects … total 456", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f52": { "id": "th:f52", "category": "market", "label": "Standard T-VER credits issued in FY2026", "value": "4,355,196 tCO2e from 57 project issuances", "num": 4355196, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_iss", "evidence": "2026 | 57 | 4,355,196", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f53": { "id": "th:f53", "category": "market", "label": "Standard T-VER credits issued in FY2022 (previous peak)", "value": "4,673,841 tCO2e", "num": 4673841, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_iss", "evidence": "2022 | 59 | 4,673,841", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f54": { "id": "th:f54", "category": "credits", "label": "Premium T-VER projects registered, FY2024-FY2026", "value": "4, 3 and 2 projects (9 in total)", "num": 9, "unit": "projects", "source": "th:tgo_prem", "evidence": "\"Number of Registered Projects.\",\"data\":[…,4,3,2,0]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f55": { "id": "th:f55", "category": "credits", "label": "Premium T-VER credits issued in FY2026 (first issuance)", "value": "60 tCO2e", "num": 60, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_prem_iss", "evidence": "\"Carbon Credit\",\"data\":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,60,0]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f56": { "id": "th:f56", "category": "market", "label": "Expected reductions of all registered Standard T-VER projects", "value": "17,174,981 tCO2e per year", "num": 17174981, "unit": "tCO2e/yr", "source": "th:tgo_home", "evidence": "อยู่ที่ 17,174,981 tCO 2 eq/ปี", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f57": { "id": "th:f57", "category": "credits", "label": "Expected reductions of registered Premium T-VER projects", "value": "26,051 tCO2e per year", "num": 26051, "unit": "tCO2e/yr", "source": "th:tgo_home", "evidence": "อยู่ที่ 26,051 tCO 2 eq/ปี", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f58": { "id": "th:f58", "category": "timeline", "label": "First T-VER project registrations in the TGO statistics", "value": "Fiscal year 2014 (9 projects)", "num": 2014, "unit": "year", "source": "th:tgo_reg", "evidence": "\"labels\":[\"2014\",…] \"data\":[9,…]", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f59": { "id": "th:f59", "category": "market", "label": "T-VER credits traded, accumulated since FY2016 (data to April 2026)", "value": "4,904,654 tCO2e across 8 project types", "num": 4904654, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_type", "evidence": "sum of cc_02_02 volume column (3414902+104067+1248+48278+12804+942515+375933+4907); cc_02_01 header: 'Accummulated Volume since FY 2016'", "kind": "calc" }, "th:f60": { "id": "th:f60", "category": "market", "label": "Value of T-VER credits traded, accumulated since FY2016 (data to April 2026)", "value": "THB 423,371,187", "num": 423371187, "unit": "THB", "source": "th:tgo_od_type", "evidence": "sum of cc_02_02 value column across 8 project types", "kind": "calc" }, "th:f61": { "id": "th:f61", "category": "price", "label": "Average traded T-VER price, all types (accumulated since FY2016)", "value": "about THB 86.3 per tCO2e (= f60 / f59)", "num": 86.3, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_type", "evidence": "calc: 423,371,187 / 4,904,654", "kind": "calc" }, "th:f62": { "id": "th:f62", "category": "price", "label": "Weighted average traded price, forestry and agriculture credits", "value": "THB 411.21 per tCO2e (range THB 55-3,000)", "num": 411.21, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_type", "evidence": "2569,FOR&AGR,375933,154586896,55,3000,411.2086356", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f63": { "id": "th:f63", "category": "price", "label": "Weighted average traded price, renewable energy credits", "value": "THB 39.95 per tCO2e (range THB 18-500)", "num": 39.95, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_type", "evidence": "2569,REF,3414902,\"136,420,874\",18,500,39.95", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f64": { "id": "th:f64", "category": "market", "label": "Renewable energy share of traded T-VER volume", "value": "3,414,902 of 4,904,654 tCO2e (about 70%)", "num": 3414902, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_type", "evidence": "2569,REF,3414902,\"136,420,874\",18,500,39.95", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f65": { "id": "th:f65", "category": "price", "label": "Weighted average traded price, industrial wastewater credits", "value": "THB 123.99 per tCO2e", "num": 123.99, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_type", "evidence": "2569,IWM,942515,\"116,865,635\",35,150,123.99", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f66": { "id": "th:f66", "category": "price", "label": "Weighted average traded price, solid waste credits", "value": "THB 172.68 per tCO2e", "num": 172.68, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_type", "evidence": "2569,SWM,48278,8336755,45,350,172.6822776", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f67": { "id": "th:f67", "category": "price", "label": "Weighted average traded price, sustainable afforestation methodology", "value": "THB 1,885.47 per tCO2e (4,957 t traded)", "num": 1885.47, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_meth", "evidence": "การปลูกป่าอย่างยั่งยืน,\"4,957\",9346296,1700,3000,2076.3,1885.47", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f68": { "id": "th:f68", "category": "price", "label": "Weighted average traded price, project-level REDD+ methodology", "value": "THB 1,112.04 per tCO2e (47,993 t traded)", "num": 1112.04, "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_od_meth", "evidence": "…ในระดับโครงการ,47993,53370000,1066.87,2000,2000,1112.04", "kind": "quoted" }, "th:f69": { "id": "th:f69", "category": "market", "label": "T-VER volume traded on the FTIX exchange (period not stated on the page)", "value": "13,665 tCO2e (sum of 5 project types), against 4,083,549 tCO2e bilateral (OTC) on the same page", "num": 13665, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "th:tgo_cm_trade", "evidence": "FTIX series volumes [32,12720,313,100,500]; OTC volumes sum 4,083,549", "kind": "calc" } }, "series": [ { "name": "T-VER credits issued by fiscal year", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; Thai fiscal year ends 30 September (FY2026 = Oct 2025-Sep 2026). TGO database, retrieved 12 Nov 2026.", "points": [ { "x": "2015", "y": 339537, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2016", "y": 249612, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2017", "y": 493207, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2018", "y": 887523, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2019", "y": 1262757, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2020", "y": 2578321, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 3030038, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 4673841, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 3444918, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 3535918, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 3396815, "fact": "th:f49" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 4355196, "fact": "th:f49" } ] }, { "name": "T-VER projects registered by fiscal year", "unit": "projects", "note": "Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; Thai fiscal years.", "points": [ { "x": "2014", "y": 9, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2015", "y": 11, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2016", "y": 19, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2017", "y": 41, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2018", "y": 50, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2019", "y": 50, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2020", "y": 45, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 32, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 53, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 54, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 96, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 93, "fact": "th:f43" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 101, "fact": "th:f43" } ] }, { "name": "Expected reductions of newly registered T-VER projects", "unit": "tCO2e per year", "note": "Expected annual reductions/removals of projects registered in each fiscal year.", "points": [ { "x": "2014", "y": 114237, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2015", "y": 590175, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2016", "y": 409007, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2017", "y": 1035672, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2018", "y": 1303096, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2019", "y": 1634113, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2020", "y": 916936, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2021", "y": 3578816, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2022", "y": 1010734, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2023", "y": 827547, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 1984744, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2025", "y": 2008082, "fact": "th:f48" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 1660056, "fact": "th:f48" } ] }, { "name": "Carbon component of diesel excise by biodiesel blend", "unit": "THB/litre", "note": "Excise Department notification (2025); carbon price THB 200/tCO2e times each product's emission factor.", "points": [ { "x": "B0", "y": 0.548, "fact": "th:f13" }, { "x": "≤4%", "y": 0.537, "fact": "th:f14" }, { "x": "4-7%", "y": 0.518, "fact": "th:f15" }, { "x": "7-9%", "y": 0.504, "fact": "th:f16" }, { "x": "9-14%", "y": 0.485, "fact": "th:f17" }, { "x": "14-19%", "y": 0.458, "fact": "th:f18" }, { "x": "19-24%", "y": 0.431, "fact": "th:f19" } ] }, { "name": "Carbon component by fuel", "unit": "THB per litre (LPG per kg)", "note": "Excise Department notification (2025).", "points": [ { "x": "Gasoline", "y": 0.447, "fact": "th:f07" }, { "x": "E10", "y": 0.403, "fact": "th:f08" }, { "x": "E20", "y": 0.358, "fact": "th:f09" }, { "x": "E85", "y": 0.069, "fact": "th:f10" }, { "x": "Kerosene", "y": 0.498, "fact": "th:f11" }, { "x": "Jet fuel", "y": 0.498, "fact": "th:f12" }, { "x": "Diesel", "y": 0.548, "fact": "th:f13" }, { "x": "Fuel oil", "y": 0.618, "fact": "th:f21" }, { "x": "LPG (kg)", "y": 0.623, "fact": "th:f20" } ] }, { "name": "Average traded T-VER price by project type", "unit": "THB/tCO2e", "note": "Weighted average, accumulated since FY2016 (TGO open data, to April 2026).", "points": [ { "x": "Renewables", "y": 39.95, "fact": "th:f63" }, { "x": "Ind. wastewater", "y": 123.99, "fact": "th:f65" }, { "x": "Solid waste", "y": 172.68, "fact": "th:f66" }, { "x": "Forestry & agri", "y": 411.21, "fact": "th:f62" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2014", "text": "First T-VER projects registered with TGO (9 in fiscal 2014).", "fact": "th:f58" }, { "date": "2024-09-30", "text": "Excise Department says the first phase will convert existing fuel excise into a carbon tax without extra burden.", "fact": "th:f29" }, { "date": "2024-12-11", "text": "Cabinet backs a plan to prepare for border carbon adjustments (CBAM), cited as the basis for the carbon price.", "fact": "th:f26" }, { "date": "2025-03-28", "text": "Excise Department issues the notification setting a THB 200 per tCO2e carbon price for fuels.", "fact": "th:f02" }, { "date": "2025-03-29", "text": "Carbon price takes effect, from the day after issue.", "fact": "th:f04" }, { "date": "2025-04-22", "text": "Notification published in the Royal Gazette.", "fact": "th:f03" }, { "date": "2025-12-02", "text": "Cabinet approves the draft Climate Change Act (205 sections) in principle, including an ETS.", "fact": "th:f33" }, { "date": "2026-02-20", "text": "Excise Department signs an MOU with 18 companies on a digital oil-data link for a future carbon tax.", "fact": "th:f32" }, { "date": "2026-05-05", "text": "Council of State begins its first-round review of the draft Act.", "fact": "th:f36" }, { "date": "2026-09-30", "text": "Fiscal 2026 closes with a record 101 T-VER registrations and 4.36 million tCO2e issued.", "fact": "th:f45" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Ministerial Regulation No. 41 B.E. 2568 (full text and date)", "reason": "Cited in the Excise notification; the Royal Gazette search page is behind a bot challenge (not bypassed) and the Excise ministerial-regulation list online stops at 2022." }, { "item": "Revenue raised by the carbon component", "reason": "No official figure found; the Excise Department reports oil excise revenue only in total." }, { "item": "Temporary excise cut on B20 and E20 from 28 Oct 2026", "reason": "Reported in the press as keeping the carbon component; no Excise Department or Royal Gazette document could be opened (thaigov.go.th and ratchakitcha search blocked by bot checks)." }, { "item": "Annual T-VER traded volumes and prices by year", "reason": "TGO open data gives only cumulative totals since FY2016 (last updated April 2026); the TGO trading chart page gives no period." }, { "item": "ETS start date, covered sectors and thresholds", "reason": "The draft Climate Change Act is still under Council of State review; no official date or coverage has been set." }, { "item": "Cabinet-approved (205-section) draft text", "reason": "Only the 2024 consultation draft summary (202 sections) is published; ETS details are taken from that draft and may change." } ], "code": "th" }, "vietnam": { "country": "Vietnam", "scheme": "Pilot domestic carbon market (GHG emission quotas + domestic carbon exchange)", "checked": "2026-11-12", "sources": { "qd263_news": { "title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "qd263_meta": { "title": "Decision No. 263/QD-TTg (document record)", "publisher": "Government of Viet Nam - Legal Documents Portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?docid=216923&pageid=27160", "lang": "vi" }, "qd232_meta": { "title": "Decision No. 232/QD-TTg approving the Scheme to establish and develop the carbon market (document record)", "publisher": "Government of Viet Nam - Legal Documents Portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=212592", "lang": "vi" }, "qd232_news": { "title": "Approval of the Scheme to establish and develop the carbon market in Viet Nam (Decision 232/QD-TTg)", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/phe-duyet-de-an-thanh-lap-va-phat-trien-thi-truong-cac-bon-tai-viet-nam-102250124174729484.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "nd29_meta": { "title": "Decree No. 29/2026/ND-CP on the domestic carbon exchange (document record)", "publisher": "Government of Viet Nam - Legal Documents Portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216694", "lang": "vi" }, "nd29_news": { "title": "Regulations on the domestic carbon exchange (Decree 29/2026/ND-CP)", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/quy-dinh-ve-san-giao-dich-cac-bon-trong-nuoc-102260120103338524.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "nd119_gazette": { "title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "publisher": "Official Gazette of Viet Nam (congbao.chinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "lang": "vi" }, "nd119_meta": { "title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP (document record)", "publisher": "Government of Viet Nam - Legal Documents Portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=213875", "lang": "vi" }, "nd396": { "title": "Decree No. 396/2026/ND-CP further amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (signed PDF)", "publisher": "Government of Viet Nam (datafiles.chinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2026/10/396_2026_nd-cp_26102026_3-signed.signed.pdf", "lang": "vi" }, "mae_119": { "title": "Government issues Decree amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP", "publisher": "Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (mae.gov.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://mae.gov.vn/chinh-phu-ban-hanh-nghi-dinh-sua-doi-bo-sung-nghi-dinh-so-062022ndcp-quy-dinh-giam-nhe-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-va-bao-ve-tang-odon-18591.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "mae_free": { "title": "Carbon market pilot: businesses receive free allowances", "publisher": "Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (mae.gov.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://mae.gov.vn/thi-iem-thi-truong-cacbon-doanh-nghiep-uoc-phan-bo-han-ngach-mien-phi-20693.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "mae_goods": { "title": "Carbon exchange in operation: what do businesses buy and sell?", "publisher": "Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (mae.gov.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://mae.gov.vn/chinh-thuc-van-hanh-san-giao-dich-carbon-doanh-nghiep-mua-ban-gi-22188.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "mae_process": { "title": "Carbon exchange in operation: the steps of a transaction", "publisher": "Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (mae.gov.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://mae.gov.vn/chinh-thuc-van-hanh-san-giao-dich-carbon-quy-trinh-cua-mot-giao-dich-22210.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "launch": { "title": "Viet Nam carbon exchange begins operation", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/san-giao-dich-cac-bon-viet-nam-van-hanh-doanh-nghiep-them-cong-cu-giam-phat-thai-102260629140706568.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "prelaunch": { "title": "Viet Nam prepares to operate its first carbon exchange", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-chuan-bi-van-hanh-san-giao-dich-cac-bon-dau-tien-102260626174322565.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "forum_apr": { "title": "Carbon market enters implementation phase (forum of 17 Apr 2026; Department of Climate Change and Ministry of Finance remarks)", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/thi-truong-cac-bon-vao-giai-doan-trien-khai-doanh-nghiep-doi-mat-yeu-cau-moi-102260417114409008.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "hnx_notice": { "title": "HNX notice: first and last trading dates of GHG allowances for 2025-2026 (VN2025), 26 Jun 2026", "publisher": "Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hnx.vn/vi-vn/cacbon/tin-cong-bo-tu-so.html", "lang": "vi" }, "hnx_list": { "title": "HNX allowance list (Danh muc han ngach)", "publisher": "Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hnx.vn/vi-vn/cacbon/danh-muc-han-ngach.html", "lang": "vi" }, "hnx_stats": { "title": "HNX carbon trading statistics by month / quarter / year (units: tCO2e, VND thousand)", "publisher": "Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hnx.vn/vi-vn/cacbon/thong-ke-giao-dich.html", "lang": "vi" }, "hnx_results": { "title": "HNX detailed carbon trading results by date (prices in VND thousand)", "publisher": "Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hnx.vn/vi-vn/cacbon/ket-qua-giao-dich.html", "lang": "vi" }, "hnx_home": { "title": "HNX carbon page: VN2025 quote box (updated 11 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hnx.vn/vi-vn/cacbon.html", "lang": "vi" }, "hnx_credits": { "title": "HNX carbon credit list (Danh muc tin chi)", "publisher": "Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://www.hnx.vn/vi-vn/cacbon/danh-muc-tin-chi-danh-sach.html", "lang": "vi" }, "inv2022": { "title": "List of sectors and facilities required to conduct GHG inventory (Decision 01/2022/QD-TTg)", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/ban-hanh-danh-muc-linh-vuc-co-so-phai-thuc-hien-kiem-ke-khi-nha-kinh-102220121175127973.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "inv2024": { "title": "2,166 facilities must conduct GHG inventory (Decision 13/2024/QD-TTg)", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/2166-co-so-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-phai-thuc-hien-kiem-ke-khi-nha-kinh-102240816120445962.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "inv2026": { "title": "2,441 facilities must conduct GHG inventory (Decision 42/2026/QD-TTg)", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/2441-co-so-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-phai-thuc-hien-kiem-ke-khi-nha-kinh-102260811160731774.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "penalty_draft": { "title": "Proposal to tighten penalties in the draft decree on administrative sanctions for environmental protection", "publisher": "Government of Viet Nam - Policy Making portal (xaydungchinhsach.chinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://xaydungchinhsach.chinhphu.vn/de-xuat-tang-che-tai-xu-ly-cac-hanh-vi-gay-o-nhiem-moi-truong-119260609095000927.htm", "lang": "vi" }, "jcm_about": { "title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: About the Mechanism", "publisher": "Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of the Environment, Japan (jcm.go.jp)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn-about", "lang": "en" }, "jcm_projects": { "title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: Project Cycle Search", "publisher": "Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of the Environment, Japan (jcm.go.jp)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn-projects", "lang": "en" }, "jcm_issuance": { "title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: Issuance of credits", "publisher": "Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of the Environment, Japan (jcm.go.jp)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn-projects-issues", "lang": "en" }, "jcm_news": { "title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: News", "publisher": "Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of the Environment, Japan (jcm.go.jp)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn", "lang": "en" } }, "facts": { "vn:f01": { "id": "vn:f01", "category": "coverage", "label": "Pilot emissions cap, 2025", "value": "243,082,392 tCO2e", "num": 243082392, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "vn:qd263_news", "evidence": "Tổng hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính thí điểm cho năm 2025 là 243.082.392 tấn CO 2 tđ", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f02": { "id": "vn:f02", "category": "coverage", "label": "Pilot emissions cap, 2026", "value": "268,391,454 tCO2e", "num": 268391454, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "vn:qd263_news", "evidence": "Tổng hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính thí điểm cho năm 2026 là 268.391.454 tấn CO 2 tđ", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f03": { "id": "vn:f03", "category": "coverage", "label": "Change in pilot cap, 2026 vs 2025", "value": "+25,309,062 tCO2e (+10.4%); calc = f02 - f01, divided by f01", "num": 10.4, "unit": "%", "source": "vn:qd263_news", "evidence": "243.082.392 tấn CO 2 tđ ... 268.391.454 tấn CO 2 tđ", "kind": "calc" }, "vn:f04": { "id": "vn:f04", "category": "scope", "label": "Facilities receiving pilot allowances (total)", "value": "110 facilities (34 + 25 + 51)", "num": 110, "unit": "facilities", "source": "vn:qd263_news", "evidence": "34 nhà máy nhiệt điện, 25 cơ sở sản xuất sắt thép, 51 cơ sở sản xuất xi măng", "kind": "calc" }, "vn:f05": { "id": "vn:f05", "category": "scope", "label": "Thermal power plants in the pilot", "value": "34 plants", "num": 34, "unit": "facilities", "source": "vn:qd263_news", "evidence": "phân bổ cho 34 nhà máy nhiệt điện", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f06": { "id": "vn:f06", "category": "scope", "label": "Iron and steel facilities in the pilot", "value": "25 facilities", "num": 25, "unit": "facilities", "source": "vn:qd263_news", "evidence": "25 cơ sở sản xuất sắt thép", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f07": { "id": "vn:f07", "category": "scope", "label": "Cement facilities in the pilot", "value": "51 facilities", "num": 51, "unit": "facilities", "source": "vn:qd263_news", "evidence": "51 cơ sở sản xuất xi măng", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f08": { "id": "vn:f08", "category": "timeline", "label": "Decision 263/QD-TTg approving 2025-2026 pilot caps", "value": "Issued 9 Feb 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "vn:qd263_meta", "evidence": "Số ký hiệu 263/QĐ-TTg Ngày ban hành 09-02-2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f09": { "id": "vn:f09", "category": "timeline", "label": "Decision 232/QD-TTg: carbon market scheme approved", "value": "Signed 24 Jan 2025", "num": 2025, "unit": "", "source": "vn:qd232_meta", "evidence": "Số ký hiệu 232/QĐ-TTg Ngày ban hành 24-01-2025", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f10": { "id": "vn:f10", "category": "timeline", "label": "Pilot phase of the carbon market", "value": "2025 to end-2028", "num": 2028, "unit": "", "source": "vn:qd232_news", "evidence": "Giai đoạn thực hiện thí điểm từ năm 2025 đến hết năm 2028", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f11": { "id": "vn:f11", "category": "timeline", "label": "Official operation of the carbon market", "value": "From 2029", "num": 2029, "unit": "", "source": "vn:qd232_news", "evidence": "Giai đoạn vận hành chính thức từ năm 2029", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f12": { "id": "vn:f12", "category": "credits", "label": "Credit types eligible for exchange trading under the 2025 scheme", "value": "4 sources: domestic mechanism, CDM, JCM, Paris Agreement Article 6", "num": 4, "unit": "types", "source": "vn:qd232_news", "evidence": "(ii) Cơ chế phát triển sạch (CDM); (iii) Cơ chế tín chỉ chung (JCM); (iv) Cơ chế theo Điều 6", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f13": { "id": "vn:f13", "category": "timeline", "label": "Decree 29/2026/ND-CP on the domestic carbon exchange", "value": "Issued and effective 19 Jan 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd29_meta", "evidence": "29/2026/NĐ-CP Ngày ban hành 19-01-2026 Ngày có hiệu lực 19-01-2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f14": { "id": "vn:f14", "category": "market", "label": "Size of Decree 29/2026/ND-CP", "value": "6 chapters, 35 articles", "num": 35, "unit": "articles", "source": "vn:nd29_news", "evidence": "Nghị định này gồm 6 chương, 35 điều", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f15": { "id": "vn:f15", "category": "market", "label": "Exchange service fees during the pilot", "value": "None charged to 31 Dec 2028; fees charged from 1 Jan 2029", "num": 2029, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd29_news", "evidence": "Thu tiền cung cấp dịch vụ trên sàn giao dịch các-bon trong nước kể từ ngày 01/01/2029", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f16": { "id": "vn:f16", "category": "timeline", "label": "Decree 119/2025/ND-CP (amends Decree 06/2022)", "value": "Issued 9 Jun 2025; effective 1 Aug 2025", "num": 2025, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_meta", "evidence": "119/2025/NĐ-CP Ngày ban hành 09-06-2025 Ngày có hiệu lực 01-08-2025", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f17": { "id": "vn:f17", "category": "scope", "label": "Unit of one allowance", "value": "1 allowance = right to emit 1 tCO2 or 1 tCO2e", "num": 1, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "Một đơn vị hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính thể hiện quyền phát thải bằng 01 tấn CO2", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f18": { "id": "vn:f18", "category": "credits", "label": "Vintage rule for tradable credits", "value": "Credits for reductions from 1 Jan 2021 onward", "num": 2021, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "Tín chỉ các-bon được cấp cho kết quả giảm nhẹ phát thải khí nhà kính từ ngày 01 tháng 01 năm 2021", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f19": { "id": "vn:f19", "category": "credits", "label": "Offset limit", "value": "Credits may cover up to 30% of a facility's allocated allowances", "num": 30, "unit": "%", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "để bù trừ không quá 30% lượng hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính được phân bổ của cơ sở", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f20": { "id": "vn:f20", "category": "compliance", "label": "Borrowing from the next period", "value": "Up to 15% of the period's allocation, until 2030; borrowed allowances cannot be traded", "num": 15, "unit": "%", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "Số lượng hạn ngạch vay mượn không vượt quá 15% lượng hạn ngạch đã được phân bổ", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f21": { "id": "vn:f21", "category": "compliance", "label": "Banking of unused allowances", "value": "Allowed to the next period until end-2030; banked allowances can be traded", "num": 2030, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "Trong giai đoạn đến hết năm 2030, cơ sở có thể chuyển giao lượng hạn ngạch ... chưa sử dụng hết", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f22": { "id": "vn:f22", "category": "compliance", "label": "Surrender deadline", "value": "By 31 December of the year after the allocation period (for 2025-2026: by 31 Dec 2027)", "num": 31, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "nộp trả ... trước ngày 31 tháng 12 của năm kế tiếp giai đoạn được phân bổ", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f23": { "id": "vn:f23", "category": "compliance", "label": "Surrender amount", "value": "At least verified direct emissions for the period minus credits used as offsets", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "phải tối thiểu bằng với kết quả kiểm kê khí nhà kính từ các nguồn phát thải trực tiếp", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f24": { "id": "vn:f24", "category": "compliance", "label": "Penalty for a surrender shortfall", "value": "Administrative fine under environmental-protection law, plus the shortfall is deducted from the next period's allocation", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "lượng hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính nộp trả còn thiếu sẽ bị trừ vào hạn ngạch phân bổ của cơ sở cho giai đoạn kế tiếp", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f25": { "id": "vn:f25", "category": "compliance", "label": "Cancellation of unbanked allowances", "value": "30 days after the surrender deadline, earlier-period allowances neither surrendered nor banked are cancelled", "num": 30, "unit": "days", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "Sau 30 ngày kể từ thời hạn nộp trả ... thực hiện hủy bỏ số lượng hạn ngạch", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f26": { "id": "vn:f26", "category": "price", "label": "Allowance auctions", "value": "Auction mechanism to be built and run in the phase from 2029", "num": 2029, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "2. Giai đoạn từ năm 2029 a) Xây dựng và thực hiện cơ chế đấu giá hạn ngạch", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f27": { "id": "vn:f27", "category": "scope", "label": "Allocation formula (Method 01)", "value": "A = P x B x T: 3-year average output x sector-average emissions per unit x adjustment factor", "num": 3, "unit": "years", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "Pa,(y-1;y-2;y-3): Sản lượng trung bình của cơ sở a sản xuất trong năm y-1, y-2, y-3", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f28": { "id": "vn:f28", "category": "scope", "label": "Adjustment factor in the allocation formula", "value": "T = (1 + g) x (1 - r): sector growth target g and emission-reduction target r", "num": 1, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "Hệ số T được xác định theo công thức sau ... g: Mục tiêu tăng trưởng của lĩnh vực", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f29": { "id": "vn:f29", "category": "scope", "label": "Product units used for benchmarks", "value": "kWh for thermal power (coal, oil, gas); tonne of crude steel; tonne of clinker", "num": null, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "kWh điện đối với nhà máy nhiệt điện; tấn thép thô ... tấn clinker", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f30": { "id": "vn:f30", "category": "timeline", "label": "Allocation deadlines for later periods", "value": "By 31 Oct 2027 for 2027-2028; by 31 Oct 2029 for 2029-2030", "num": 2027, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "trước ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2027 cho giai đoạn 2027 - 2028 và trước ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2029", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f31": { "id": "vn:f31", "category": "timeline", "label": "Ministries' proposals for the 2027-2028 period", "value": "Due to the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment by 30 Jun 2027", "num": 2027, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "gửi Bộ Nông nghiệp và Môi trường trước ngày 30 tháng 6 năm 2027 cho giai đoạn 2027 - 2028", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f32": { "id": "vn:f32", "category": "compliance", "label": "Verified inventory reports from allocated facilities", "value": "Third-party-verified results due to the Ministry by 1 December, from 2027", "num": 2027, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "báo cáo kết quả kiểm kê khí nhà kính đã được thẩm định trước ngày 01 tháng 12 kể từ năm 2027", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f33": { "id": "vn:f33", "category": "coverage", "label": "Share of inventory-facility emissions in the first phase", "value": "More than 100 facilities, about 40% of total emissions of facilities required to report", "num": 40, "unit": "%", "source": "vn:mae_119", "evidence": "giai đoạn đầu có hơn 100 cơ sở được phân bổ hạn ngạch, chiếm khoảng 40% tổng phát thải", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f34": { "id": "vn:f34", "category": "price", "label": "Allocation method in the pilot", "value": "Allowances allocated free of charge (pilot to 2028)", "num": 2028, "unit": "", "source": "vn:mae_free", "evidence": "hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính sẽ được phân bổ miễn phí cho các doanh nghiệp", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f35": { "id": "vn:f35", "category": "timeline", "label": "Carbon exchange launch", "value": "Began operation on 29 Jun 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "vn:launch", "evidence": "Sàn giao dịch các-bon trong nước chính thức đi vào hoạt động ngày 29/6", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f36": { "id": "vn:f36", "category": "market", "label": "Trading members at launch", "value": "6 securities companies", "num": 6, "unit": "firms", "source": "vn:launch", "evidence": "hệ thống thành viên gồm 6 công ty chứng khoán đầu tiên đáp ứng điều kiện", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f37": { "id": "vn:f37", "category": "timeline", "label": "National registry rules", "value": "Circular 11/2026/TT-BNNMT of 13 Feb 2026", "num": 11, "unit": "", "source": "vn:prelaunch", "evidence": "Thông tư số 11/2026/TT-BNNMT ngày 13/2/2026 quy định quản lý, vận hành Hệ thống đăng ký quốc gia", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f38": { "id": "vn:f38", "category": "market", "label": "Market-wide system testing", "value": "Internal and market-wide tests in May and June 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "vn:prelaunch", "evidence": "Trong tháng 5 và tháng 6/2026, các đơn vị đã triển khai kiểm thử nội bộ, kiểm thử toàn thị trường", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f39": { "id": "vn:f39", "category": "credits", "label": "Credit groups allowed to trade (Ministry of Finance Legal Department representative, Apr 2026)", "value": "3 groups: domestic credits, credits under international mechanisms, Paris Agreement credits", "num": 3, "unit": "groups", "source": "vn:forum_apr", "evidence": "Có 3 nhóm tín chỉ được phép giao dịch gồm tín chỉ trong nước, tín chỉ theo cơ chế quốc tế", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f42": { "id": "vn:f42", "category": "market", "label": "VN2025 trading window", "value": "First trading day 29 Jun 2026; last trading day 24 Dec 2027", "num": 2027, "unit": "", "source": "vn:hnx_notice", "evidence": "Ngày giao dịch cuối cùng của mã hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính: 24/12/2027", "kind": "institutional" }, "vn:f55": { "id": "vn:f55", "category": "coverage", "label": "Facilities required to report GHG inventory, 2022 list", "value": "1,912 facilities (1,662 + 70 + 104 + 76) under Decision 01/2022/QD-TTg", "num": 1912, "unit": "facilities", "source": "vn:inv2022", "evidence": "1662 cơ sở ... ngành công thương; 70 cơ sở ... giao thông vận tải; 104 ... xây dựng; 76 ...", "kind": "calc" }, "vn:f56": { "id": "vn:f56", "category": "coverage", "label": "Facilities required to report GHG inventory, 2024 list", "value": "2,166 facilities under Decision 13/2024/QD-TTg (effective 1 Oct 2024)", "num": 2166, "unit": "facilities", "source": "vn:inv2024", "evidence": "danh mục 2.166 cơ sở phát thải khí nhà kính phải thực hiện kiểm kê khí nhà kính cập nhật năm 2024", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f57": { "id": "vn:f57", "category": "coverage", "label": "Facilities required to report GHG inventory, 2026 list", "value": "2,441 facilities under Decision 42/2026/QD-TTg (effective 25 Sep 2026)", "num": 2441, "unit": "facilities", "source": "vn:inv2026", "evidence": "2441 cơ sở phát thải khí nhà kính phải thực hiện kiểm kê khí nhà kính", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f58": { "id": "vn:f58", "category": "timeline", "label": "Decree 396/2026/ND-CP (further amends Decree 06/2022)", "value": "Issued 26 Oct 2026; effective 12 Dec 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd396", "evidence": "Nghị định này có hiệu lực thi hành từ ngày 12 tháng 12 năm 2026", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f59": { "id": "vn:f59", "category": "compliance", "label": "Draft fine: excess emissions of 5,000 tCO2e or more (proposal, Jun 2026)", "value": "VND 300-400 million (draft decree, not adopted)", "num": 400000000, "unit": "VND", "source": "vn:penalty_draft", "evidence": "Phạt tiền từ 300.000.000 đồng đến 400.000.000 đồng ... từ 5.000 tấn CO 2 tương đương trở lên", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f60": { "id": "vn:f60", "category": "compliance", "label": "Draft fine: excess emissions of 3,000 to under 5,000 tCO2e (proposal)", "value": "VND 100-300 million (draft decree, not adopted)", "num": 300000000, "unit": "VND", "source": "vn:penalty_draft", "evidence": "Phạt tiền từ 100.000.000 đồng đến 300.000.000 đồng ... từ 3.000 tấn CO 2 tương đương đến dưới 5.000", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f61": { "id": "vn:f61", "category": "compliance", "label": "Draft fine: excess emissions of 1,000 to under 3,000 tCO2e (proposal)", "value": "VND 20-75 million (draft decree, not adopted)", "num": 75000000, "unit": "VND", "source": "vn:penalty_draft", "evidence": "Phạt tiền từ 20.000.000 đồng đến 75.000.000 đồng ... từ 1.000 tấn CO 2 tương đương đến dưới 3.000", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f62": { "id": "vn:f62", "category": "credits", "label": "Japan-Viet Nam Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)", "value": "Bilateral document signed 2 Jul 2013", "num": 2013, "unit": "", "source": "vn:jcm_about", "evidence": "Viet Nam and Japan signed a bilateral document for the introduction of the JCM on July 2th, 2013.", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f63": { "id": "vn:f63", "category": "credits", "label": "JCM projects in Viet Nam", "value": "20 listed (VN001-VN020): 14 registered, 6 in validation", "num": 20, "unit": "projects", "source": "vn:jcm_projects", "evidence": "VN014 Project registered ... VN015 Validation ... VN020 Validation", "kind": "calc" }, "vn:f64": { "id": "vn:f64", "category": "credits", "label": "JCM credits notified for issuance, Viet Nam projects", "value": "35,313 credits from 13 projects (both countries' shares)", "num": 35313, "unit": "credits", "source": "vn:jcm_issuance", "evidence": "Total projects found: 13 , Total notified amounts: 35,313", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f65": { "id": "vn:f65", "category": "credits", "label": "Latest JCM Joint Committee", "value": "10th Joint Committee, 16 Oct 2026 (Hanoi and online)", "num": 10, "unit": "", "source": "vn:jcm_news", "evidence": "16 Oct 26 10th Joint Committee in Hanoi and Online", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f66": { "id": "vn:f66", "category": "credits", "label": "Japan-Viet Nam Memorandum of Cooperation", "value": "Signed 2 May 2026", "num": 2026, "unit": "", "source": "vn:jcm_news", "evidence": "02 May 26 Japan and Viet Nam signed a Memorandum of Cooperation", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f67": { "id": "vn:f67", "category": "timeline", "label": "Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (base GHG mitigation decree)", "value": "Dated 7 Jan 2022", "num": 2022, "unit": "", "source": "vn:nd119_gazette", "evidence": "Nghị định số 06/2022/NĐ-CP ngày 07 tháng 01 năm 2022", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f68": { "id": "vn:f68", "category": "coverage", "label": "Enterprises receiving pilot allowances", "value": "92 enterprises owning the 110 facilities", "num": 92, "unit": "enterprises", "source": "vn:mae_goods", "evidence": "Bộ Nông nghiệp và Môi trường phân bổ hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính cho 92 doanh nghiệp (với 110 cơ sở) đầu tiên.", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f69": { "id": "vn:f69", "category": "market", "label": "Trading method in the pilot", "value": "Negotiated (bilateral) trades only, to the end of 2028; the exchange confirms, records ownership and settles", "num": 2028, "unit": "", "source": "vn:mae_process", "evidence": "trong thời gian thí điểm thị trường carbon đến hết năm 2028, sàn giao dịch carbon trong nước sẽ triển khai giao dịch thỏa thuận.", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f70": { "id": "vn:f70", "category": "market", "label": "Settlement and accounts", "value": "Immediate settlement (buyer must hold cash, seller the allowances, before matching); one carbon trading account per organisation", "num": 1, "unit": "account", "source": "vn:mae_process", "evidence": "hoạt động thanh toán trên sàn carbon được thực hiện theo cơ chế thanh toán tức thì ... doanh nghiệp, tổ chức chỉ được sử dụng một tài khoản giao dịch carbon duy nhất.", "kind": "quoted" }, "vn:f71": { "id": "vn:f71", "category": "coverage", "label": "Pilot caps for 2025 and 2026 combined (calc.)", "value": "511,473,846 tCO2e (243,082,392 + 268,391,454)", "num": 511473846, "unit": "tCO2e", "source": "vn:qd263_news", "evidence": "calc = f01 + f02 (Decision 263/QD-TTg caps for 2025 and 2026)", "kind": "calc", "checked": "2026-11-14" } }, "series": [ { "name": "Vietnam VN2025 allowance traded volume by month", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "HNX statistics by month; November covers 1-11 Nov 2026.", "points": [] }, { "name": "Vietnam VN2025 allowance trade value by month", "unit": "VND million", "note": "HNX statistics by month (published in VND thousand).", "points": [] }, { "name": "Vietnam VN2025 closing price on trading days", "unit": "VND/tCO2e", "note": "Only two days had trades to 11 Nov 2026.", "points": [] }, { "name": "Vietnam pilot emissions cap by year", "unit": "tCO2e", "note": "Decision 263/QD-TTg; caps for 2027 onward not yet set.", "points": [ { "x": "2025", "y": 243082392, "fact": "vn:f01" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 268391454, "fact": "vn:f02" } ] }, { "name": "Vietnam facilities required to report a GHG inventory", "unit": "facilities", "note": "Prime Minister's lists of 2022, 2024 and 2026.", "points": [ { "x": "2022", "y": 1912, "fact": "vn:f55" }, { "x": "2024", "y": 2166, "fact": "vn:f56" }, { "x": "2026", "y": 2441, "fact": "vn:f57" } ] }, { "name": "Vietnam pilot facilities by sector", "unit": "facilities", "note": "Facilities receiving 2025-2026 allowances.", "points": [ { "x": "Thermal power", "y": 34, "fact": "vn:f05" }, { "x": "Iron and steel", "y": 25, "fact": "vn:f06" }, { "x": "Cement", "y": 51, "fact": "vn:f07" } ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2013-07-02", "text": "Viet Nam and Japan sign the JCM bilateral document.", "fact": "vn:f62" }, { "date": "2022-01-07", "text": "Decree 06/2022/ND-CP sets the GHG mitigation and carbon market framework.", "fact": "vn:f67" }, { "date": "2025-01-24", "text": "Decision 232/QD-TTg approves the carbon market scheme: pilot to 2028, official from 2029.", "fact": "vn:f09" }, { "date": "2025-08-01", "text": "Decree 119/2025/ND-CP takes effect: allocation, 30% offset limit, 15% borrowing.", "fact": "vn:f16" }, { "date": "2026-01-19", "text": "Decree 29/2026/ND-CP on the domestic carbon exchange is issued and takes effect.", "fact": "vn:f13" }, { "date": "2026-02-09", "text": "Decision 263/QD-TTg sets pilot caps for 2025 and 2026 for 110 facilities.", "fact": "vn:f08" }, { "date": "2026-12-12", "text": "Decree 396/2026/ND-CP takes effect.", "fact": "vn:f58" }, { "date": "2027-10-31", "text": "Deadline to allocate 2027-2028 allowances.", "fact": "vn:f30" }, { "date": "2027-12-24", "text": "Last trading day for VN2025 allowances.", "fact": "vn:f42" }, { "date": "2027-12-31", "text": "Surrender deadline for 2025-2026 emissions.", "fact": "vn:f22" }, { "date": "2029", "text": "Official market phase; auctions to be built; exchange fees start.", "fact": "vn:f11" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Facility-level allocations and the 2025 actual emissions", "reason": "Decision 263 signed PDF is a scanned image (no text layer) and the per-facility allocation decision was not found in official text form." }, { "item": "Penalty amount actually in force for surrender shortfalls", "reason": "Decree 119 only refers to the environmental sanctions decree; the June 2026 fine bands are a draft. The adopted sanctions decree text was not found." }, { "item": "Consolidated text 40/VBHN-BNNMT and Decrees 83/2026 and 112/2026", "reason": "mae.gov.vn PDF could not be downloaded (server certificate chain not verifiable from this environment); content not read." }, { "item": "HNX notice 971/BDKH-TTCB attachment (Department of Climate Change letter)", "reason": "owa.hnx.vn PDF not downloadable (certificate chain); only the HNX notice text was read." }, { "item": "Price band, lot size and trading hours on the carbon exchange", "reason": "HNX/VNX trading rules not opened." }, { "item": "JCM credits held or traded on the Vietnamese exchange", "reason": "HNX credit list is empty; no official figure for JCM credits used domestically." }, { "item": "Facility threshold for inventory (commonly cited 3,000 tCO2e/yr)", "reason": "Not found in the official texts opened." } ], "code": "vn" } }, "basic": { "mn": { "name": "Mongolia", "status": "planned", "scheme_name": "Law on Climate Change carbon market framework (national carbon credit / ITMO registry)", "scheme_type": "crediting framework (no ETS or carbon tax confirmed)", "start": "2026-07-02", "headline_number": null, "next_date": null, "facts": [ { "id": "mn01", "label": "Law on Climate Change adopted and in force", "value": "Adopted 2 July 2026, in force nationwide", "num": null, "source": "basic_au_mn_tw_hk:mn_namem_carbon", "evidence": "Уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлтийн тухай хууль нь 2026 оны 07 дугаар сарын 02-ны өдөр батлагдан, улсын хэмжээнд мөрдөгдөж байна", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "mn02", "label": "Registry under the law", "value": "National Regulator (NAMEM) to run the registry of carbon credits and internationally transferred mitigation outcomes", "num": null, "source": "basic_au_mn_tw_hk:mn_namem_carbon", "evidence": "карбон кредитийн болон олон улсад шилжүүлэн тооцох сааруулалтын үр дүнгийн бүртгэлийн системийг удирдлага, зохион байгуулалтаар хангах", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "mn03", "label": "Project registration role", "value": "National Regulator reviews carbon market project documents and registers eligible projects", "num": null, "source": "basic_au_mn_tw_hk:mn_namem_carbon", "evidence": "Карбон зах зээлийн төсөл, хөтөлбөрийн санал, баримт бичгийг хянах, шаардлага хангасан төслийг бүртгэх", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "mn04", "label": "Article 6 deal with Singapore", "value": "Implementation Agreement signed 6 October 2025; open for project applications", "num": null, "source": "basic_au_mn_tw_hk:mn_sg_ia", "evidence": "Singapore and Mongolia signed an Implementation Agreement on carbon credits cooperation on 6 October 2025.", "kind": "quoted" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Emissions trading system (ETS)", "reason": "No official Mongolian source found stating an ETS is operating or scheduled; only the law's carbon market/registry provisions were confirmed." }, { "item": "Official price or rate", "reason": "No carbon tax, fee or official credit price found in official sources." }, { "item": "Law full text", "reason": "legalinfo.mn (official legal database) could not be reached from this environment; facts rely on NAMEM's summary page." }, { "item": "status classification", "reason": "'planned' is an editorial classification: framework law in force but no operating pricing instrument confirmed. No official text uses the word 'planned'." }, { "item": "next_date", "reason": "No official upcoming date found." } ], "file": "basic_au_mn_tw_hk" }, "my": { "name": "Malaysia", "status": "planned", "scheme_name": "Carbon Tax (initially iron, steel and energy sectors)", "scheme_type": "carbon tax", "start": "", "headline_number": null, "next_date": null, "facts": [ { "id": "my01", "label": "Carbon tax announcement (Budget 2026)", "value": "Carbon Tax to be introduced starting 2026 with initial focus on iron, steel and energy", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:my_budget2026", "evidence": "The Carbon Tax will be introduced starting next year, with an initial focus on the iron, steel and energy sectors.", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "my02", "label": "Link to carbon market policy and climate bill", "value": "Mechanism to be aligned with the National Carbon Market Policy and the upcoming Climate Change Bill", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:my_budget2026", "evidence": "aligned with the National Carbon Market Policy and the upcoming Climate Change Bill", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "my03", "label": "Bursa Carbon Exchange (BCX) launch", "value": "Voluntary carbon market exchange launched 9 Dec 2022", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:my_bcx_launch", "evidence": "today announced the launch of Malaysia's pioneer voluntary carbon market with the introduction of the Bursa Carbon Exchange", "kind": "institutional" }, { "id": "my04", "label": "BCX description", "value": "Shariah-compliant exchange for carbon credits and RECs; auction, continuous trading and off-market", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:my_bcx_about", "evidence": "offers three modes of trading: auction, continuous trading and off-market transactions", "kind": "institutional" }, { "id": "my07", "label": "Budget 2027 speech (9 Oct 2026) on carbon tax", "value": "No reference to a carbon tax found in the Budget 2027 speech text", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:my_budget2027", "evidence": "full-text search of speech for 'carbon tax' / 'carbon pricing' returned no match", "kind": "calc" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Actual start date of the carbon tax", "reason": "Budget 2026 said 'starting next year' (2026), but no official gazette/implementation notice found; deferral is reported only by press (not an allowed source), and Budget 2027 speech does not mention it." }, { "item": "Carbon tax rate", "reason": "No rate in Budget 2026 speech or any MOF document opened." }, { "item": "Domestic ETS under consideration", "reason": "No official NRES document on an ETS was opened; only the 'National Carbon Market Policy' and 'upcoming Climate Change Bill' are referenced in Budget 2026." }, { "item": "BCX traded volumes", "reason": "Last Done Price sheet lists prices only; volumes not checked." } ], "file": "basic_th_vn_my_ph" }, "ph": { "name": "Philippines", "status": "planned", "scheme_name": "Low Carbon Economy Investment Act (proposed carbon emission pricing framework / cap-and-trade)", "scheme_type": "ETS", "start": "", "headline_number": null, "next_date": null, "facts": [ { "id": "ph01", "label": "Current bill (20th Congress)", "value": "House Bill No. 2055 'Low Carbon Economy Investment Act', filed 17 Jul 2025", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:ph_hb2055", "evidence": "This Act shall be known as the \"Low Carbon Economy Investment Act.\"", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "ph02", "label": "Mechanism", "value": "Promotes a cap and trade system", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:ph_hb2055", "evidence": "this bill promotes the utilization of Cap and Trade System", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "ph03", "label": "Legislative history", "value": "Same bill approved by the House in the 19th Congress and transmitted to the Senate", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:ph_hb2055", "evidence": "was approved by the House of Representatives, and was transmitted to and received by the Senate", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "ph04", "label": "Pricing of excess emissions", "value": "Emissions above annual allowance subject to a carbon price set by the Climate Change Commission (CCC)", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:ph_hb2055", "evidence": "exceed the annual emissions allowance for a given year shall be subject to a carbon price set by the CCC", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "ph05", "label": "Proposed coverage (energy sectors)", "value": "Petroleum refining, electricity generation, CHP; plus manufacturing, transport, industrial processes", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:ph_hb2055", "evidence": "Petroleum refining, electricity generation, combined heat and power generation", "kind": "quoted" }, { "id": "ph06", "label": "Senate version (19th Congress)", "value": "Senate Bill No. 1992, Low Carbon Economy Act of 2023 (emission trading system)", "num": null, "source": "basic_th_vn_my_ph:ph_senate_lib", "evidence": "ESTABLISHING FOR THIS PURPOSE AND EMISSION TRADING SYSTEM AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM", "kind": "quoted" } ], "not_confirmed": [ { "item": "Current Senate status in the 20th Congress (committee approval etc.)", "reason": "legacy.senate.gov.ph and congress.gov.ph refused automated/browser access (403 / bot verification, not bypassed); committee action reported only by press." }, { "item": "Any operating carbon tax or domestic crediting scheme", "reason": "No official DENR/CCC document establishing one was found." }, { "item": "Carbon price level", "reason": "Bill leaves price to be set by the CCC; no official figure." } ], "file": "basic_th_vn_my_ph" } }, "articles": [ { "slug": "20261114-tw-foreign-credit-recognition-draft", "country": "tw", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-14", "event_date": "2026-11-12", "headline": "Taiwan drafts rules to recognise foreign credits from 2021 or later for up to 5% of carbon fee emissions", "lead": [ "On 12 November 2026, Taiwan's Ministry of Environment (MOENV) pre-announced draft rules for recognising foreign emission reduction credits.", "Only credits generated in 2021 or later, with host-country authorisation and a corresponding adjustment under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, would qualify.", "Existing carbon fee rules already cap foreign credit use at 5% of chargeable emissions and exclude high carbon-leakage firms." ], "what_happened": [ "On 12 November 2026, MOENV and its Climate Change Administration published a draft of the Foreign Emission Reduction Credit Recognition Rules. Article 27 of the Climate Change Response Act requires foreign credits used against the domestic carbon fee or a future cap-and-trade obligation to meet recognition rules set by MOENV. The draft sets out the application procedure and disclosure duties. Only 3 groups may apply: carbon fee payers, entities under cap-and-trade, and bodies designated by the central financial authority.", "On eligibility, the draft follows Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Credits must have been generated in 2021 or later, be consistent with the host country's nationally determined contribution (NDC), and be reflected in its national greenhouse gas inventory or transparency report. The host Party must authorise the credits and complete a corresponding adjustment, so that the same reduction is not also counted by the host. 3 project types are excluded: nuclear power, controversial logging and forestry projects, and measures that prolong fossil fuel use. MOENV says it plans to publish a positive list of eligible project types or methodologies at a later stage.", "Recognised credits could be used only for legal obligations, namely carbon fee deduction or cap-and-trade offsets. They could not be used for corporate ESG claims or product carbon-neutral claims. The project source, project type, recognised quantity and cancellation of every recognised credit would be published on a government platform. MOENV cited Switzerland, Japan and Singapore as countries that already allow regulated firms to use foreign credits within an Article 6 framework. Comments may be filed within 30 days from the day after the draft is published in the Executive Yuan Gazette, or at a public hearing." ], "background": [ "The carbon fee rests on the Climate Change Response Act, amended on 15 February 2023, which also sets a goal of net-zero emissions by 2050. The general rate of NT$300 per tCO2e was announced on 21 October 2024 and took effect on 1 January 2025. The fee applies to plants in power, gas supply and manufacturing whose emissions reach 25,000 tCO2e a year. In the first payment round, 461 plants at 240 companies had paid by May 2026.", "The Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees already provide two offset routes. Domestic credits may be deducted up to 10% of chargeable emissions, and credits from voluntary or offset projects deduct at a ratio of 1.2. Foreign credits recognised by MOENV may cover up to 5% of chargeable emissions, but not for high carbon-leakage firms. Until now, the rules for how a foreign credit is recognised had not been issued, so the 5% route had no working procedure. The new draft fills that gap. Over the longer term, the Act points to a cap-based emissions trading system, which is why the draft also covers cap-and-trade entities." ], "comparison": { "title": "Limits on credit use in five Asian compliance schemes", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Credit use limit", "Eligible credits (as stated in official sources)" ], "rows": [ [ "Taiwan carbon fee", "Foreign credits up to 5% of chargeable emissions; domestic credits up to 10%", "Foreign credits recognised by MOENV; draft requires 2021 or later vintage" ], [ "Singapore carbon tax", "Up to 5% of taxable emissions, from 1 January 2024", "International carbon credits meeting Article 6 rules plus seven principles" ], [ "Japan GX-ETS", "10% of each year's emissions", "J-Credits and JCM credits" ], [ "Korea K-ETS", "Up to 10% of the surrender obligation; exact limit set in the allocation plan", "Offset credits (KOC/KCU)" ], [ "Viet Nam carbon market", "Up to 30% of a facility's allocated allowances", "4 sources: domestic mechanism, CDM, JCM, Paris Agreement Article 6" ] ], "facts": [ "tw:f28", "tw:f25", "tw:f80", "sg:f50", "sg:f51", "jp:f23", "jp:f25", "kr:f42", "vn:f19", "vn:f12" ], "note": "Limits are legal ceilings as stated in each source; bases differ (chargeable emissions, taxable emissions, actual emissions, surrender obligation, allocated allowances) and are not directly comparable. Taiwan's vintage condition is in the 12 November 2026 draft and is not yet in force.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV), Climate Change Administration", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration (CCA), Ministry of Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration (CCA), Ministry of Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "f": { "title": "環境部修正發布「碳費收費辦法」第3條之1、第9條… (1 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14034", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "g": { "title": "Carbon Tax", "publisher": "National Environment Agency (NEA)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "h": { "title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts)", "publisher": "National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "i": { "title": "ETS Subcommittee Interim Report – Implementation Guidelines for Allowance Allocation (English)", "publisher": "METI (Industrial Structure Council)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/006_06_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "j": { "title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "k": { "title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령", "publisher": "Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center (law.go.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "l": { "title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "publisher": "Official Gazette of Viet Nam (congbao.chinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "m": { "title": "Approval of the Scheme to establish and develop the carbon market in Viet Nam (Decision 232/QD-TTg)", "publisher": "Government Electronic Newspaper of Viet Nam (baochinhphu.vn)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/phe-duyet-de-an-thanh-lap-va-phat-trien-thi-truong-cac-bon-tai-viet-nam-102250124174729484.htm", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "taiwan-carbon-fee", "singapore-carbon-tax", "japan-gx-ets", "korea-k-ets", "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot" ] }, { "slug": "20261114-tw-net-emissions-decline-cop31", "country": "tw", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-14", "event_date": "2026-11-11", "headline": "Taiwan puts 2025 net emissions 8.7% below 2005 as it reports four straight years of decline", "lead": [ "Taiwan's Ministry of Environment (MOENV) estimates that national net greenhouse gas emissions in 2025 were 8.7% below the 2005 base year.", "In a release dated 11 November 2026, MOENV reports that net emissions have fallen every year since 2021, by more than 2% a year on average.", "For the decade from 2015 to 2025, the ministry puts real GDP growth at 47.6% and the fall in emissions at 8.7%, and it restates NDC 3.0 targets of 28±2% by 2030 and 38±2% by 2035." ], "what_happened": [ "On 11 November 2026, during the UN climate conference COP31 in Türkiye, MOENV's Climate Change Administration published a summary of Taiwan's emissions record, organised around four points. The first concerns the trend: by the ministry's estimate, national net emissions in 2025 were 8.7% lower than in 2005, after four consecutive years of decline beginning in 2021, with the average annual fall above 2%.", "The second point is about growth and emissions. MOENV compared eight economies over the decade from 2015 to 2025 and put Taiwan's real GDP growth over that period at 47.6% and its emissions over the same period at 8.7% lower. This 2015-2025 figure is separate from the 2025-versus-2005 estimate in the first point, although both are given as 8.7%. On that basis the ministry describes Taiwan as having achieved absolute decoupling, meaning output grew while emissions fell in absolute terms rather than only per unit of GDP.", "The third point covers policy instruments. The release notes that the carbon fee is now being collected, with revenue earmarked for mitigation and adaptation, and that the NDC 3.0 targets of a 28±2% cut by 2030 and a 38±2% cut by 2035 are being implemented through 20 flagship programmes across six sectors, monitored across ministries. The fourth point links Taiwan's position to the COP31 goals: electricity made up 34.8% of final energy use in Taiwan in 2025, and building energy efficiency and equipment standards are covered by the residential and commercial sector's actions." ], "background": [ "The figures arrive in the first full year of carbon fee payments. The Climate Change Response Act, amended on 15 February 2023, set a goal of net-zero emissions by 2050 and created the fee. Plants emitting at least 25,000 tCO2e a year in power, gas supply and manufacturing pay NT$300 per tCO2e, or NT$50 to NT$100 with an approved voluntary reduction plan. Before launch, MOENV estimated that payers would cover about 155 MtCO2e, about 54% of national emissions.", "The first payment round closed in May 2026, with 461 plants run by 240 companies paying for their 2025 emissions. Of those plants, 402 have approved voluntary reduction plans, which MOENV expects to deliver 45.2 MtCO2e of reductions by 2030. The second Carbon Fee Rate Review Committee met on 2 November 2026 to consider three options for the rate and reached no consensus, asking for more data. In August 2026 the UK listed the carbon fee as one of 16 qualifying carbon pricing schemes for its CBAM." ], "comparison": { "title": "Headline economy-wide emission targets: Taiwan and three other economies", "headers": [ "Economy", "Target", "Base year", "Long-term goal" ], "rows": [ [ "Taiwan (NDC 3.0)", "−28±2% by 2030; −38±2% by 2035", "2005 (2025 estimate: −8.7%)", "Net zero by 2050" ], [ "South Korea (2035 NDC)", "53–61% below by 2035", "2018 net emissions (742.3 Mt)", "Not in cited fact" ], [ "Hong Kong (Climate Action Plan 2050)", "−50% before 2035", "2005", "Not in cited fact" ], [ "Australia", "43% below by 2030", "2005", "Net zero by 2050" ] ], "facts": [ "tw:f62", "tw:f63", "tw:f42", "kr:f52", "hk:f41", "au:f04" ], "note": "Targets are as published by each government; base years differ, so percentages are not directly comparable. Hong Kong's target refers to carbon emissions.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "moenv_14481": { "title": "臺灣減碳成績接軌COP31倡議 環境部提四大減碳成效 落實經濟成長與碳排絕對脫鉤 (11 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV), Climate Change Administration", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14481", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "announcement" }, "law_ccra": { "title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "law_fee": { "title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees)", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "cca_fee": { "title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration (CCA), Ministry of Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "moenv_14034": { "title": "環境部修正發布「碳費收費辦法」 (1 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14034", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "moenv_14412": { "title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 費率是否調整須補充資料再審 (2 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "moenv_14025": { "title": "英國 CBAM 認可臺灣碳費制度 (31 Aug 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14025", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "taiwan-carbon-fee" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-cn-ccer-forestry-methodologies", "country": "cn", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-11-09", "headline": "China adds 2 forestry CCER methodologies and revises 2 others between 10 October and 9 November 2026", "lead": [ "China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the National Forestry and Grassland Administration published 2 new CCER forestry methodologies on 9 November 2026.", "They cover management of existing tree forests (CCER-13-001-V01) and reforestation (CCER-14-006-V01), and take effect on issue.", "A month earlier, on 10 October, revised V02 versions of the afforestation and mangrove methodologies were posted, each effective 30 days after issue." ], "what_happened": [ "On 9 November 2026 the MEE General Office and the General Office of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (NFGA) posted a joint notice, dated 4 November and numbered Huanban Qihou Han [2026] No. 428, releasing two methodologies for China Certified Emission Reductions (CCER): tree forest management carbon sinks (CCER-13-001-V01) and reforestation carbon sinks (CCER-14-006-V01). The notice applies from the date of issue.", "The notice sets ownership and permanence rules. Credits from these projects belong to the owner of the trees; if the project developer is a different party, it must show proof of ownership and a transfer agreement with the owner. Developers also need a written commitment from the tree owner not to clear-cut within the project lifetime. Provincial and city-level environment departments, working with forestry departments, are to inspect registered projects and handle public complaints.", "On 10 October 2026 the MEE posted two revised methodologies. The afforestation methodology was updated from its first version to CCER-14-001-V02 in a notice issued with the NFGA, dated 9 October. The mangrove creation methodology moved to CCER-14-002-V02 in a notice issued with the Ministry of Natural Resources, dated 8 October. Both revisions take effect 30 days after issue, and projects already registered under the earlier versions keep using them.", "The mangrove revision allows several mangrove, coastal salt-marsh and seagrass restoration projects in the same province to be bundled into a single registration. Owners of all bundled projects must authorise the application, reductions are counted separately for each project type, and the crediting period of the whole bundle ends if any owner loses rights to its sea area or land." ], "background": [ "The national CCER market reopened on 22 January 2024, and the first new credits traded in March 2025, when 0.7488 Mt changed hands on day one at an average CNY 80.45 per tonne. The MEE published 12 methodologies in 2025. By the end of August 2026, 41 projects and 24.2335 Mt of credits were registered, cumulative trading reached 21.7068 Mt, and the average traded price stood at CNY 86.51 per tonne.", "CCERs connect to the compliance market through offsets. Covered entities in the national ETS may use them for up to 5% of allowances due. Usage has grown from 3.7174 Mt for 2021-2022 compliance to 6.4727 Mt for 2023 compliance, used by 58 entities." ], "comparison": { "title": "Offset limits in Asian carbon pricing schemes", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Offset credit limit", "Basis" ], "rows": [ [ "China national ETS (CCER)", "5%", "Of allowances due" ], [ "Taiwan carbon fee (domestic credits)", "10%", "Of chargeable emissions" ], [ "Korea K-ETS (KOC/KCU)", "10%", "Legal ceiling on surrender obligation" ], [ "Japan GX-ETS", "10%", "Of each year's emissions" ], [ "Singapore carbon tax (ICCs)", "5%", "Of taxable emissions, from 1 January 2024" ] ], "facts": [ "cn:f63", "tw:f25", "kr:f42", "jp:f23", "sg:f50" ], "note": "Korea's exact limit is set in each allocation plan within the 10% legal ceiling.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "mee_ccer_428": { "title": "关于发布《温室气体自愿减排项目方法学 乔木林经营碳汇（CCER—13—001—V01）》等2项方法学的通知 (环办气候函〔2026〕428号)", "publisher": "MEE General Office and NFGA General Office", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202611/t20261109_1185815.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "mee_ccer_385": { "title": "关于发布《温室气体自愿减排项目方法学 造林碳汇（CCER—14—001—V02）》的通知 (环办气候函〔2026〕385号)", "publisher": "MEE General Office and NFGA General Office", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202610/t20261010_1175960.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "mee_ccer_384": { "title": "关于发布《温室气体自愿减排项目方法学 红树林营造（CCER—14—002—V02）》的通知 (环办气候函〔2026〕384号)", "publisher": "MEE General Office and Ministry of Natural Resources General Office", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202610/t20261010_1175958.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "mee_dev2025": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025）", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "mee_dev2026": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026）", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "mee_dev2024": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024）", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "mee_order19": { "title": "碳排放权交易管理办法（试行） (MEE Order No. 19)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202112/P020211213372253773271.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "china-national-ets", "taiwan-carbon-fee", "korea-k-ets", "japan-gx-ets", "singapore-carbon-tax" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-th-climate-act-review-week26", "country": "th", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-11-07", "headline": "Thailand's Council of State reaches penalty provisions in week 26 of its review of the draft Climate Change Act", "lead": [ "In an update posted on 7 November 2026, DCCE reported that the Council of State committee had finished chapter 12 on adaptation in week 26 of its review of the draft Climate Change Act.", "The committee also took up chapter 13 on a climate taxonomy and opened the penalty provisions, with penalties and the carbon tax chapter set for the following week.", "The review started on 5 May 2026; the draft approved by the cabinet in December 2025 has 205 sections in 14 chapters." ], "what_happened": [ "The Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE) posts a weekly note on the Council of State review. In week 26, posted on 7 November 2026, Director-General Pirun Saiyasitpanich and DCCE staff briefed the committee as it closed chapter 12, covering adaptation action plans, provincial and local plans and progress tracking. The committee then examined chapter 13, a classification standard for climate-related economic activity, with DCCE presenting its aims and foreign taxonomy practice. It also started on penalties, including offences tied to reporting greenhouse gas emission data.", "The notes posted since mid-September trace the market chapters. Week 18 (12 September) closed chapter 8 on emissions trading and opened chapter 9 on a border carbon adjustment. Week 21 (3 October) covered chapter 10, the carbon tax: how liability differs from the border mechanism, the proposal to make the Excise Department and the Customs Department the collecting agencies, and filing, payment and assessment notices. Week 22 (9 October) dealt with officials' assessment powers and opened chapter 11 on carbon credits. Weeks 23 and 24 (16 and 22 October) covered credits for international purposes, links to capital-market law, transfers and sales, and the definition of a carbon credit business, closing chapter 11. Week 25 (31 October) worked through adaptation data and plans." ], "background": [ "The cabinet approved the draft Act in principle on 2 December 2025. It provides for an emissions trading system with allowance allocation, a border carbon adjustment, a carbon tax and carbon credits. The cabinet-approved text has not been published; the 2024 public-consultation draft placed the ETS in chapter 8, sections 72-99, with a cap set in line with national targets and free and/or auctioned allowances, and put the carbon tax in chapter 10, sections 118-147, with rates set by ministerial regulation up to a ceiling in the Act.", "A carbon price already exists outside the draft Act. Since 29 March 2025, fuel excise has included a carbon component priced at THB 200 per tCO2e, and on 20 February 2026 the Excise Department signed an MOU with 18 companies on a digital oil-data link to support a future carbon tax. No ETS start date, covered sectors or thresholds have been set." ], "comparison": { "title": "Penalties for missing allowances in Asian ETS laws", "headers": [ "Jurisdiction", "Law and status", "Penalty for an allowance shortfall" ], "rows": [ [ "Thailand", "Draft Climate Change Act; Council of State review since 5 May 2026", "Fine up to 3 times the average allowance auction price (2024 draft)" ], [ "Korea", "ETS Act enacted 14 May 2012", "Up to 3 times the average market price of the compliance year, per tonne" ], [ "Taiwan", "Climate Change Response Act amended 15 Feb 2023 (future ETS)", "3 times the carbon market price per tonne, capped at NT$1,500" ], [ "China", "National ETS rules (revised text)", "CNY 1-5 million fine, then 5-10 times the prior month's average price per missing allowance" ] ], "facts": [ "th:f39", "th:f36", "kr:f01", "kr:f40", "tw:f41", "tw:f44", "cn:f59" ], "note": "The Thai penalty is from the 2024 consultation draft and may change in the cabinet-approved text.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "DCCE pushes the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... in week 26 (news release, 7 November 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/31813/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "DCCE pushes the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... in week 25 (news release, 31 October 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/31415/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "DCCE pushes the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... in week 24 (news release, 22 October 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/31142/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "DCCE pushes the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... in week 23 (news release, 16 October 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/30734/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "DCCE pushes the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... in week 22 (news release, 9 October 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/30503/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "f": { "title": "DCCE pushes the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... in week 21 (news release, 3 October 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/30338/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "g": { "title": "DCCE pushes the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... in week 18 (news release, 12 September 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/29890/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_dcce_summary": { "title": "Summary of key points of the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (public-consultation draft, file dated November 2024)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.-1-1.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_dcce_krisdika": { "title": "DCCE begins first-round review of the draft Climate Change Act with the Office of the Council of State (news release, 5 May 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/22044", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "kr_moleg_act": { "title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "publisher": "Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center (law.go.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "tw_law_ccra": { "title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "cn_mee_reg_rev": { "title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, as revised 8 Aug 2026; posted 10 Oct 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), reproducing the State Council text", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202610/t20261010_1175967.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_dcce_cab2025": { "title": "Cabinet approves in principle the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (news release, 2 December 2025)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/14324/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_rg_excise_cp": { "title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "publisher": "Royal Gazette (Secretariat of the Cabinet) / Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_exc_pr4_2569": { "title": "Press release No. 4/2569: Excise Department signs MOU with oil-industry operators on a digital oil-data link to support a future carbon tax (20 February 2026)", "publisher": "Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/Press4-2569.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "thailand-carbon-pricing", "korea-k-ets", "taiwan-carbon-fee" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-th-icao-premium-tver-corsia", "country": "th", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-11-05", "headline": "Thailand's TGO says ICAO has approved Premium T-VER to supply CORSIA credits for 2027-2029", "lead": [ "TGO says ICAO approved Premium T-VER, the higher tier of Thailand's T-VER programme, on 5 November 2026 as a source of eligible units for CORSIA's second phase, 2027-2029; ICAO's own list had not been updated by 12 November.", "TGO reports that Premium T-VER was one of 4 standards approved out of 25 assessed in 2026, and the first approved standard run by a government body.", "Only credits from reductions made between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2029 qualify; the tier has 9 registered projects and a first issuance of 60 tCO2e." ], "what_happened": [ "The Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO) announced on 6 November 2026 that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) had, on 5 November, recognised Premium T-VER as a programme able to supply carbon credits to CORSIA, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation. The approval applies to the scheme's second phase, the 2027-2029 compliance period, in which airlines flying covered international routes offset part of their emissions with eligible units.", "TGO's notice gives three further facts. ICAO's 2026 assessment cycle looked at 25 standards and approved 4, including Premium T-VER. Premium T-VER is, by TGO's account, the first government-administered standard in the world to win this approval. And units used under phase 2 must come from reductions achieved from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2029. The notice does not name the other approved programmes or list any conditions. ICAO's public page on eligible units still showed its April 2026 edition when checked on 12 November 2026." ], "background": [ "T-VER is Thailand's domestic crediting programme, run by TGO; its registration statistics start in fiscal 2014. Its original Standard tier is large: 654 projects registered through fiscal 2026 and 28,247,683 tCO2e issued. Premium T-VER, the tier built to meet international requirements, is still small. TGO's registry lists 4 Premium registrations in fiscal 2024, 3 in fiscal 2025 and 2 in fiscal 2026, all in forestry and agriculture, with combined expected reductions of 25,291 tCO2e a year. The registry records one Premium issuance so far: 60 tCO2e in fiscal 2026, which ended on 30 September 2026.", "Prices also split by project type. A TGO open-data file on over-the-counter T-VER trading, labelled fiscal 2026 and last updated on 24 April 2026, shows 4,904,654 tCO2e traded, worth THB 423,371,187, and forestry and agriculture credits fetched a weighted average of THB 411.21 per tCO2e. Domestic carbon pricing is growing alongside: fuel excise has carried a THB 200 per tCO2e carbon component since March 2025, and the cabinet approved a draft Climate Change Act in principle on 2 December 2025 that covers carbon credits." ], "comparison": { "title": "Domestic crediting programmes: registered projects and volume", "headers": [ "Programme", "Registered projects", "Credits issued or registered" ], "rows": [ [ "Thailand Premium T-VER (FY2024-FY2026)", "9", "60 tCO2e issued" ], [ "Thailand Standard T-VER (FY2014-FY2026)", "654", "28,247,683 tCO2e issued" ], [ "Japan J-Credit (cumulative)", "1,497", "14.87 Mt-CO2 certified" ], [ "China CCER (to end-August 2026)", "41", "24.2335 Mt registered" ] ], "facts": [ "th:f54", "th:f55", "th:f44", "th:f50", "jp:f59", "jp:f60", "cn:f70" ], "note": "Definitions differ. J-Credit counts certified volume and includes transferred projects; the CCER figure is registered reductions. Thai figures cover single and bundled projects and exclude programmes of activities.", "chart": null }, "next": [ "2027-01-01: CORSIA's second compliance period (2027-2029) begins, the first period for which Premium T-VER units are eligible" ], "sources": { "a": { "title": "ICAO recognises TGO's Premium T-VER as a standard for carbon credits usable under CORSIA phase 2 (2027-2029) (news, 6 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.tgo.or.th/2023/index.php/th/post/icao-รับรอง-premium-t-ver-ของ-อบก-เป็นมาตรฐานในการรับรองคาร์บอนเครดิตที่สามารถใช้ชดเชยการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกจากสายการบินภายใต้กลไก-corsia-ระยะที่-2", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "CORSIA Eligible Emissions Units (current edition April 2026)", "publisher": "International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.icao.int/CORSIA/corsia-eligible-emissions-units", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "Premium T-VER registration statistics by fiscal year (single and bundled projects)", "publisher": "TGO", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/2/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "Premium T-VER carbon credit issuance statistics by fiscal year", "publisher": "TGO", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/2/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "Standard T-VER carbon credit issuance statistics by fiscal year", "publisher": "TGO", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_tgo_prem": { "title": "T-VER database: Premium T-VER registration and issuance statistics by fiscal year (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/2/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_tgo_reg": { "title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_tgo_iss": { "title": "T-VER database: statistics of carbon credit issuance by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "jp_jc_data": { "title": "Ｊ－クレジット制度について（データ集）2026年9月", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/data/pdf/credit_002.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "cn_mee_dev2026": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_tgo_od_type": { "title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "publisher": "TGO Open Data", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_rg_excise_cp": { "title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "publisher": "Royal Gazette (Secretariat of the Cabinet) / Excise Department, Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_dcce_cab2025": { "title": "Cabinet approves in principle the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (news release, 2 December 2025)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/14324/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "thailand-carbon-pricing", "japan-gx-ets", "china-national-ets" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-au-safeguard-unit-price-estimate", "country": "au", "category": "market", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-11-02", "headline": "Australia puts the interim Safeguard unit price for 2026-27 at A$38.47 after the September quarter", "lead": [ "Australia's climate department has published an interim Safeguard Mechanism unit price of A$38.47 for the 2026-27 financial year, based on the September quarter of 2026.", "The figure compares with final default prescribed unit prices of A$36.99 for 2025-26, A$36.05 for 2024-25 and A$33.19 for 2023-24.", "It remains well below the A$87.72 cost containment price that the Clean Energy Regulator charges in 2026-27." ], "what_happened": [ "The Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW) shows on its Safeguard Mechanism page, last updated on 2 November 2026, an interim estimate for the year to September of A$38.47 for the average prescribed unit price in 2026-27. The average for the September quarter of 2026 alone is the same A$38.47, since the financial year began on 1 July.", "For 2025-26, the same page lists a final price of A$36.99. Earlier final values were A$36.05 for 2024-25 and A$33.19 for 2023-24. The department names RepuTex Energy IQ as the data source for the two latest years and Core Markets for 2023-24, and says the figures follow its published methodology. It must publish the final figure by 30 June each year and publishes the year-to-date interim estimate every quarter.", "The price is used in one specific calculation. Facilities applying for trade-exposed baseline-adjusted (TEBA) status calculate their compliance cost as the tonnes by which they exceed their baseline, multiplied by the default prescribed unit price. On these figures, the 2026-27 interim estimate is 4% above the 2025-26 final value and 16% above the 2023-24 value." ], "background": [ "The Safeguard Mechanism applies to facilities whose annual emissions exceed 100,000 tCO2e. Since the 2023 reforms, baselines fall by 4.9% a year to 2030, and facilities above their baseline must surrender ACCUs or SMCs before 1 April.", "TEBA status is a subset of trade-exposed status for facilities facing an elevated risk of carbon leakage. It gives a reduced baseline decline rate for three years, based on a prescribed scheme impact metric; manufacturers measure that impact against EBIT and other facilities against revenue, under the department's published EBIT guidelines.", "The Clean Energy Regulator also offers ACCUs from its cost containment measure at a fixed price, which rises by CPI plus 2% a year. That price was A$75 in 2023-24 and is A$87.72 in 2026-27. The measure held 6.1 million ACCUs at 30 September 2026.", "The scheme is under review. The department's review page, updated on 13 October 2026, links to submissions on its consultation paper and lists policy positions and any draft rule amendments for early 2027. Items under review include the baseline decline rate for 2030-31 to 2034-35 and the arrangements for trade-exposed facilities." ], "comparison": { "title": "Three Safeguard price references by financial year (A$ per unit)", "headers": [ "Financial year", "Default prescribed unit price (DCCEEW)", "Cost containment price (CER)", "Generic ACCU spot at end of June (CER)" ], "rows": [ [ "2023-24", "33.19", "75", "34.34 (June 2024)" ], [ "2024-25", "36.05", "79.20", "35.45 (June 2025)" ], [ "2025-26", "36.99", "82.68", "37.95 (June 2026)" ], [ "2026-27", "38.47 (interim, to September)", "87.72", "Not yet available" ] ], "facts": [ "au:f34", "au:f35", "au:f36", "au:f37", "au:f45", "au:f48", "au:f52" ], "note": "Default prescribed unit prices are from the DCCEEW Safeguard Mechanism page. Percentages in the text are calculated from these values.", "chart": null }, "next": [ "2027-06-30: deadline for DCCEEW to publish the final 2026-27 default prescribed unit price (published by 30 June each year)" ], "sources": { "a": { "title": "Safeguard Mechanism (default prescribed unit price and year-to-date interim estimate; last updated 2 November 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/emissions-reporting/national-greenhouse-energy-reporting-scheme/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "2026-27 Review of the Safeguard Mechanism (last updated 13 October 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/emissions-reporting/national-greenhouse-energy-reporting-scheme/safeguard-mechanism/2026-67-review-of-the-safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "Managing excess emissions", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/managing-excess-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report - June Quarter 2026", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "australia-safeguard-mechanism" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-au-nature-repair-second-method", "country": "au", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-10-30", "headline": "Australia adds a second Nature Repair Market method as registered biodiversity projects reach four", "lead": [ "Australia's Clean Energy Regulator announced on 30 October 2026 a second method under the Nature Repair Market, covering the enhancement and maintenance of native vegetation.", "Two projects were registered in October, on 2 and 9 October, taking the Biodiversity Market Register to four projects, all in New South Wales.", "No biodiversity certificate has yet been issued, and both October projects plan to run alongside ACCU plantings on the same land." ], "what_happened": [ "The Clean Energy Regulator (CER) announced on 30 October 2026 that the enhancing native vegetation method is available. The legal instrument, the Nature Repair (Enhancing Native Vegetation) Methodology Determination 2026, was made on 27 October and registered on the Federal Register of Legislation on 29 October. A companion instrument, the Nature Repair Amendment (Environmental Offsets and Other Measures) Rules 2026, was made and registered on the same days.", "The new method is the second under the scheme. It covers projects that restore, enhance or maintain native forests, woodlands, shrublands and grasslands, through activities such as planting, assisted regeneration and control of pests, weeds and grazing. Every project must measure the condition of the ecosystem and how securely the site is protected, and may also assess outcomes for threatened species and culturally significant entities. Projects can be voluntary, or can apply to be registered as offset-capable; the CER notes that this status does not guarantee use as an environmental offset.", "Earlier in the month the CER registered the third and fourth projects. The Nortongong Biodiversity Restoration Project near Coonamble, registered on 2 October, plans to replant 968 hectares. Silva Capital Cooplacurripa Biodiversity Project No. 2 in north-east New South Wales, registered on 9 October, covers 1,230 hectares. Both use the first method, Replanting Native Forest and Woodland Ecosystems, and both proponents intend to stack the project with ACCU Scheme plantings under the Reforestation by Environmental or Mallee Plantings method.", "The register lists four projects in total, registered on 12 August 2025, 27 May 2026, 2 October 2026 and 9 October 2026. All four show the certificate status as not issued." ], "background": [ "The Nature Repair Market rests on the Nature Repair Act 2023. Unlike the carbon scheme, it issues one digital biodiversity certificate per project rather than one unit per tonne. Certificates can be held, sold or deposited with the CER and are cancelled at the end of the project's permanence period.", "The carbon scheme alongside it is much larger and older. The Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act received assent on 15 September 2011, and the ACCU Scheme issues one unit per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent stored or avoided. It registered 416 projects in 2024 and 407 in 2025. The CER presents stacking, where one area of land carries both a biodiversity project and a carbon project, as a way to support project viability, provided each project meets its own scheme's rules.", "The Safeguard Mechanism creates compliance demand for ACCUs. The CER lists use of a biodiversity certificate as an environmental offset under Commonwealth, state or territory legislation, for relevant methods, as one possible source of demand, alongside disclosure-driven, philanthropic and carbon-market buyers." ], "comparison": { "title": "Australia's two land-based schemes and comparable offset systems", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Unit", "Scale" ], "rows": [ [ "Australia ACCU Scheme (2011 Act)", "1 ACCU per tCO2e", "407 projects registered in 2025" ], [ "Australia Nature Repair Market (2023 Act)", "1 biodiversity certificate per project", "4 projects registered; 2 methods; no certificates issued" ], [ "India CCTS offset mechanism", "1 credit per tCO2e", "9 approved methodologies" ], [ "Japan J-Credit", "Not recorded in the data book", "1,497 registered projects" ] ], "facts": [ "au:f28", "au:f33", "au:f83", "au:f84", "in:f04", "in:f49", "jp:f59" ], "note": "Nature Repair figures are from the CER Biodiversity Market Register as read on 12 November 2026.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "New method expands Nature Repair Market project opportunities (30 October 2026)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/news-and-media/news/2026/october/new-method-expands-nature-repair-market-project-opportunities", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "Nature Repair (Enhancing Native Vegetation) Methodology Determination 2026 (F2026L01438)", "publisher": "Federal Register of Legislation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L01438/asmade", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "c": { "title": "Third project registered under the Nature Repair Market (2 October 2026)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/news-and-media/news/2026/october/third-project-registered-under-nature-repair-market", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "d": { "title": "Fourth project registered under the Nature Repair Market (9 October 2026)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/news-and-media/news/2026/october/fourth-project-registered-under-nature-repair-market", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "e": { "title": "Biodiversity Market Register", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/biodiversity-market-register", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "f": { "title": "Enhancing native vegetation method", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/nature-repair-market-scheme/enhancing-native-vegetation-method", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "g": { "title": "Biodiversity certificates", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/biodiversity-certificates", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "h": { "title": "Nature Repair Amendment (Environmental Offsets and Other Measures) Rules 2026 (F2026L01436)", "publisher": "Federal Register of Legislation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L01436/asmade", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "australia-safeguard-mechanism" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-jp-ets-banking-limit-proposal", "country": "jp", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-10-27", "headline": "METI proposes letting GX-ETS firms bank surplus allowances up to 15% of a year's allocation", "lead": [ "On 27 October 2026, METI proposed that companies in the GX-ETS keep banked surplus only up to 15% of their allocation two years earlier.", "Surplus above that line that is not sold on the government allowance market by the end of August would be deducted from a later allocation.", "The first deduction would be calculated in FY2029, two years after the market opens around autumn FY2027." ], "what_happened": [ "The METI secretariat presented a 47-page paper on banking rules and on publishing allocation data to the tenth meeting of the emissions trading subcommittee on 27 October 2026. The paper is a draft for discussion; the panel plans to compile its conclusions around the end of 2026 and then revise ministerial ordinances and notices.", "The draft keeps banking but caps how much surplus a company can hold without selling. The deduction for year T would equal the cumulative surplus up to year T-2 (total allocation minus total verified emissions), minus net sales, minus a threshold of 15% of the T-2 allocation; a negative result means no deduction. Net sales count only allowances sold on the allowance market run by the GX Promotion Organization, including sales into its reverse auctions, minus everything bought on or off the market, measured up to the end of August of year T. The 15% figure reflects the largest two-year shortfall a firm could face when its activity grows by just under the 7.5% level that would trigger an allocation adjustment.", "In a worked example in the paper, a firm whose cumulative allocation is 3.0 Mt and cumulative emissions 2.6 Mt has 0.4 Mt of surplus; with a T-2 allocation of 1.0 Mt, its threshold is 0.15 Mt; if it has sold 0.2 Mt by the prior August, selling another 0.05 Mt avoids any deduction. Because FY2026 and FY2027 allowances are both allocated in autumn FY2027, the first deduction would be calculated in FY2029. The paper also asks members to choose how allocations should be published: by company or by sector, and soon after each compliance cycle or in a batch years later. It proposes publishing each company's emissions after its compliance cycle ends." ], "background": [ "Japan's mandatory ETS took effect in FY2026 with free allocation based on sector benchmarks and grandfathering, and paid auctioning is set to start only for power generators from FY2033. The FY2026 price band runs from JPY 1,700 to JPY 4,300 per tonne. Because the ceiling was set from current fuel-switching costs, the secretariat argues that unlimited banking could build expectations of tighter post-2030 rules into today's prices and hold back supply.", "The paper cites Korea's experience: the K-ETS introduced market makers and a banking limit together in Phase 2 to push surplus into the market, then let securities firms join and added more market makers in Phase 3. Korea's Phase 4 now relies on an 85 Mt market stability reserve and an effective auction share of 11.0% to manage supply, tools Japan does not yet have." ], "comparison": { "title": "Supply levers in Japan's and Korea's emissions trading schemes", "headers": [ "Lever", "Japan GX-ETS", "Korea K-ETS (Phase 4)" ], "rows": [ [ "Allocation", "Free allocation by sector guidelines", "Effective auction share of 11.0%" ], [ "Paid auctioning", "Power generators from FY2033", "Power sector 15% in 2026 rising to 50% in 2030" ], [ "Reserve inside the cap", "None; floor held by GX Promotion Organization buy-backs", "85 Mt market stability reserve" ], [ "Offset credit limit", "10% of each year's emissions", "Up to 10% of surrender obligation" ] ], "facts": [ "jp:f16", "jp:f43", "jp:f23", "kr:f34", "kr:f30", "kr:f28", "kr:f42" ], "note": "Japan's banking threshold of 15% is an October 2026 secretariat proposal, not a final rule.", "chart": null }, "next": [ "2028-01-31: First surrender deadline, covering FY2026 emissions." ], "sources": { "a": { "title": "バンキング適正化措置、割当量等の公表（第10回排出量取引制度小委員会 事務局資料, 2026-10-27）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/010_03_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "第10回 排出量取引制度小委員会（開催資料）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/010.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "c": { "title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（2026-03-30）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（2026-04-01施行版）", "publisher": "e-Gov (Digital Agency)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "2035 NDC and Phase 4 allocation plan (press release, 2025.11.11)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (korea.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "f": { "title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령", "publisher": "Korea Ministry of Government Legislation (law.go.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "japan-gx-ets", "korea-k-ets" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-in-ccc-trading-procedure-draft", "country": "in", "category": "market", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-10-19", "headline": "India's energy efficiency bureau proposes monthly carbon credit trading on the last Thursday, with a two-hour bidding window", "lead": [ "India's Bureau of Energy Efficiency published a draft procedure on 19 October 2026 for trading Carbon Credit Certificates on power exchanges.", "Trading would take place once a month, on the last Thursday, with bids accepted from 12:00 to 14:00 and prices set by 16:00.", "Comments were invited for 15 days, until 2 November 2026, after which the procedure goes to the regulator for approval." ], "what_happened": [ "The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), the administrator of India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), placed a Draft Detailed Procedure for Transaction of Carbon Credit Certificates under the Compliance Mechanism in the public domain with a notice dated 19 October 2026. The procedure is required by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) regulations on Carbon Credit Certificates (CCCs) notified on 27 February 2026, and was prepared with Grid Controller of India as registry. After the comment period, BEE is to submit the final text to CERC for approval.", "The draft covers three parts: registration with the registry, the interfaces between power exchanges, registry, administrator and participants, and the dealing and transfer of certificates. Entities registered on the Indian Carbon Market portal would be registered with the registry automatically through a data link, without a separate application. Each certificate would carry a serial number built from the compliance year, entity registration number and issue date.", "On a trading day the registry would freeze each entity's certificate holdings at 11:00. The bidding window would run from 12:00 to 14:00 on all designated exchanges at once. Exchanges would pass bids to the registry by 14:30, the registry would check sell bids against holdings by 15:00, and exchanges would publish the clearing price and volume by 16:00 through a closed double-sided uniform price auction. Registry accounts would be updated by 16:45. If the last Thursday is a holiday, trading moves to the next working day.", "The draft also sets limits. Certificates bought on an exchange cannot be resold, voluntary buyers must retire what they buy, bilateral trades are not allowed even within a corporate group, and transfers follow first-in, first-out order." ], "background": [ "The CCTS was notified on 28 June 2023 and amended on 19 December 2023. The Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (G.S.R. 739(E), 8 October 2025) set targets for obligated entities in four sectors (aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali, and pulp and paper), using 2023-24 as the baseline year, with compliance years 2025-26 and 2026-27. Entities that beat their target receive one certificate per tonne of CO2e; those that miss it must buy certificates or pay environmental compensation equal to twice the average certificate price of that year's trading cycle.", "CERC's regulations already provide for trading on a monthly basis, or at another frequency set in a procedure the Commission approves, and bar entities with more than three bid defaults in a quarter from dealing for six months. The October draft repeats that sanction. No floor or forbearance price has yet been found in the official texts, and no certificate has been traded. When it answered Parliament on 13 March 2025, the Ministry of Power expected compliance trading to begin in 2026-27." ], "comparison": { "title": "How often carbon units trade in selected Asian compliance markets", "headers": [ "Market", "Trading schedule", "Source detail" ], "rows": [ [ "India CCTS (draft, October 2026)", "One session a month, last Thursday; bids 12:00 to 14:00", "Monthly under CERC rules, unless the Commission approves another frequency" ], [ "Korea K-ETS (Korea Exchange)", "Every trading day 10:00 to 12:00; auctions 14:00 to 15:00", "Since 24 Nov 2025" ], [ "China national ETS", "Trading on exchange working days", "243 trading days in 2025" ], [ "Indonesia IDXCarbon", "07:00 to 19:00 exchange time", "From 13 Jul 2026" ] ], "facts": [ "in:f43", "in:f46", "kr:f47", "cn:f28", "id:hours2026" ], "note": "Schedules are taken from each country's data book; times are local.", "chart": null }, "next": [ "2027-03-31: end of compliance year 2026-27, the last year with notified targets" ], "sources": { "a": { "title": "Invitation of Public Comments and Suggestions on the Draft Detailed Procedure for Transaction of Carbon Credit Certificates under the Compliance Mechanism (No. 45/02/NMEEE/Energy Efficiency/2025-CCTS, 19 October 2026)", "publisher": "Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-20510f1d3ee6d4ba_1792664827.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "Draft Detailed Procedure for Transaction of CCCs under Compliance Mechanism (October 2026)", "publisher": "Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-ff98b7dece646232_1792561430.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "c": { "title": "CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2026", "publisher": "Central Electricity Regulatory Commission", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cercind.gov.in/regulations/205-Noti.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change / Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "publisher": "Ministry of Power", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "india-ccts" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-cn-ccer-draft-methodologies-consultation", "country": "cn", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-10-16", "headline": "China opens consultation on 11 draft CCER methodologies, from battery storage to green ammonia and waste-oil biodiesel", "lead": [ "China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment posted 2 consultation letters covering 11 draft CCER methodologies on 16 October 2026.", "The drafts span 6 fuel and storage project types in one letter and 5 energy, transport and waste project types in the other.", "Comments were due by 23 October 2026, a 7-day window after posting." ], "what_happened": [ "The General Office of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) posted two letters on 16 October 2026, both dated 15 October, inviting public comment on draft methodologies for China Certified Emission Reductions (CCER). Letter Huanban Bianhan [2026] No. 346 covers six drafts and letter No. 345 covers five. Each draft comes with an explanatory note. Any organisation or individual could send written comments, with a closing date of 23 October 2026.", "The six drafts in letter No. 346 are: methanol from gasification of agricultural and forestry biomass; the same route coupled with green hydrogen; hydrotreated (hydrocarbon) biodiesel made from waste oils and used as fuel; ester-type biodiesel from waste oils used as fuel; sodium-ion battery energy storage stations; and vanadium redox flow battery storage stations.", "The five drafts in letter No. 345 are: synthetic ammonia made with renewable energy; electrification of haul vehicles at mines; pumped-storage hydropower stations; chemical recycling of low-value waste plastics; and centralised anaerobic digestion of food waste with biogas recovery.", "The consultation follows a separate set of nature-based releases in the same period. Revised afforestation and mangrove methodologies were posted on 10 October, and two new forestry methodologies, for tree forest management and reforestation, on 9 November." ], "background": [ "The CCER market reopened on 22 January 2024. According to the MEE's 2026 market report, 18 methodologies had been formally issued by the end of 2025, covering renewable power, ecosystem carbon sinks, non-CO2 gases and energy efficiency; the data book records 12 of them as published during 2025. Several of the newest types, such as renewable hydrogen by electrolysis and SF6 recovery from electrical equipment, were issued in December 2025.", "Supply has grown with the methodology list. Registered projects rose from 33 with 17.7637 Mt of credits at the end of 2025 to 41 projects and 24.2335 Mt by the end of August 2026. CCER trading in 2025 reached 8.8441 Mt worth CNY 626 million at an average CNY 70.76 per tonne, and the average to the end of August 2026 was CNY 86.51.", "How much demand new methodologies can meet also depends on offset rules. China lets national ETS entities cover up to 5% of the allowances they must surrender with CCERs. Singapore applies the same 5% share to international credits under its carbon tax, while Japan's GX-ETS and the legal ceiling in South Korea's K-ETS are set at 10%, and Vietnam's pilot ETS allows up to 30% of allocated allowances." ], "comparison": { "title": "Limits on using offset credits for compliance in Asian carbon pricing schemes (government rules)", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Credits that count", "Limit on use" ], "rows": [ [ "China national ETS", "CCER", "Up to 5% of allowances due" ], [ "Japan GX-ETS", "Eligible offset credits", "Up to 10% of each year's emissions" ], [ "South Korea K-ETS", "Offset credits (KOC/KCU)", "Up to 10% of the surrender obligation (legal ceiling; exact limit set in the allocation plan)" ], [ "Singapore carbon tax", "International carbon credits (ICCs)", "Up to 5% of taxable emissions, from 1 January 2024" ], [ "Taiwan carbon fee", "Domestic credits / MOENV-recognised foreign credits", "Up to 10% / up to 5% of chargeable emissions (foreign credits only for firms not designated high leakage risk)" ], [ "Vietnam pilot ETS", "Carbon credits", "Up to 30% of a facility's allocated allowances" ] ], "facts": [ "cn:f63", "jp:f23", "kr:f42", "sg:f50", "tw:f25", "tw:f28", "vn:f19" ], "note": "All limits are taken from laws, decrees or official guidance published by each government. Bases differ (allowances due, emissions or allocation), so the percentages are not directly comparable.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "mee_dev2025": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025）", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "mee_cons_346": { "title": "关于公开征求《温室气体自愿减排项目方法学 农林生物质气化制甲醇（征求意见稿）》等6项方法学意见的函 (环办便函〔2026〕346号)", "publisher": "MEE General Office", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202610/t20261016_1183149.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "mee_cons_345": { "title": "关于公开征求《温室气体自愿减排项目方法学 可再生能源合成氨（征求意见稿）》等5项方法学意见的函 (环办便函〔2026〕345号)", "publisher": "MEE General Office", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202610/t20261016_1183138.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "mee_ccer_428": { "title": "关于发布《温室气体自愿减排项目方法学 乔木林经营碳汇（CCER—13—001—V01）》等2项方法学的通知", "publisher": "MEE General Office and NFGA General Office", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202611/t20261109_1185815.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "mee_dev2026": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026）", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "mee_r2025": { "title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "mee_order19": { "title": "碳排放权交易管理办法（试行） (MEE Order No. 19)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202112/P020211213372253773271.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "meti_gx_interim": { "title": "ETS Subcommittee Interim Report – Implementation Guidelines for Allowance Allocation", "publisher": "METI (Industrial Structure Council)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/006_06_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "kr_ets_decree": { "title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령 (Enforcement Decree of the ETS Act)", "publisher": "Korea Ministry of Government Legislation (law.go.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "nea_ct": { "title": "Carbon Tax", "publisher": "National Environment Agency (NEA), Singapore", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "tw_fee_regs": { "title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees)", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "vn_nd119": { "title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP", "publisher": "Official Gazette of Viet Nam", "kind": "government", "url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "china-national-ets", "japan-gx-ets", "korea-k-ets", "singapore-carbon-tax", "taiwan-carbon-fee", "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-au-accu-issuance-q3-record", "country": "au", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-10-15", "headline": "Australia issued a record 8.24 million ACCUs in the September quarter of 2026", "lead": [ "Australia's Clean Energy Regulator issued 8,243,260 Australian carbon credit units (ACCUs) in July to September 2026, the largest quarterly total in its data series.", "Issuance for January to September 2026 reached 19.1 million units, already above the 18.8 million issued in the whole of 2024.", "ACCUs held in the national registry rose to 68.9 million at 30 September, from 61.2 million three months earlier." ], "what_happened": [ "On 15 October 2026 the Clean Energy Regulator (CER) released its data workbook for the September quarter of 2026, with figures as at 30 September. The full Quarterly Carbon Market Report with analysis is due by mid-December; the workbook was published early to give the market the numbers sooner.", "The workbook shows 8,243,260 ACCUs issued in the quarter, up 51% from 5,462,817 in the same quarter of 2025 and well above the previous quarterly high of 6,998,012 in July to September 2023. Vegetation methods supplied 5,271,678 units, about 64% of the total and also a quarterly record for that group. Waste projects added 1,793,785, industrial fugitives 501,604, agriculture 342,360, savanna fire management 208,688 and energy efficiency 125,145. The year-to-date total stood at 19,139,145 units.", "Project registrations slowed. The CER registered 63 new ACCU Scheme projects in the quarter, 30 of them soil carbon and 27 vegetation, bringing the 2026 total to 207, against 407 for all of 2025.", "On the holding side, safeguard entities held 43.9 million of the 68.9 million ACCUs in the registry, project proponents 11.1 million and intermediaries 8.6 million. A further 6.1 million ACCUs sat in the cost containment measure, outside total holdings. Holdings of Safeguard Mechanism credit units (SMCs) were 11.0 million. Safeguard surrenders were light in the quarter, at 134,759 ACCUs and no SMCs, after 8,764,299 ACCUs and 2,572,367 SMCs were surrendered in January to March around the compliance deadline." ], "background": [ "Annual ACCU issuance has grown from 3.88 million in 2013 to 17.0 million in 2021, 18.8 million in 2024 and 21.7 million in 2025. In its June quarter 2026 report the CER put first-half issuance at a record 10.9 million and estimated 2026 issuance at 22 to 26 million units. With 19.1 million issued by the end of September, the year reaches that range only if fourth-quarter issuance is at least 2.86 million.", "Demand comes mainly from the Safeguard Mechanism, reformed in 2023 so that facility baselines fall by 4.9% a year to 2030. Safeguard surrenders of ACCUs and SMCs rose from 1.5 million units in 2024 to 10.1 million in 2025. Registry holdings have risen in step, from 22.7 million at the end of 2022 to 49.9 million at the end of 2024 and 60.7 million at the end of 2025." ], "comparison": { "title": "Domestic crediting schemes in the region: latest published scale", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Latest annual issuance", "Other scale measure" ], "rows": [ [ "Australia ACCU Scheme", "21,653,923 units (calendar 2025)", "407 projects registered in 2025" ], [ "Thailand T-VER (Standard)", "4,355,196 tCO2e (FY2026)", "28,247,683 tCO2e issued FY2014-FY2026" ], [ "Japan J-Credit", "No annual figure in the data book", "14.87 Mt certified in total; 1,497 registered projects" ], [ "India CCTS offset mechanism", "No issuance found yet", "9 approved methodologies; over 40 registrants (March 2026)" ] ], "facts": [ "au:f68", "au:f84", "th:f52", "th:f50", "jp:f60", "jp:f59", "in:f49", "in:f50" ], "note": "Units are 1 tCO2e each in every scheme. Figures are from each country's data book and cover different periods.", "chart": { "type": "cols", "series_obj": { "name": "ACCUs issued", "unit": "million units", "points": [ { "x": "2019", "y": 14.83 }, { "x": "2020", "y": 16.05 }, { "x": "2021", "y": 17.04 }, { "x": "2022", "y": 17.74 }, { "x": "2023", "y": 17.22 }, { "x": "2024", "y": 18.78 }, { "x": "2025", "y": 21.65 }, { "x": "2026 Jan-Sep", "y": 19.14 } ] }, "title": "ACCUs issued per calendar year (2026 to 30 September)" } }, "next": [ "2026-12 (mid-December): full Quarterly Carbon Market Report for the September quarter of 2026, per the CER" ], "sources": { "e": { "title": "Safeguard Mechanism (DCCEEW, last updated 2 November 2026)", "publisher": "Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/emissions-reporting/national-greenhouse-energy-reporting-scheme/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "context" }, "a": { "title": "Explore the Q3 2026 QCMR data workbook (news, 15 October 2026)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/news-and-media/news/2026/october/explore-q3-2026-qcmr-data-workbook", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "c": { "title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report - June Quarter 2026", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "Safeguard baselines", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-baselines", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "australia-safeguard-mechanism" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-sg-mongolia-call", "country": "sg", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-10-08", "headline": "Singapore and Mongolia open carbon project applications from 30 October with 49 eligible methodologies", "lead": [ "Singapore and Mongolia announced on 8 October 2026 that project applications under their carbon credit agreement open on 30 October.", "Mongolia is the sixth of Singapore's 12 partner countries where applications have opened.", "The eligibility list names 49 methodologies across four crediting programmes." ], "what_happened": [ "Singapore's Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry and the National Environment Agency issued a joint press release on 8 October 2026. It states that developers may apply from 30 October 2026 for authorisation of carbon credit projects in Mongolia under the bilateral Implementation Agreement. The two governments review applications jointly and on a rolling basis.", "The process has three stages. First, an applicant submits a concept note naming the programme and methodology. Second, it submits a project design document with a third-party validation report and, once both countries issue letters of authorisation, registers the project and starts work. Third, after verified credits are issued, Mongolia records the first transfer and confirms that corresponding adjustments are applied.", "The eligibility list in the release covers 17 Gold Standard methodologies, 27 under Verra's Verified Carbon Standard, four under the Global Carbon Council and one under ART TREES. Projects using one HFC methodology are assessed case by case, and high-forest low-deforestation approaches for REDD+ are excluded. On Singapore's side, projects must also meet its seven environmental integrity principles, including additionality and permanence, and the reductions must take place from 2021 to 2030 inclusive.", "Credits from authorised projects may be used by Singapore carbon tax payers to offset up to 5% of taxable emissions. Singapore commits to cancel 2% of authorised credits at first issuance." ], "background": [ "Singapore signed the agreement with Mongolia on 6 October 2025. It was the tenth of the country's Implementation Agreements, which began with Papua New Guinea in December 2023. The total reached 12 when Lao PDR signed on 4 September 2026.", "Signing an agreement does not open the door to projects by itself. Each partner first needs a published eligibility list and a call for applications. Ghana was first, with a call on 30 September 2024. Calls followed in Peru, Bhutan, Rwanda and Thailand, before Mongolia.", "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation site showed no projects on its Implementation Agreement register as of 2 November 2026. The National Environment Agency notes that a project may need as long as four years before it issues credits." ], "comparison": { "title": "Singapore's partners with open project applications", "headers": [ "Partner", "Agreement signed", "Applications opened" ], "rows": [ [ "Ghana", "27 May 2024", "30 September 2024" ], [ "Peru", "1 April 2025", "24 October 2025" ], [ "Bhutan", "28 February 2025", "20 November 2025" ], [ "Rwanda", "6 May 2025", "30 January 2026" ], [ "Thailand", "19 August 2025", "31 March 2026" ], [ "Mongolia", "6 October 2025", "Announced 8 October 2026, open from 30 October 2026" ] ], "facts": [ "sg:f76", "sg:f78", "sg:f77", "sg:f80", "sg:f82", "sg:f84", "sg:f87", "sg:f60", "sg:f61", "sg:f62" ], "note": "Opening dates for Peru, Bhutan, Rwanda and Thailand are the dates of the call announcements in the Carbon Markets Cooperation newsroom.", "chart": { "type": "cols", "series_obj": { "name": "Cumulative Article 6 Implementation Agreements signed", "unit": "agreements", "points": [ { "x": "2023", "y": 1 }, { "x": "2024", "y": 2 }, { "x": "2025", "y": 10 }, { "x": "2026", "y": 12 } ] }, "title": "Singapore's Implementation Agreements, cumulative" } }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "Singapore and Mongolia to open application process for carbon credit projects under bilateral Implementation Agreement (8 October 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry; National Environment Agency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.gov.sg/newsroom/singapore-and-mongolia-to-open-application-process-for-carbon-credit-projects-under-bilateral-implementation-agreement/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "Press release PDF with Annexes A-C", "publisher": "Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry", "kind": "government", "url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/1004/27b0f110-2793-4da0-95af-47fdb60348e6/Press%20Release%20-%20Singapore%20and%20Mongolia%20to%20open%20application%20process%20for%20carbon%20credit%20projects%20un.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "c": { "title": "Newsroom", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "Overall Project Register", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/project-register/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "Carbon Tax", "publisher": "National Environment Agency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "singapore-carbon-tax" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-th-tver-fy2026-record-registrations", "country": "th", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-09-30", "headline": "Thailand's T-VER registers a record 101 projects in fiscal 2026 and issues 4.36 million tCO2e", "lead": [ "TGO's registry shows 101 Standard T-VER projects registered in fiscal 2026, which ended on 30 September 2026, the most in any year since registrations began in fiscal 2014.", "Credits issued in the year reached 4,355,196 tCO2e across 57 projects, 28.2% more than the 3,396,815 tCO2e issued in fiscal 2025.", "Cumulative Standard T-VER issuance now stands at 28,247,683 tCO2e across 456 projects in TGO's count." ], "what_happened": [ "The Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO) publishes T-VER statistics by Thai fiscal year, which runs from October to September. With fiscal 2026 closed on 30 September 2026, the registry lists 101 newly registered single and bundled projects, up from 93 in fiscal 2025 and 96 in fiscal 2024. Together they are expected to cut or remove 1,660,056 tCO2e a year. Forestry and agriculture projects account for 798,994 tCO2e of that, renewable energy for 572,486 tCO2e and efficiency in power and heat for 119,162 tCO2e; industrial wastewater, community wastewater and other types make up the rest.", "Issuance in fiscal 2026 totalled 4,355,196 tCO2e. Renewable energy projects received 2,635,331 tCO2e, about 60.5% of the year's total, followed by solid waste management at 886,367 tCO2e, efficiency in power and heat at 202,964 tCO2e and methane recovery at 168,980 tCO2e. Industrial wastewater projects received 144,078 tCO2e, forestry and agriculture projects 143,631 tCO2e and carbon capture projects 140,949 tCO2e. The fiscal 2026 figure is the second highest on record after fiscal 2022, when 4,673,841 tCO2e were issued. The higher Premium T-VER tier added 2 registrations and its first issuance, 60 tCO2e." ], "background": [ "Annual registrations stayed between 32 and 54 a year from fiscal 2017 to fiscal 2023, then rose to 96 in fiscal 2024. Issuance passed 1 million tCO2e for the first time in fiscal 2019, at 1,262,757 tCO2e, and has stayed above 3 million tCO2e a year since fiscal 2021.", "Trading volumes are smaller than issuance. A TGO open-data file on over-the-counter T-VER trading, labelled fiscal 2026 and last updated on 24 April 2026, shows 4,904,654 tCO2e traded. Renewable energy credits made up 3,414,902 tCO2e of that volume, at a weighted average of THB 39.95 per tCO2e, while forestry and agriculture credits averaged THB 411.21. The file does not state when the period it covers begins. Only 13,665 tCO2e appears on TGO's carbon market portal as traded on the FTIX exchange, against 4,083,549 tCO2e traded bilaterally. TGO announced on 6 November 2026 that ICAO had approved Premium T-VER on 5 November as a source of CORSIA units for 2027-2029." ], "comparison": { "title": "Projects registered and credits issued: Thailand T-VER and Australia's ACCU Scheme", "headers": [ "Programme and year", "Projects registered", "Credits issued" ], "rows": [ [ "Thailand Standard T-VER, FY2026", "101", "4,355,196 tCO2e" ], [ "Thailand Standard T-VER, FY2025", "93", "3,396,815 tCO2e" ], [ "Thailand Standard T-VER, FY2022 (issuance peak)", "53", "4,673,841 tCO2e" ], [ "Australia ACCU Scheme, 2025", "407", "21,653,923 ACCUs" ] ], "facts": [ "th:f45", "th:f43", "th:f49", "th:f53", "au:f84", "au:f68" ], "note": "Thai fiscal years end on 30 September; Australian figures are calendar years. One ACCU represents one tCO2e. The 28.2% rise is calculated from TGO's FY2025 and FY2026 issuance.", "chart": { "type": "cols", "series_obj": { "name": "T-VER credits issued by fiscal year", "unit": "tCO2e", "points": [ { "x": "2015", "y": 339537 }, { "x": "2016", "y": 249612 }, { "x": "2017", "y": 493207 }, { "x": "2018", "y": 887523 }, { "x": "2019", "y": 1262757 }, { "x": "2020", "y": 2578321 }, { "x": "2021", "y": 3030038 }, { "x": "2022", "y": 4673841 }, { "x": "2023", "y": 3444918 }, { "x": "2024", "y": 3535918 }, { "x": "2025", "y": 3396815 }, { "x": "2026", "y": 4355196 } ] }, "title": "Standard T-VER credits issued by fiscal year (tCO2e)" } }, "next": [], "sources": { "th_tgo_icao": { "title": "ICAO recognises TGO's Premium T-VER as a standard for carbon credits usable under CORSIA phase 2 (2027-2029) (news, 6 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.tgo.or.th/2023/index.php/th/post/icao-รับรอง-premium-t-ver-ของ-อบก-เป็นมาตรฐานในการรับรองคาร์บอนเครดิตที่สามารถใช้ชดเชยการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกจากสายการบินภายใต้กลไก-corsia-ระยะที่-2", "checked": "2026-11-14", "role": "announcement" }, "a": { "title": "Standard T-VER carbon credit issuance statistics by fiscal year (single and bundled projects)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "Standard T-VER project registration statistics by fiscal year (single and bundled projects)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "c": { "title": "Premium T-VER registration and issuance statistics", "publisher": "TGO", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/2/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_tgo_reg": { "title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_tgo_iss": { "title": "T-VER database: statistics of carbon credit issuance by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "au_cer_wb": { "title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_tgo_od_type": { "title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "publisher": "TGO Open Data", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "th_tgo_cm_trade": { "title": "Carbon market portal: T-VER trading prices and volumes by project type, bilateral (OTC) and FTIX exchange (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "publisher": "Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)", "kind": "registry", "url": "https://carbonmarket.tgo.or.th/modules/chart/classify.php", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "thailand-carbon-pricing", "australia-safeguard-mechanism" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-id-bujang-raba-forest-credits", "country": "id", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-09-28", "headline": "Indonesia approves 238,281 tCO2e of carbon units for Bujang Raba, its first social forestry carbon landscape", "lead": [ "Indonesia's Ministry of Forestry has approved the issuance of 238,281 tCO2e of carbon units for the Bujang Raba landscape in Jambi.", "The approval covers about 6,634 hectares of a 7,292-hectare protected forest managed by five villages and 1,183 households.", "The ministry describes it as the first social forestry landscape to enter carbon trading." ], "what_happened": [ "In press release SP.563/HKLN/09/2026, dated 28 September 2026, the Ministry of Forestry reported a visit by the minister to the Bujang Raba carbon project in Bungo regency, Jambi province. Bujang Raba lies in the Bukit Panjang Rantau Bayur protection forest and is managed by communities under Indonesia's social forestry scheme, with support from the conservation group KKI Warsi.", "The project was approved through Minister of Forestry Decree 551 of 2026, which authorises the issuance of non-SPE carbon units, meaning units certified under an international standard rather than Indonesia's own SPE-GRK certificates. The approved volume is 238,281 tCO2e on about 6,634 hectares. The landscape spans five village forests: Lubuk Beringin, Laman Panjang, Buat, Sungai Telang and Senamat Ulu.", "According to the release, carbon activity in the area was halted in 2021 while specific rules were awaited. The approval decree was handed over at the launch of the Indonesia Forestry Carbon Hub in Jakarta on 6 July 2026, and the project documents are now being processed in the national carbon unit registry, SRUK.", "The ministry also reported that, as of August 2026, social forestry permits covered about 8.45 million hectares nationally through 11,335 decrees for 1.43 million households." ], "background": [ "Forestry carbon trading in Indonesia restarted in 2026 after a new legal base was put in place. Presidential Regulation 110/2025 on carbon economic value instruments was followed by Minister of Forestry Regulation 6/2026, which allows social forestry permit holders to take part in carbon trading with partners.", "On 6 July 2026 the ministry launched the Indonesia Forestry Carbon Hub and handed approvals to a first group of forestry projects. Besides Bujang Raba, the release named the Sumatra Merang Peatland Project, the Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project and The Mayas Project.", "The market rules changed in the same week. OJK Regulation 10/2026 took effect on 6 July, requiring exchange-traded units to be recorded in SRUK and allowing trade in foreign units not recorded there. In press release SP 166/OJK/DKPU/IX/2026 of 7 September 2026, OJK reported 159 registered service users on the carbon exchange between its launch on 26 September 2023 and 31 August 2026, with cumulative volume of about 1.98 million tCO2e and cumulative value of IDR 93.90 billion.", "Indonesia's first compliance market predates both the exchange and the forestry approvals. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources launched power-sector carbon trading on 22 February 2023, covering 99 coal-fired units in its first year, and reported 7.1 MtCO2e traded among covered plants in 2023. Coverage was widened to 146 units in 2024." ], "comparison": { "title": "Bujang Raba's approved volume against government-published carbon volumes", "headers": [ "Item", "Volume", "Note" ], "rows": [ [ "Bujang Raba non-SPE approval (Indonesia)", "238,281 tCO2e", "Approved by Ministry of Forestry decree, 2026" ], [ "Carbon exchange cumulative volume (Indonesia)", "1.98 million tCO2e", "26 Sep 2023 to 31 Aug 2026, reported by OJK" ], [ "Power-sector carbon trading (Indonesia)", "7.1 MtCO2e", "2023, reported by the energy ministry" ], [ "J-Credit cumulative certified volume (Japan)", "14.87 Mt-CO2", "All project types" ] ], "facts": [ "id:ojk_vol_202608", "id:ets_2023tx", "id:ets_146", "jp:f60" ], "note": "Approved issuance is not the same as units issued or traded. The power-sector figure is mostly bilateral trading among plants, not exchange volume.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "Siaran Pers SP.563/HKLN/09/2026: Bujang Raba, Lanskap Perhutanan Sosial Pertama yang Masuk Perdagangan Karbon (28 September 2026)", "publisher": "Kementerian Kehutanan", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.kehutanan.go.id/pers/bujang-raba-lanskap-perhutanan-sosial-pertama-yang-masuk-perdagangan-karbon", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "Indonesia Forestry Carbon Hub Diluncurkan (6 July 2026)", "publisher": "Kementerian Kehutanan", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.kehutanan.go.id/news/indonesia-forestry-carbon-hub-diluncurkan-era-baru-perdagangan-karbon-transparan-dan-berintegritas-dimulai", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "Abstrak POJK 10 Tahun 2026", "publisher": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan", "kind": "government", "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/POJK-10-Tahun-2026-Perubahan-Atas-POJK-14-Tahun-2023-tentang-Perdagangan-Karbon-Melalui-Bursa-Karbon/Abstrak%20POJK%2010%20Tahun%202026%20Perubahan%20Atas%20Peraturan%20Otoritas%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202023%20tentang%20Perdagangan%20Karbon%20Melalui%20Bursa%20Karbon.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "g": { "title": "J-Credit Scheme data book (September 2026)", "publisher": "J-Credit Scheme Secretariat", "kind": "government", "url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/data/pdf/credit_002.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "h": { "title": "Siaran Pers SP 166/OJK/DKPU/IX/2026: RDK Agustus 2026 (7 September 2026)", "publisher": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Documents/Pages/RDKB-Agustus-2026/SP%20166%20Kinerja%20dan%20Intermediasi%20Sektor%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Terjaga%20Mendukung%20Akselerasi%20Pertumbuhan%20Ekonomi%20RDKB%20Agustus%202026.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "i": { "title": "Siaran Pers 385.Pers/04/SJI/2024: Transaksi Perdagangan Karbon Tahun 2023 Capai Rp84 miliar", "publisher": "Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/transaksi-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-2023-capai-rp84-miliar", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "j": { "title": "99 Unit PLTU Ditargetkan Ikuti Perdagangan Karbon Tahun ini (13 March 2023)", "publisher": "Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/berita-unit/direktorat-jenderal-ketenagalistrikan/99-unit-pltu-ditargetkan-ikuti-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-ini", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "indonesia-idxcarbon", "japan-gx-ets" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-jp-ets-price-corridor-triggers", "country": "jp", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-09-25", "headline": "Japan's ETS panel weighs a three-month trigger for its allowance price ceiling and floor", "lead": [ "On 25 September 2026, METI put a draft design for the GX-ETS price ceiling and floor measures to its emissions trading subcommittee.", "Under the draft, either measure would start when the monthly average market price stays above the ceiling, or below the floor, for three months in a row; the FY2026 bounds are JPY 4,300 and JPY 1,700 per tonne, and later years are indexed.", "The floor would be defended through single-price reverse auctions run by the GX Promotion Organization, outside the exchange." ], "what_happened": [ "At the ninth meeting of the Industrial Structure Council's emissions trading subcommittee on 25 September 2026, the METI secretariat (GX Group, Environmental Economy Office) tabled a 37-page paper on how the statutory price corridor of Japan's mandatory GX-ETS should work in practice. The paper is a proposal for discussion, not a final rule.", "For the ceiling, the GX Promotion Act already lets companies that are short of allowances pay a charge equal to the reference ceiling price and be treated as holding the matching volume. The draft defines when that option opens. The reference price would be the simple average of daily contract prices on the allowance market in a calendar month, counted only if trades were made on at least 70% of that month's trading days. A price test would be met if this monthly average exceeds the ceiling for three consecutive months, the shortest period the paper found among overseas schemes. Testing for year T obligations would run from April of year T+1 to the January surrender deadline, against the year T+1 ceiling. A volume test would also apply from December: one month or more with no sell orders at or below the ceiling, or with buy orders left unfilled after all such sell orders are matched.", "For the floor, the same three-month test would apply in reverse, at any time of the year. The GX Promotion Organization would then buy allowances in a reverse auction held off-exchange, open to the same participants as the allowance market. Winning offers would all receive one clearing price. The purchase formula and a maximum purchase price, set below the floor, would not be disclosed. Allowances bought this way would later be sold back in several rounds when the one-month average price nears the ceiling." ], "background": [ "Japan's mandatory scheme took effect in FY2026 for companies emitting 100,000 t-CO2 or more a year. METI notified on 30 March 2026 a FY2026 reference ceiling of JPY 4,300 and an adjustment reference price (floor) of JPY 1,700 per tonne. From FY2027 each bound is the prior-year price multiplied by 1.03 plus projected corporate goods price inflation. A company that fails to surrender pays JPY 4,730 per missing tonne, or 1.1 times the ceiling.", "Allowances for FY2026 are allocated free of charge in FY2027, and the government allowance market is planned to open around autumn FY2027. Paid auctioning starts only for power generators from FY2033, which is why Japan needs a buy-back tool rather than an auction reserve price to hold the floor in the meantime." ], "comparison": { "title": "How Japan and Korea keep allowance prices in a range", "headers": [ "Item", "Japan GX-ETS (FY2026)", "Korea K-ETS (Phase 4)" ], "rows": [ [ "Upper price tool", "Pay JPY 4,300 per tonne short and be deemed to hold the allowance", "Release from an 85 Mt market stability reserve inside the cap" ], [ "Lower price tool", "GX Promotion Organization buys allowances when prices fall below JPY 1,700", "Auction supply held back when the auction price drops below a set level" ], [ "Trigger basis", "Proposed: monthly average beyond the bound for 3 months in a row", "Auction price outside a pre-set range" ], [ "Penalty for shortfall", "JPY 4,730 per tonne (ceiling x 1.1)", "Up to 3 times the year's average market price" ] ], "facts": [ "jp:f08", "jp:f09", "jp:f15", "jp:f28", "kr:f28", "kr:f50", "kr:f40" ], "note": "Japan's trigger is a September 2026 secretariat proposal, not a final rule.", "chart": null }, "next": [ "2027-03-31: METI must fix the FY2027 ceiling and floor before the fiscal year starts on 1 April 2027.", "2028-01-31: First surrender deadline, covering FY2026 emissions." ], "sources": { "a": { "title": "上下限価格に係る措置について（第9回排出量取引制度小委員会 事務局資料）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/009_03_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "排出量取引制度小委員会（開催一覧）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/index.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格を定める告示（2026-03-30）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/torihikikakaku.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "publisher": "METI", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "온실가스 배출권 시장 안정성 강화하고 세부제도 합리적으로 개선한다 (2026.4.21)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (korea.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156756850", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "f": { "title": "2035 NDC and Phase 4 allocation plan (press release, 2025.11.11)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (korea.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "japan-gx-ets", "korea-k-ets" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-kr-2025-provisional-emissions", "country": "kr", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-09-20", "headline": "Korea's provisional 2025 greenhouse gas emissions fall 0.9% to 685.71 Mt", "lead": [ "Korea's Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment put total 2025 greenhouse gas emissions at 685.71 Mt in a provisional estimate released on 20 September 2026.", "That is 6.1 Mt, or 0.9%, below the provisional 2024 total, while net emissions were 11.4% below their 2018 level.", "Net emissions rose 0.5% to 654.70 Mt because wildfires cut the land sector's removals by 22.8%." ], "what_happened": [ "The ministry's Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center released its provisional estimate of 2025 national emissions, calculated under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines that Korea now uses for reporting under the Paris Agreement. The release was embargoed to 20 September 2026. Total emissions were 685.71 Mt CO2e, down 6.1 Mt from 2024.", "By sector, power generation emitted 220.43 Mt, up 0.2%. Total generation was flat while renewable output rose 8.5%, but nuclear output fell 2.2% because of longer maintenance outages and coal-fired generation rose 2.2%. Industry emitted 242.93 Mt, down 2.1%, as output fell in steel, petrochemicals and cement; semiconductor emissions rose only 1.3% despite higher production. Transport fell 2.9% to 94.59 Mt as diesel use dropped 6.1%. Buildings rose 3.3% to 45.00 Mt on higher heating demand, and fluorinated gases from refrigerants rose 3.9% to 36.28 Mt.", "Removals by forests and land fell 22.8% to 31.03 Mt, mainly because the March 2025 wildfires in North Gyeongsang added 8.3 Mt of emissions from burning biomass. Net emissions therefore rose 3.1 Mt to 654.70 Mt. Against 2018, net emissions were 84 Mt, or 11.4%, lower. The ministry calculates that a further 149 Mt must be cut by 2030 to meet the 2030 target, and a further 127 Mt to 182 Mt between 2031 and 2035 to meet the 2035 target range." ], "background": [ "The figures arrive in the first year of Phase 4 of the Korea Emissions Trading Scheme. Phase 4 runs from 2026 to 2030 with a cap of 2,537.30 Mt, an annual average of 510 Mt, against 610 Mt a year in Phase 3. The cabinet adopted the 2035 target of a 53% to 61% cut from 2018 net emissions of 742.3 Mt on 11 November 2025, together with the Phase 4 allocation plan.", "The same release links the ETS to the trend. It credits a lower cap and a stepwise rise in paid allocation for lifting allowance prices from about KRW 10,000 on average in 2025 to the KRW 30,000 range by 20 August 2026. It also lists new laws passed in 2026, including a revised Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality that sets ranges for the 2040 and 2045 targets." ], "comparison": { "title": "Korea's emissions against its ETS caps, with Japan for scale", "headers": [ "Measure", "Value (Mt CO2e)", "Basis" ], "rows": [ [ "Korea total emissions, 2025 (provisional)", "685.71", "National inventory, 2006 IPCC Guidelines" ], [ "Korea 2018 net emissions (NDC base year)", "742.3", "Base for the 2035 target" ], [ "K-ETS Phase 3 cap, annual average", "610", "Phase 3, five years" ], [ "K-ETS Phase 4 cap, annual average", "510", "Phase 4, five years" ], [ "Japan net emissions, FY2024", "994", "National inventory" ], [ "Japan GX-ETS coverage (indicative)", "about 600", "Nearly 60% of national emissions" ] ], "facts": [ "kr:f53", "kr:f52", "kr:f15", "kr:f16", "jp:f62", "jp:f64" ], "note": "Japan's GX-ETS coverage is an indicative calculation in the data book (nearly 60% of about 994 Mt).", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "2025년도 국가 온실가스 잠정배출량 6억 8,571만톤 (보도자료, 2026.9.20, hwpx 첨부)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (korea.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156782809", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "2035 NDC and Phase 4 allocation plan (press release, 2025.11.11)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (korea.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "제4차 계획기간 배출권 할당 완료 (보도자료, 2025.12.28)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (korea.kr)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156737066", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "2024年度温室効果ガス排出量及び吸収量について（概要版）", "publisher": "Ministry of the Environment, Japan", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.env.go.jp/content/000394131.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "korea-k-ets", "japan-gx-ets" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-in-acv-verifier-applicants", "country": "in", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-09-18", "headline": "India's energy efficiency bureau shortlists two more applicants to verify carbon credits under the CCTS", "lead": [ "India's Bureau of Energy Efficiency on 18 September 2026 sought public comments on two applicants for accreditation as Accredited Carbon Verification agencies.", "The shortlisted applicants are REC Power Development and Consultancy Limited and TUV Rheinland (India) Pvt. Ltd.", "Comments were due within 15 days, by 3 October 2026, and the bureau stressed that neither firm is yet accredited." ], "what_happened": [ "The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), administrator of India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), issued a letter dated 18 September 2026 asking stakeholders for comments and information on applicants for Accredited Carbon Verification (ACV) agency status. ACV agencies carry out validation and verification work under the Indian Carbon Market.", "The letter names two applicants shortlisted for comment: REC Power Development and Consultancy Limited and TUV Rheinland (India) Pvt. Ltd. It cites clauses 7.2.4 and 7.2.5 of the review-of-application section in BEE's Accreditation Procedure and Eligibility Criteria for Accredited Carbon Verification Agencies. Responses were to be sent by email within 15 days, that is by 3 October 2026, using the format in the letter's second annexure; the first annexure gives details of the two firms.", "BEE states in the letter that the shortlisted agencies should not be treated as accredited and may not claim to be. The notice therefore marks a step in the review, not a final accreditation decision.", "BEE's carbon market web page lists 12 notices seeking comments on ACV applicants, including this one. Earlier rounds carry dates such as 24 February, 25 March, 8 April and 13 May 2026, with further notices in May, July and August." ], "background": [ "Verification sits at the centre of the CCTS. Obligated entities report direct and indirect emissions, covering Scope 1 and 2, and the compliance procedure with its monitoring, reporting and verification framework was published in July 2024. Targets are set as tonnes of CO2e per tonne of product, and certificates are calculated from the gap between target and achieved intensity multiplied by output, one certificate per tonne.", "The scheme now covers obligated entities in a growing list of sectors, and a draft adds 255 iron and steel entities. Its institutions are split three ways: BEE as administrator, Grid Controller of India as registry and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission as trading regulator. Alongside the compliance market there is an offset mechanism with nine approved methodologies and more than 40 registered entities submitting projects as of March 2026; verified outcomes there also depend on accredited verifiers." ], "comparison": { "title": "Third-party verification in selected Asian carbon pricing schemes", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Verification arrangement", "Status or scale" ], "rows": [ [ "India CCTS", "Accredited Carbon Verification agencies approved by BEE", "2 applicants shortlisted for comment on 18 Sep 2026; MRV framework since July 2024" ], [ "Japan GX-ETS", "Registered verification bodies; registration valid 5 years", "Registration opened 5 Jan 2026; 18 bodies listed" ], [ "Singapore carbon tax", "Third-party verified emissions report for taxable facilities", "Required with monitoring plan and tax payment" ], [ "Viet Nam pilot ETS", "Third-party-verified inventory results from allocated facilities", "Due by 1 December each year, from 2027" ] ], "facts": [ "in:f54", "jp:f31", "jp:f32", "jp:f34", "sg:f24", "vn:f32" ], "note": "Japan's count is the number of names listed on the METI page as of its 4 November 2026 update.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "Seeking stakeholder comments on applicant for Accredited Carbon Verification Agency under CCTS (No. 45/02/NMEEE/Energy Efficiency/2025-CCTS, 18 September 2026)", "publisher": "Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-a981db1438253164_1789750069.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "Carbon Market (CCTS documents and notices)", "publisher": "Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=189&lid=294", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "Detailed Procedure for Compliance Mechanism under CCTS", "publisher": "Bureau of Energy Efficiency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/7772386525993811.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "Annual Report 2025-26", "publisher": "Ministry of Power", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2026/05/df68bc7bf21a7e46d1b01529930c137d.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "india-ccts" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-hk-five-year-plan-carbon-targets", "country": "hk", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-09-16", "headline": "Hong Kong's first Five-Year Plan makes carbon intensity and a 30% zero-carbon power share binding 2030 indicators", "lead": [ "Hong Kong published its First Five-Year Plan for 2026-2030 on 16 September 2026, with 105 indicators, 22 of them major indicators.", "Two binding indicators target carbon: carbon intensity, already 12.3% below the 2020 level in 2024, and the zero-carbon share of power generation, set to go from 25% in 2024 to 30% in 2030.", "The plan also says Hong Kong will help the country implement Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and will build a carbon trading hub." ], "what_happened": [ "The Government released the plan on 16 September 2026, the same day as the 2026 Policy Address. Its major-indicator table splits targets into anticipatory and binding ones. Four of the plan's five binding indicators are environmental, and all four environmental indicators are binding: carbon emission per unit of GDP (carbon intensity), the zero-carbon share of the electricity fuel mix, average PM2.5 concentration (15 now, below 14 in 2030), and compliance with surface water quality objectives (above 88%, rising to above 90%). For carbon intensity the table gives 12.3% as the 2024 reduction against 2020 and lists 32.5 as the cumulative cut, in percent, for 2030 measured from the 2024 level.", "Chapter 25 adds longer-range aims. Coal is to stop being used for daily power generation by 2035. The plan also puts zero-carbon energy at about 60% to 70% of the fuel mix, without giving a year for that share. Commercial buildings are to cut electricity use by 30% to 40% and homes by 20% to 30% from 2015 levels by 2050, with half of those cuts by 2035. Table 38 sets 4,000 fast chargers by 2030 and an end to new registrations of fuel-propelled private cars, hybrids included, in 2035 or earlier.", "On markets, paragraph 5.66 commits to a carbon trading hub, lifecycle emission values for green and low-carbon hydrogen, and support for the country in applying Paris Agreement Article 6 on credits. The finance chapter lists advancing an international carbon market under Finance plus Green Development. On 25 September 2026 the Council for Carbon Neutrality and Sustainable Development stated that it unanimously supported the plan's strategies and initiatives." ], "background": [ "The plan sits under the Climate Action Plan 2050, announced on 8 October 2021, which aims to halve total emissions from the 2005 level before 2035 and reach carbon neutrality before 2050, with about HK$240 billion of climate spending over 15 to 20 years. An earlier plan from 2017 targeted a 65% to 70% cut in carbon intensity by 2030 against 2005. The 2021 plan set a renewable share of 7.5% to 10% in the power mix by 2035.", "Hong Kong's inventory shows total emissions of about 33.2 million tCO2e in 2024, 3.6% lower than 2023 and about 27% below the 2014 peak; electricity generation made up 61%. Measured against 42,800 ktCO2e in 2005, 2024 was roughly 22% lower, while the 2035 target implies about 21,400 ktCO2e. Per capita emissions were 4.41 tonnes. A review of the Climate Action Plan was expected to be released in 2026." ], "comparison": { "title": "Headline emission targets across Asia-Pacific", "headers": [ "Economy", "Target", "Baseline" ], "rows": [ [ "Hong Kong", "Halve emissions before 2035 (-50%)", "2005 level" ], [ "Australia", "43% below by 2030; net zero by 2050", "2005 level" ], [ "India", "Cut emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030", "2005 level" ], [ "Korea (2035 NDC)", "53% to 61% below by 2035", "2018 net emissions (742.3 Mt)" ], [ "China ETS (2026-2030)", "Unit-product emissions in covered sectors down about 3%", "Five-year target for covered sectors" ] ], "facts": [ "hk:f41", "hk:f49", "au:f04", "in:f58", "kr:f52", "cn:f54" ], "note": "Targets differ in type (absolute, intensity, sector-level) and are not directly comparable. Hong Kong's roughly 22% fall from 2005 to 2024 is calculated from the inventory (33,200 / 42,800 - 1).", "chart": null }, "next": [ "2027: green and low-carbon hydrogen certification system to be set up (Five-Year Plan, Table 38).", "2030: binding indicator of a 30% zero-carbon share in the fuel mix for electricity generation." ], "sources": { "gov_fyp_1": { "title": "Full text of the First Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the HKSAR (2026-2030) (1) (16 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Hong Kong SAR Government", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202609/16/P2026091600143.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "gov_fyp_7": { "title": "Full text of the First Five-Year Plan (2026-2030) (7), Chapter 25 (16 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Hong Kong SAR Government", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202609/16/P2026091600211.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "gov_fyp_2": { "title": "Full text of the First Five-Year Plan (2026-2030) (2) (16 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Hong Kong SAR Government", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202609/16/P2026091600161.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "gov_fyp_announce": { "title": "Government announces the First Five-Year Plan (2026-2030) (16 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Hong Kong SAR Government", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202609/16/P2026091600338.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "ccnsd_250926": { "title": "Council for Carbon Neutrality and Sustainable Development appreciates HKSAR Government's commitment to carbon neutrality (25 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Hong Kong SAR Government", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202609/25/P2026092500517.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "hk_gov_cap2050": { "title": "Government announces Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050 (8 Oct 2021)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government, Environment Bureau", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202110/08/P2021100800588.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "hk_cnsd_ghg": { "title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Intensity in Hong Kong, data table 1990-2024 (updated Jan 2026)", "publisher": "Environment and Ecology Bureau, Carbon Neutrality and Sustainable Development website", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cnsd.gov.hk/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Data-Tables_2024_AR5_per-capita_intensity-r3.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "au_cer_sg": { "title": "Safeguard Mechanism", "publisher": "Clean Energy Regulator", "kind": "government", "url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "in_pib_icm2023": { "title": "Ministry of Power & MoEFCC to develop Carbon Credit Trading Scheme for Decarbonisation (11 May 2023)", "publisher": "Press Information Bureau (Ministry of Power)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1923458®=3&lang=2", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "kr_mcee_plan4": { "title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE), published on korea.kr", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "cn_mee_dev2026": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "hk_gov_ghg2024": { "title": "Hong Kong greenhouse gas emission inventory for 2024 released (22 Jan 2026)", "publisher": "Environment and Ecology Bureau (EEB)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202601/22/P2026012200196.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "hk_gov_lcq20_2025": { "title": "LCQ20: Carbon emission reduction (18 Jun 2025)", "publisher": "HKSAR Government, Secretary for Environment and Ecology", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202506/18/P2025061800243.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "hong-kong-core-climate", "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "india-ccts", "korea-k-ets", "china-national-ets" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-cn-ets-report-2026-trading", "country": "cn", "category": "market", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-09-15", "headline": "China's national ETS closed August 2026 at CNY 97.90 per tonne, up 31.18% on end-2025, MEE report shows", "lead": [ "China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment released its 2026 national carbon market report on 15 September 2026.", "Allowance trading in January-August 2026 rose 46.53% in volume and 67.64% in value from a year earlier, and the end-August close was CNY 97.90 per tonne.", "Cumulative allowance trading reached 961 Mt worth CNY 65.699 billion by the end of August 2026." ], "what_happened": [ "The Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) published the National Carbon Market Development Report (2026) at a carbon market conference on 15 September 2026 and posted Chinese and English versions on its website on 20 September. The report updates trading, price and compliance data for the national ETS and the CCER voluntary market to the end of August 2026.", "On trading, the report puts 2025 allowance volume at 235 Mt, up 24.36% on 2024 and the highest annual figure since the market opened, with value of CNY 14.630 billion. Trading was spread more evenly across the year: 98.09 Mt changed hands in the first three quarters of 2025, or 42% of the annual total, 21 percentage points more than a year earlier. Volume and value then rose 46.53% and 67.64% year on year in January-August 2026.", "On prices, the report describes a fall after covered entities sold surplus allowances in 2025, with closes ranging between CNY 57 and CNY 98 per tonne, followed by a recovery in the fourth quarter. The December 2025 average traded price was CNY 65.43, above the full-year average of CNY 62.36. By the end of August 2026 the composite close stood at CNY 97.90, 31.18% above the end-2025 level.", "The report also reports results for the one-way auction method introduced in July 2025: 9 sessions by the end of August 2026, 0.338 Mt traded, CNY 19.7053 million in value and 29 participating companies. For compliance with 2024 emissions, 8.194 Gt of allowances were due and about 99.99% were surrendered; one of 2,087 power entities missed full surrender on time, and all 1,291 steel, cement and aluminium entities complied. In the CCER market, 41 projects and 24.2335 Mt of credits had been registered by the end of August 2026, with an average traded price of CNY 86.51 per tonne." ], "background": [ "The ETS opened for online trading on 16 July 2021 with the power sector only. The first compliance cycle, to the end of 2021, traded 179 Mt worth CNY 7.661 billion and closed at CNY 54.22 per tonne. The MEE's 2024 report puts trading in the second cycle, from January 2022 to December 2023, at 263 Mt worth CNY 17.258 billion, an average of about CNY 65.62 per tonne by our calculation, with the end-2023 close at CNY 79.42. MEE year-end notices then record 189 Mt traded in 2024 and closes of CNY 97.49 at the end of 2024 and CNY 74.63 at the end of 2025.", "Cumulative allowance trading, as reported by the MEE, rose from 442 Mt at the end of 2023 to 630 Mt a year later, 865 Mt at the end of 2025 and 961 Mt by the end of August 2026.", "Coverage expanded in 2025 when steel, cement and aluminium joined, lifting the number of covered entities to 3,378. For 2026 the MEE counts 3,680 entities and about 8.3 GtCO2, more than 65% of national emissions. Allocation remains free and intensity-based, so supply moves with output rather than with a fixed cap." ], "comparison": { "title": "Latest government-published carbon price points in Asia (local currency, not converted)", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Price point", "Date", "Type" ], "rows": [ [ "China national ETS", "CNY 97.90/t", "End-August 2026", "Composite close reported by the MEE" ], [ "Korea K-ETS", "KRW 30,000 range/t", "As of 20 August 2026 (release of 20 September 2026)", "Price level stated by the climate ministry (MCEE)" ], [ "Japan GX-ETS", "JPY 1,700-4,300/t", "FY2026", "Government floor and ceiling reference prices" ], [ "Singapore carbon tax", "S$45/tCO2e", "From emissions year 2026", "Fixed tax rate" ], [ "Taiwan carbon fee", "NT$300/tCO2e", "From 1 January 2025", "General fee rate" ] ], "facts": [ "cn:f29", "kr:f54", "jp:f08", "jp:f09", "sg:f03", "tw:f01" ], "note": "All figures come from government publications and are shown in each scheme's own currency without conversion. The Korean figure is a ministry description of the market level, and the Japanese figures are policy reference prices, not traded prices.", "chart": { "type": "cols", "series_obj": { "name": "China ETS cumulative allowance trading", "unit": "Mt", "points": [ { "x": "End-2021", "y": 179 }, { "x": "End-2023", "y": 442 }, { "x": "End-2024", "y": 630 }, { "x": "End-2025", "y": 865 }, { "x": "Aug 2026", "y": 961 } ] }, "title": "China ETS cumulative allowance trading reported by the MEE (Mt; end-2022 not separately reported in the sources used)" } }, "next": [], "sources": { "mee_dev2026_page": { "title": "生态环境部发布《全国碳市场发展报告（2026）》 (20 Sep 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/t20260920_1166890.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "mee_dev2026": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (Chinese PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "mee_r2025": { "title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "mee_r2024": { "title": "2024年全国碳排放权交易市场配额交易及清缴工作顺利结束", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202501/t20250105_1099975.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "mee_dev2024": { "title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "mee_r2021": { "title": "全国碳市场第一个履约周期顺利结束 (31 Dec 2021)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "mcee_ghg2025": { "title": "2025년도 국가 온실가스 잠정배출량 6억 8,571만톤 (press release)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156782809", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "moenv_14412": { "title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 (2 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "china-national-ets", "korea-k-ets", "japan-gx-ets", "singapore-carbon-tax", "taiwan-carbon-fee" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-sg-icc-rollover", "country": "sg", "category": "credits", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-08-19", "allow_old": true, "headline": "Singapore lets unused 2025 carbon-credit quota roll into 2026, scaled by 25/45", "lead": [ "Taxable facilities in Singapore may carry unused 2025 international carbon credit quota into emissions year 2026.", "The carried amount is multiplied by 25/45, the ratio of the 2025 and 2026 tax rates, so 4,000 unused credits become 2,222.", "Quota already carried from 2024 into 2025 expires and cannot move forward again." ], "what_happened": [ "The National Environment Agency (NEA) sets out the roll-over rule on its carbon tax page, last updated on 19 August 2026. Facilities that do not use their full allowance of international carbon credits (ICCs) for emissions year 2025 can add the unused part to their 2026 allowance.", "Because the tax rose from S$25 to S$45 per tonne at the start of 2026, NEA applies a credit conversion factor of 25/45. The formula is (A minus B) times 25/45, rounded down, where A is the 2025 limit and B is the number of ICCs actually surrendered for 2025.", "NEA gives a worked example. A facility emitting 100,000 tonnes a year may use up to 5,000 ICCs. If it uses 1,000 for 2025, the remaining 4,000 convert to 2,222 for 2026, giving a 2026 ceiling of 7,222 credits (our calculation: 5,000 plus 2,222; NEA does not state the total). The page also states that quota carried from 2024 into 2025 lapses.", "NEA links the measure to slow credit supply. It notes that 11 Implementation Agreements had been signed when the page was updated, that application calls were open in Bhutan, Ghana, Peru, Rwanda and Thailand, and that projects can take up to four years to produce credits." ], "background": [ "The ICC framework started on 1 January 2024, when the tax rose to S$25. From that date taxable facilities could offset up to 5% of taxable emissions with eligible credits. Credits must come from reductions or removals from 2021 to 2030 inclusive, and only from countries that have an Implementation Agreement with Singapore.", "An earlier roll-over let facilities move unused 2024 quota, up to 5% of 2024 taxable emissions, into 2025. That carried quota now expires. The tax began at S$5 per tonne in 2019; the 2026 rise is the first since offsets were allowed in 2024. Scaling by 25/45 keeps the tax value of a carried quota roughly the same: 4,000 credits at S$25 and 2,222 credits at S$45 each cover about S$100,000 of tax.", "Supply under the agreements is still thin. Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation site lists 12 countries with which Singapore has substantively concluded negotiations or signed Implementation Agreements, nine of them in force (page updated 5 November 2026), while its project register showed no registered projects as of 2 November 2026." ], "comparison": { "title": "Offset limits in Asian compliance schemes", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Offset limit", "Eligible units" ], "rows": [ [ "Singapore carbon tax", "Up to 5% of taxable emissions", "ICCs from Implementation Agreement host countries" ], [ "Japan GX-ETS", "10% of each year's emissions", "J-Credits and JCM credits" ], [ "Korea K-ETS", "Up to 10% of a company's surrender obligation (legal ceiling)", "Domestic offset credits" ], [ "China national ETS", "Up to 5% of allowances due", "CCER" ] ], "facts": [ "sg:f50", "sg:f53", "jp:f23", "jp:f25", "kr:f42", "cn:f63" ], "note": "Korea's exact limit for each period is set in its allocation plan.", "chart": null }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "Carbon Tax (Roll over of Unutilised ICC Offset Limit for Emissions Year 2025)", "publisher": "National Environment Agency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "FAQ - General Information", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/frequently-asked-questions/general-information/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "c": { "title": "Eligibility Criteria", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/environmental-integrity/eligibility-criteria/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "Overall Project Register", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/project-register/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "Singapore's Article 6 Cooperation", "publisher": "Singapore's Carbon Markets Cooperation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/our-art6-cooperation/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "f": { "title": "ETS Subcommittee Interim Report", "publisher": "Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/006_06_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "g": { "title": "Enforcement Decree of the Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits", "publisher": "Korea Ministry of Government Legislation", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "h": { "title": "Measures for the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading (MEE Order No. 19)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (China)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202112/P020211213372253773271.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" } }, "related_pages": [ "singapore-carbon-tax", "japan-gx-ets", "korea-k-ets", "china-national-ets" ] }, { "slug": "20261112-sg-tax-45", "country": "sg", "category": "policy", "published": "2026-11-12", "event_date": "2026-01-01", "allow_old": true, "headline": "Singapore's carbon tax is S$45 a tonne for 2026 and 2027, up from S$25", "lead": [ "Singapore's carbon tax has been S$45 per tonne of CO2e since 1 January 2026, up 80% from S$25 in 2024 and 2025.", "The rate applies to about 50 facilities that each emit at least 25,000 tCO2e a year, covering around 70% of national emissions.", "The Government's stated range for 2030 remains S$50 to S$80, and the path from 2028 is under review." ], "what_happened": [ "The National Environment Agency (NEA) lists the carbon tax at S$45 per tonne of CO2e for emissions years 2026 and 2027. The rate took effect on 1 January 2026, so the first payments at the new level fall due in 2027, when facilities settle tax on their 2026 emissions. Under section 17 of the Carbon Pricing Act, tax assessed for an emissions year is due by 30 September of the following year, or 30 days after the notice of assessment is served if that is later.", "The tax is charged on direct emissions from facilities whose annual emissions reach 25,000 tCO2e. These are mainly in manufacturing, power, waste and water. The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) puts the number of taxable facilities at about 50 and the share of national greenhouse gas emissions they cover at around 70%. Adding fuel excise duties on transport fuels, the share priced in some form is about 80%.", "Under the same section, facilities pay by surrendering fixed-price carbon credits equal in value to the tax charged. Since 1 January 2024 they may also use eligible international carbon credits to cover up to 5% of their taxable emissions." ], "background": [ "Singapore introduced the tax on 1 January 2019 at S$5 per tonne. It was the first carbon price anywhere in Southeast Asia. The legal basis is the Carbon Pricing Act 2018.", "Budget 2022, announced on 18 February 2022, set the current path: S$25 for 2024 and 2025, S$45 for 2026 and 2027, and S$50 to S$80 by 2030. Parliament passed the amending law on 8 November 2022 and it took effect on 1 January 2024. The 2024 rate was five times the starting rate, and the 2026 step adds a further 80%.", "In a parliamentary reply dated 5 August 2026, the Government stated that the trajectory for 2028 and beyond is under review and that future rates will be announced in advance. No rate for 2028 has been published. NCCS also sets out that an increase of S$5 per tonne adds roughly 1% to electricity tariffs, and that the S$45 rate adds about S$3 a month for an average four-room public housing flat." ], "comparison": { "title": "Carbon price levels and coverage in five Asian compliance schemes", "headers": [ "Scheme", "Price reference", "Who is covered", "Share of national emissions" ], "rows": [ [ "Singapore carbon tax", "S$45/tCO2e (2026-2027)", "Facilities emitting 25,000 tCO2e or more", "Around 70%" ], [ "Taiwan carbon fee", "General rate NT$300/tCO2e (from 2025)", "Plants in power, gas supply and manufacturing emitting 25,000 tCO2e or more", "About 54% (pre-launch estimate)" ], [ "Japan GX-ETS", "Ceiling JPY 4,300, floor JPY 1,700 per t (FY2026)", "Companies emitting 100,000 t CO2 or more", "Nearly 60%" ], [ "Korea K-ETS", "No set price; shortfall penalty up to 3 times the year's average market price", "Companies averaging 125,000 tCO2e, or sites of 25,000 tCO2e", "Not stated in the sources used" ], [ "China national ETS", "Close CNY 97.90/t (end-August 2026, as published by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment)", "Entities emitting 26,000 tCO2e or more", "Over 65%" ] ], "facts": [ "sg:f03", "sg:f22", "sg:f30", "tw:f01", "tw:f04", "tw:f11", "tw:f14", "jp:f08", "jp:f09", "jp:f01", "jp:f06", "kr:f40", "kr:f12", "cn:f29", "cn:f44", "cn:f40" ], "note": "Prices are in local currency and are not converted. Singapore and Taiwan set fixed rates by law; Japan's figures are regulatory price bounds; Korea's rule is a legal penalty formula; China's is a market price as published by the national ministry.", "chart": { "type": "cols", "series_obj": { "name": "Singapore carbon tax rate by emissions year", "unit": "SGD/tCO2e", "points": [ { "x": "2019", "y": 5 }, { "x": "2020", "y": 5 }, { "x": "2021", "y": 5 }, { "x": "2022", "y": 5 }, { "x": "2023", "y": 5 }, { "x": "2024", "y": 25 }, { "x": "2025", "y": 25 }, { "x": "2026", "y": 45 }, { "x": "2027", "y": 45 } ] }, "title": "Singapore carbon tax rate, S$ per tCO2e" } }, "next": [], "sources": { "a": { "title": "Carbon Tax", "publisher": "National Environment Agency", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "b": { "title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts)", "publisher": "National Climate Change Secretariat", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "announcement" }, "c": { "title": "Parliamentary Reply by DPM Gan on Singapore's Carbon Tax Trajectory from 2028 (5 August 2026)", "publisher": "National Climate Change Secretariat", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/parliamentary-reply-by-dpm-gan-on-singapore-s-carbon-tax-trajectory-from-2028/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "d": { "title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018", "publisher": "Singapore Statutes Online", "kind": "government", "url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "e": { "title": "Budget Statement FY2022", "publisher": "Ministry of Finance", "kind": "government", "url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/2df7e174-4cfc-4cfe-9929-d28186d8299f/fy2022_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "f": { "title": "Reference ceiling and adjustment reference prices (METI Notice No. 27, 2026-03-30)", "publisher": "Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/torihikikakaku.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "h": { "title": "National Carbon Market Development Report (2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (China)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "role": "context" }, "g": { "title": "Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits", "publisher": "Korea Ministry of Government Legislation (National Law Information Center)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "i": { "title": "MOENV carbon fee rate review meeting (2 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of 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"https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets.html", "checked": "2026-11-12" }, "idx_home": { "title": "IDX Carbon — Home", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://idxcarbon.co.id/", "checked": "2026-11-12" }, "idx_faq": { "title": "IDX Carbon — Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDXCarbon)", "kind": "exchange", "url": "https://idxcarbon.co.id/frequently-asked-questions", "checked": "2026-11-12" }, "nea_ct": { "title": "Carbon Tax (National Environment Agency)", "publisher": "NEA, Singapore", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12" }, "nccs_ct": { "title": "Carbon Tax (National Climate Change Secretariat)", "publisher": "NCCS, Singapore", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12" 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"https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "a:20261112-cn-ets-report-2026-trading:mcee_ghg2025": { "title": "2025년도 국가 온실가스 잠정배출량 6억 8,571만톤 (press release)", "publisher": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (MCEE)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156782809", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "a:20261112-cn-ets-report-2026-trading:moenv_14412": { "title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 (2 Nov 2026)", "publisher": "Ministry of Environment (MOENV)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "a:20261112-sg-icc-rollover:a": { "title": "Carbon Tax (Roll over of Unutilised ICC Offset Limit for Emissions Year 2025)", "publisher": "National Environment Agency", "kind": "government", "url": 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"2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "a:20261112-sg-tax-45:j": { "title": "Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees", "publisher": "Laws & Regulations Database of the ROC (Ministry of Justice)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" }, "a:20261112-sg-tax-45:k": { "title": "Carbon Fee section", "publisher": "Climate Change Administration, Ministry of Environment (Taiwan)", "kind": "government", "url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-13", "role": "context" } }, "facts": [ { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Coverage threshold", "value": "More than 100,000 tCO2e of covered (scope 1) emissions a year", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "facilities that emit more than 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2-e) covered emissions a year" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Covered sectors", "value": "Mining, oil and gas production, manufacturing, transport and waste facilities", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "This includes mining, oil and gas production, manufacturing, transport and waste facilities." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Scheme start date", "value": "1 July 2016", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "deposited before the Safeguard Mechanism began on 1 July 2016" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "National targets the scheme is aligned with", "value": "43% below 2005 levels by 2030; net zero by 2050", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "emissions reduction targets of 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 and net zero by 2050" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Covered facilities, 2024–25", "value": "208 facilities (219 in 2023–24)", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "208 facilities were covered by the Safeguard Mechanism." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Share of national emissions, 2024–25", "value": "29.9% of Australia's total emissions", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "covered emissions from safeguard facilities made up 29.9% of Australia’s total emissions" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Covered emissions, 2024–25", "value": "132.8 MtCO2e, 2.3% less than 2023–24", "source_title": "Safeguard data (outcomes for 2024–25)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/safeguard-data", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "132.8 million tonnes of CO₂-e covered emissions (2.3% less than last year)" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Total baselines, 2024–25", "value": "126.2 MtCO2e, 7.3% less than 2023–24", "source_title": "Safeguard data (outcomes for 2024–25)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/safeguard-data", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "126.2 million tonnes of CO₂-e total baselines (7.3% less than last year)" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Total net emissions, 2024–25", "value": "120.3 MtCO2e after ACCU and SMC surrenders (5.5% less than 127.3 Mt in 2023–24)", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Total net emissions were 120.3 Mt CO2-e following the surrender of Australian carbon credit units" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Facilities above baseline and total excess, 2024–25", "value": "141 facilities; total excess 13.7 MtCO2e (9.2 Mt in 2023–24)", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "141 facilities’ net emissions exceeded their baselines, with a total excess of 13.7 Mt CO2-e" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Units surrendered for 2024–25", "value": "13.4 million: 10.8m ACCUs + 2.6m SMCs, by 139 facilities", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "139 facilities surrendered 10.8 million ACCUs and 2.6 million SMCs – totalling 13.4 million units" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "SMCs issued for 2024–25", "value": "6.7 million (8.3 million for 2023–24), to 54 responsible emitters", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "SMC issuances for 2024–25 totalled 6.7 million – a 19.4% reduction from 8.3 million" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Compliance rate, 2024–25", "value": "205 of 208 facilities (98.6%) compliant on 1 April 2026", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "205 (98.6%) of the 208 covered facilities being compliant" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Facilities in excess on the deadline, 2024–25", "value": "3 facilities; 317,212 tCO2e in excess on 1 April 2026", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "resulting in excess emissions situations totalling 317,212 tCO2-e on 1 April" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU use above 30% of baseline", "value": "Facilities surrendering ACCUs ≥30% of baseline must explain; 23 facilities triggered this for 2024–25", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "surrender ACCUs equivalent to 30% or more of their baseline must provide a statement" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Baseline decline rate to 2029–30", "value": "4.9% a year through to 30 June 2030", "source_title": "Safeguard baselines", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-baselines", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Baselines decline by 4.9% each financial year through to 30 June 2030." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Indicative decline rate from 2030–31", "value": "3.285% a year (indicative; set in 5-year blocks from 1 July 2030)", "source_title": "Safeguard baselines", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-baselines", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2030–ongoing* | 3.285% | 62.4%" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Emissions reduction contribution table", "value": "Scaling factor 95.1% (2023–24) falling 4.9 points a year to 65.7% (2029–30), 62.4% from 2030–31", "source_title": "Safeguard baselines", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-baselines", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2023–24 | 4.9% | 95.1% … 2029–30 | 4.9% | 65.7%" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Trade-exposed (TEBA) decline rate", "value": "As low as 1% (manufacturing) or 2% (non-manufacturing) for 3 years", "source_title": "Managing excess emissions", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/managing-excess-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "A manufacturing facility may be eligible for a decline rate as low as 1%." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "TEBA cost test", "value": "Compliance cost above 3% of revenue (non-manufacturing) or EBIT (manufacturing)", "source_title": "Managing excess emissions", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/managing-excess-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The cost of complying with safeguard obligations exceeds 3% of either" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Borrowing adjustment", "value": "Borrow up to 10% of next year's baseline; next baseline cut by the amount plus 10%", "source_title": "Managing excess emissions", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/managing-excess-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "specify the facility's proposed borrowing adjustment (up to 10% of the baseline)" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Multi-year monitoring period", "value": "2 to 5 years, ending no later than 30 June 2030", "source_title": "Managing excess emissions", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/managing-excess-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "at the end of a multi-year period of 2 to 5 years. MYMPs must end no later than 30 June 2030." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Civil penalty", "value": "1 penalty unit per tonne of excess plus 100 penalty units a day for up to 2 years", "source_title": "Managing excess emissions", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/managing-excess-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "100 penalty units for each day the excess exists during the 2-year period" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Annual compliance deadline", "value": "Excess must be managed before 1 April", "source_title": "Managing excess emissions", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/managing-excess-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Responsible emitters must manage their excess emissions before 1 April." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Electricity sectoral baseline", "value": "198 MtCO2e a year for grid-connected generators collectively", "source_title": "Safeguard baselines", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-baselines", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The sectoral baseline is set at 198 million t CO2-e per year." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "New facilities definition", "value": "Facilities that began all commercial production on or after 1 July 2023", "source_title": "Safeguard baselines", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-baselines", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Facilities are defined as new if they began all commercial production on or after 1 July 2023." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "What an SMC is", "value": "1 SMC = 1 tCO2e below a facility's baseline; tradeable; not an offset", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism credit units", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-mechanism-credit-units", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "An SMC represents one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2-e) emissions below a facility's baseline." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "What an ACCU is", "value": "1 ACCU per tCO2e stored or avoided by a registered project", "source_title": "Australian Carbon Credit Unit Scheme", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/australian-carbon-credit-unit-scheme", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Participants can earn one ACCU for every tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 assented", "value": "11 April 2023 (Act No. 14, 2023)", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 (No. 14, 2023), as made", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2023A00014/asmade/text", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "[Assented to 11 April 2023]" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Legislated decade budget 2020–30", "value": "Net safeguard emissions no more than 1,233 MtCO2e in total, 1 July 2020 to 30 June 2030", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 (No. 14, 2023), as made", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2023A00014/asmade/text", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "do not exceed a total of 1,233 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalence" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Legislated 2029–30 limit", "value": "No more than 100 MtCO2e of net safeguard emissions in 2029–30; zero after 30 June 2049", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 (No. 14, 2023), as made", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2023A00014/asmade/text", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "no more than 100 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalence for the financial year beginning on 1 July 2029" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "NGER Act assented", "value": "28 September 2007 (Act No. 175, 2007)", "source_title": "National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (No. 175, 2007), as made", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2007A00175/asmade/text", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "[Assented to 28 September 2007]" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act assented", "value": "15 September 2011 (Act No. 101, 2011)", "source_title": "Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011 (No. 101, 2011), as made", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2011A00101/asmade/text", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "[Assented to 15 September 2011]" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Cost containment price 2023–24", "value": "A$75 per ACCU", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2023 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2023/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "will pay $75 per ACCU in 2023-24 increasing with the Consumer Price Index plus 2 per cent" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Cost containment price 2024–25", "value": "A$79.20 per ACCU", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2024 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2024/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The 2024-25 price is $79.20 per ACCU." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Cost containment price 2025–26", "value": "A$82.68 per ACCU", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2025 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2025/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "purchase at a fixed price of $82.68 for 2025-26" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Cost containment price 2026–27", "value": "A$87.72 per ACCU, rising at CPI + 2% a year", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "purchase at a fixed price of $87.72 for 2026–27, rising at the Consumer Price Index plus 2%" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs held in the cost containment measure", "value": "6.0 million (30 June 2026); 6.1 million (30 Sep 2026)", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.1 … 2026 Q3 … Cost containment measure 6.1" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2022", "value": "A$35.10", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2022 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2022/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "generic ACCU spot price declined from $35.10 to $30.75" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q3 2022", "value": "A$30.75", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2022 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2022/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "generic ACCU spot price declined from $35.10 to $30.75" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q4 2022", "value": "A$33.80", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – December Quarter 2022 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-december-quarter-2022/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "increase from $30.75 to finish the calendar year at $33.80" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q1 2023", "value": "A$38.50", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2023 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2023/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "reaching $38.50 at the end of Q1 2023" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2023", "value": "A$31.85", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2023 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2023/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "declined by 18% over the quarter to $31.85 by the end of June" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q1 2024", "value": "A$33.75", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2024 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2024/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Prices then fell closing Q1 2024 at $33.75." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2024", "value": "A$34.34", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2024 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2024/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "generic ACCU spot price lifted from $34.34 to $36.25 over Q3" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q3 2024", "value": "A$36.25", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2024 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2024/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "generic ACCU spot price lifted from $34.34 to $36.25 over Q3" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q1 2025", "value": "A$33.08", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2025 (Safeguard and ACCU schemes)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2025/safeguard-and-australian-carbon-credit-unit-accu-schemes", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "the final spot price for Q1 2025 was $33.08 on 31 March 2025" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2025", "value": "A$35.45", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2025 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2025/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "rose from $35.45 at the end of Q2 2025 to $37.43 at the end of Q3 2025" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q3 2025", "value": "A$37.43", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – September Quarter 2025 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-september-quarter-2025/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "rose from $35.45 at the end of Q2 2025 to $37.43 at the end of Q3 2025" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q4 2025", "value": "A$36.60", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – December Quarter 2025 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-december-quarter-2025/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "fell from $37.43 at the end of Q3 2025 to $36.60 at the end of Q4" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q1 2026", "value": "A$36.28", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – March Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-march-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "falling from $36.60 at the end of 2025 to $36.28 at the end of Q1 2026" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, end Q2 2026", "value": "A$37.95", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "rose from $36.28 at the end of Q1 2026 to $37.95 at the end of Q2 2026" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price, 14 Aug 2026", "value": "A$39.03", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The ACCU spot price rose after Q2 reaching $39.03 on 14 August 2026." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "SMC spot price, 19 Jun 2026", "value": "A$38.00 (A$39.25 on 14 Aug 2026)", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "SMC spot prices have continued to follow ACCU prices closely, reaching $38.00 on 19 June 2026." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Generic ACCU spot price peak, 2022", "value": "A$57.50 all-time high, late January 2022", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – December Quarter 2022 (ACCUs)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-december-quarter-2022/australian-carbon-credit-units-accus", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "reached an all-time high of $57.50 in late January 2022" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2013", "value": "3,877,980 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2013 Q4 Annual total 3877980" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2014", "value": "7,621,505 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2014 Q4 Annual total 7621505" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2015", "value": "7,867,836 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2015 Q4 Annual total 7867836" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2016", "value": "13,133,396 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2016 Q4 Annual total 13133396" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2017", "value": "12,170,406 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2017 Q4 Annual total 12170406" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2018", "value": "12,438,219 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2018 Q4 Annual total 12438219" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2019", "value": "14,830,105 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2019 Q4 Annual total 14830105" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2020", "value": "16,052,805 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2020 Q4 Annual total 16052805" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2021", "value": "17,040,782 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2021 Q4 Annual total 17040782" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2022", "value": "17,738,059 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2022 Q4 Annual total 17738059" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2023", "value": "17,221,108 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2023 Q4 Annual total 17221108" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2024", "value": "18,784,758 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2024 Q4 Annual total 18784758" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, calendar 2025", "value": "21,653,923 ACCUs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2 ACCUs issued by method type: 2025 Q4 Annual total 21653923" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCUs issued, Jan–Sep 2026", "value": "19,139,145 ACCUs (Q1 5.46m, Q2 5.44m, Q3 8.24m)", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.2: 2026 Q3 Total 8243260, Annual total 19139145" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU issuance, first half 2026", "value": "10.9 million, a record for a first half; 2026 estimate 22–26 million", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Issuance in H1 was 10.9 million, 15% higher (1.4 million) than the same period last year" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU holdings in the registry, end of year", "value": "6.1m (2019), 7.9m (2020), 11.5m (2021), 22.7m (2022), 36.2m (2023), 49.9m (2024), 60.7m (2025), 68.9m (30 Sep 2026)", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.1 Total holdings: 2019 Q4 6.1 … 2025 Q4 60.7 … 2026 Q3 68.9" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "SMC holdings, 30 Sep 2026", "value": "11.0 million SMCs; 63 safeguard accounts hold SMCs", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.6: 2026 Q3 … Total holdings 11; Number of accounts with >0 SMCs … 63" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2018", "value": "389,893 units", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2018 Q4 Annual total 389893" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2019", "value": "143,843 units", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2019 Q4 Annual total 143843" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2020", "value": "56,994 units", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2020 Q4 Annual total 56994" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Safeguard surrenders, calendar 2021 (ACCUs; SMCs not yet issued)", "value": "121,579 units", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2021 Q4 Annual total 121579" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2022", "value": "348,535 units", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2022 Q4 Annual total 348535" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2023", "value": "236,224 units", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2023 Q4 Annual total 236224" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2024", "value": "1,526,091 units", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2024 Q4 Annual total 1526091" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU+SMC safeguard surrenders, calendar 2025", "value": "10,079,598 units", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.7 safeguard surrenders: 2025 Q4 Annual total 10079598" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU Scheme projects registered, 2022", "value": "364 projects", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.3 registered projects: 2022 Q4 Annual total 364" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU Scheme projects registered, 2023", "value": "337 projects", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.3 registered projects: 2023 Q4 Annual total 337" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU Scheme projects registered, 2024", "value": "416 projects", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.3 registered projects: 2024 Q4 Annual total 416" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU Scheme projects registered, 2025", "value": "407 projects", "source_title": "QCMR Q3 2026 data release workbook (data as at 30/09/2026, released 15 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/qcmr-data-workbook-september-quarter-2026", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Figure 1.3 registered projects: 2025 Q4 Annual total 407" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Safeguard baselines, covered emissions and facility count, 2020–21 to 2024–25", "value": "Baselines 179.8/175.6/171.6/136.1/126.2 Mt; covered emissions 137.1/137.5/138.6/136.0/132.8 Mt; facilities 212/219/218/219/208", "source_title": "2024–25 Safeguard Mechanism data insights (PDF)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/document/2024-25-safeguard-mechanism-data-insights", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Total Baselines (Mt CO₂-e) 179.8 175.6 171.6 136.1 126.2" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Safeguard Mechanism review consultation", "value": "Department paper released 7 Aug 2026; submissions closed 18 Sep 2026", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "released its Safeguard Mechanism review consultation paper on 7 August 2026" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Review outcome and timing of changes", "value": "Position paper early 2027; changes generally from 1 July 2030", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "any changes to the Safeguard Mechanism will generally take effect from 1 July 2030" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Next full QCMR", "value": "Full September Quarter 2026 report expected by mid-December 2026", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Reports", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "the full QCMR, which we expect to publish by mid-December 2026" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Annual safeguard data publication", "value": "2024–25 data published 15 April 2026", "source_title": "Safeguard data (outcomes for 2024–25)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/safeguard-data", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "It was published on 15 April 2026." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "ACCU Scheme amendments introduced", "value": "Amendments to the CFI Act introduced to Parliament on 20 August 2026", "source_title": "Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2026 (Australian environmental markets)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/quarterly-carbon-market-reports/quarterly-carbon-market-report-june-quarter-2026/australian-environmental-markets", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "were introduced to Parliament on 20 August 2026" }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "2023 reform", "value": "The Safeguard Mechanism was reformed in 2023", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The Safeguard Mechanism was reformed in 2023." }, { "page": "australia-safeguard-mechanism", "country": "Australia", "item": "Scheduled 2026–27 review", "value": "Department to review policy settings in 2026–27", "source_title": "Safeguard Mechanism", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The department will review the Safeguard Mechanism’s policy settings in 2026–27." }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "National ETS online trading launch", "value": "16 July 2021 (power sector first)", "source_title": "全国碳市场第一个履约周期顺利结束 (31 Dec 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "自2021年7月16日正式启动上线交易以来" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "MEE trading rules (Order No. 19) in force", "value": "1 February 2021", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理办法（试行） (MEE Order No. 19, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202112/P020211213372253773271.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "本办法自 2021 年 2 月 1 日起施行" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Interim Regulations adopted by State Council", "value": "5 January 2024 (Decree No. 775)", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, original 2024 text)", "source_url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202402/content_6930138.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "已经2024年1月5日国务院第23次常务会议通过" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Interim Regulations in force", "value": "1 May 2024", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, original 2024 text)", "source_url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202402/content_6930138.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "本条例自2024年5月1日起施行" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Interim Regulations revised", "value": "8 August 2026 (State Council decision amending administrative regulations)", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, as revised 8 Aug 2026; posted 10 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202610/t20261010_1175967.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "根据2026年8月8日《国务院关于修改和废止部分行政法规的决定》修订" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER (voluntary) market launch", "value": "22 January 2024", "source_title": "为什么要设置全国温室气体自愿减排交易市场，何时启动？", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/hdjl/cjwt/202509/t20250915_1130182.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2024年1月22日，全国温室气体自愿减排交易市场启动" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Steel, cement and aluminium work plan issued", "value": "20 March 2025 (Huanqihou [2025] No. 23)", "source_title": "关于印发《全国碳排放权交易市场覆盖钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业工作方案》的通知 (环气候〔2025〕23号, 20 Mar 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk03/202503/t20250326_1104736.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "经国务院批准，钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼三个行业纳入全国碳排放权交易市场管理" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Central policy opinion on the carbon market", "value": "dated 24 May 2025; targets for 2027 and 2030", "source_title": "中共中央办公厅 国务院办公厅关于推进绿色低碳转型加强全国碳市场建设的意见 (24 May 2025, published Aug 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/zyygwj/202508/t20250825_1126119.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "到2027年，全国碳排放权交易市场基本覆盖工业领域主要排放行业" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "2030 target design", "value": "Cap-based market with free and paid allocation by 2030", "source_title": "中共中央办公厅 国务院办公厅关于推进绿色低碳转型加强全国碳市场建设的意见 (24 May 2025, published Aug 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/zyygwj/202508/t20250825_1126119.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "到2030年，基本建成以配额总量控制为基础、免费和有偿分配相结合" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Allocation plan for 2025-26 (power) and 2026 (steel, cement, aluminium)", "value": "Dated 1 September 2026; issued 2 September 2026", "source_title": "关于印发《全国碳排放权交易市场2025、2026年度发电行业以及2026年度钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业配额总量和分配方案》的通知 (2 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk03/202609/t20260903_1165029.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "生态环境部办公厅2026年9月2日印发" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Surrender deadline for 2025 allowances", "value": "31 December 2026", "source_title": "关于做好2026年全国碳排放权交易市场有关工作的通知 (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202602/t20260209_1143900.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "重点排放单位按时足额完成2025年度碳排放配额清缴" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Deadline to publish 2027 covered-entity lists", "value": "31 October 2026", "source_title": "关于做好2026年全国碳排放权交易市场有关工作的通知 (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202602/t20260209_1143900.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2026年10月31日前，省级生态环境主管部门将2027年度" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "First compliance cycle: volume and value (Jul-Dec 2021)", "value": "179 Mt; CNY 7.661 bn; 114 trading days", "source_title": "全国碳市场第一个履约周期顺利结束 (31 Dec 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "碳排放配额累计成交量1.79亿吨，累计成交额76.61亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Closing price, 31 Dec 2021", "value": "CNY 54.22/t (+13% from opening)", "source_title": "全国碳市场第一个履约周期顺利结束 (31 Dec 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "12月31日收盘价54.22元/吨，较7月16日首日开盘价上涨13%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Allowance trading 2024: volume and value", "value": "189 Mt; CNY 18.114 bn", "source_title": "2024年全国碳排放权交易市场配额交易及清缴工作顺利结束 (5 Jan 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202501/t20250105_1099975.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2024年全年配额成交量1.89亿吨，成交额181.14亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Closing price, end-2024", "value": "CNY 97.49/t (+22.75% vs end-2023)", "source_title": "2024年全国碳排放权交易市场配额交易及清缴工作顺利结束 (5 Jan 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202501/t20250105_1099975.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "年底收盘价为97.49元/吨，较2023年底上涨22.75%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "2024 price milestones", "value": "First close above CNY 100/t on 24 Apr 2024; 2024 peak CNY 105.65/t on 13 Nov", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025） (September 2025, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "11 月 13 日达到全年峰值 105.65 元 /" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Allowance trading 2025: volume and value", "value": "235 Mt (about +24%); CNY 14.630 bn", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2025年全年配额成交量2.35亿吨，同比增长约24%，成交额146.30亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Closing price, end-2025", "value": "CNY 74.63/t", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "年底收盘价为74.63元/吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Average traded price 2025", "value": "CNY 62.36/t", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "全年交易均价为62.36元/吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Cumulative allowance trading to 31 Dec 2025", "value": "865 Mt; CNY 57.663 bn", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "配额累计成交量8.65亿吨，累计成交额576.63亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Trading days in 2025", "value": "243", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "市场共运行243个交易日" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Closing price, end-August 2026", "value": "CNY 97.90/t (+31.18% vs end-2025)", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "综合价格收盘价 97.90 元 / 吨，较 2025 年底上涨 31.18%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Cumulative allowance trading to end-August 2026", "value": "961 Mt; CNY 65.699 bn", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "累计成交量 9.61 亿" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Trading growth Jan-Aug 2026", "value": "Volume +46.53%, value +67.64% year on year", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "成交量、成交额同比分别上涨 46.53% 和 67.64%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Trading methods 2024", "value": "Listed agreement 37 Mt; block agreement 152 Mt", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025） (September 2025, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "全年成交量分别为 0.37 亿吨和 1.52 亿吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "One-way auctions", "value": "First 3 auctions on 16 Jul 2025 (0.13 Mt); 9 auctions and 0.338 Mt by end-Aug 2026", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "已顺利开展 9 场单向竞价交易，配额累计成交量" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Covered entities that traded in 2024", "value": "1,471", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025） (September 2025, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "参与交易的重点排放单位共计 1471" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "First compliance cycle coverage (2019-2020 allowances)", "value": "2,162 power entities; about 4.5 GtCO2 a year", "source_title": "全国碳市场第一个履约周期顺利结束 (31 Dec 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "共纳入发电行业重点排放单位2162家，年覆盖温室气体排放量约45亿吨二氧化碳" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Second cycle coverage (2021-2022)", "value": "2,257 entities; about 5.1 GtCO2e a year", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "行业重点排放单位（含其他行业自备电厂）2257 家" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "2023 compliance year coverage", "value": "2,096 power entities; about 5.2 GtCO2 a year", "source_title": "2024年全国碳排放权交易市场配额交易及清缴工作顺利结束 (5 Jan 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202501/t20250105_1099975.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "发电行业重点排放单位共计2096家，年覆盖二氧化碳排放量约52亿吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Covered entities, 2025", "value": "3,378 (power 2,087; steel 232; cement 962; aluminium 97)", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "重点排放单位共计3378家，其中发电行业重点排放单位2087家" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Covered entities and emissions, 2026", "value": "3,680 entities; about 8.3 GtCO2; over 65% of national emissions", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "四个行业纳入的重点排放单位共计 3680 家，覆盖二氧化碳排放量约 83 亿吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Share of national CO2 covered", "value": "Power alone about 40%; over 60% after adding steel, cement, aluminium", "source_title": "应对气候变化司相关负责人就《全国碳排放权交易市场覆盖钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业工作方案》答记者问 (26 Mar 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/zbft/202503/t20250326_1104767.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "覆盖全国二氧化碳排放总量占比达到60%以上" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Size of first expansion", "value": "About 1,500 new companies; about 3 GtCO2 added", "source_title": "应对气候变化司相关负责人就《全国碳排放权交易市场覆盖钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业工作方案》答记者问 (26 Mar 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/zbft/202503/t20250326_1104767.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "新增企业约1500家，覆盖碳排放量新增约30亿吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Gases covered in steel, cement and aluminium", "value": "3: CO2, CF4, C2F6", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "覆盖二氧化碳、四氟化碳、六氟化二碳等 3 种温室气体" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Inclusion threshold", "value": "26,000 tCO2e of direct emissions a year", "source_title": "关于做好2026年全国碳排放权交易市场有关工作的通知 (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202602/t20260209_1143900.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "年度直接排放量达到2.6万吨二氧化碳当量的单位纳入全国碳排放权交易市场管理" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Next sectors in preparation", "value": "Petrochemicals, chemicals, paper, civil aviation", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "石化、化工、造纸、民航等行业纳入全国碳" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Allocation method", "value": "Free allocation, moving gradually to a mix of free and paid", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, as revised 8 Aug 2026; posted 10 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202610/t20261010_1175967.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "碳排放配额实行免费分配，并根据国家有关要求逐步推行免费和有偿相结合的分配方式" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Intensity-based design", "value": "Allowances tied to output; no absolute cap set", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "企业获得的配额量与其实际产出量挂钩，不设定配额总量" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Steel, cement, aluminium: 2024 allocation", "value": "Allowances equal to verified 2024 emissions (no shortfall)", "source_title": "应对气候变化司相关负责人就《全国碳排放权交易市场覆盖钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业工作方案》答记者问 (26 Mar 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/zbft/202503/t20250326_1104767.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2024年度钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼企业获得的配额量等于经核查的实际排放量" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Steel, cement, aluminium: 2025 surplus/deficit cap", "value": "Each entity within ±3%", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "位的配额盈缺率最高不超过 3%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Phasing for new sectors", "value": "Start-up phase 2024-2026; deepening phase from 2027", "source_title": "应对气候变化司相关负责人就《全国碳排放权交易市场覆盖钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼行业工作方案》答记者问 (26 Mar 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/zbft/202503/t20250326_1104767.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "在深化完善阶段（2027年度—）" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Power sector 2024: shortfall cap", "value": "Entity shortfall capped at 20%", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "以及企业 20% 缺口率上限" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "2021 and 2022 allocation vs verified emissions", "value": "Issued 5.096 Gt and 5.104 Gt; verified 5.094 Gt and 5.091 Gt", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "年度配额发放量分别为 50.96 亿" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "2023 allocation vs verified emissions", "value": "Issued 5.215 Gt; required 5.244 Gt; gap 0.55%", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025） (September 2025, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "额发放量为 52.15 亿吨，经核查的实际排放量（应清缴配额量）合计 52.44" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Five-year target 2026-2030", "value": "Unit-product emissions in covered sectors down about 3%", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "覆盖行业单位产品碳排放下降 3%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "First cycle compliance rate", "value": "99.5% (by volume)", "source_title": "全国碳市场第一个履约周期顺利结束 (31 Dec 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "按履约量计，履约完成率为99.5%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Compliance rates for 2021 and 2022 allowances", "value": "99.61% and 99.88%", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "年 度 配 额 清 缴 完 成 率 分 别 为 99.61%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "2023 compliance year", "value": "Surrender due 5.244 Gt; about 99.98% completed", "source_title": "2024年全国碳排放权交易市场配额交易及清缴工作顺利结束 (5 Jan 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202501/t20250105_1099975.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2023年度配额应清缴总量52.44亿吨，配额清缴完成率约99.98%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "2024 compliance year", "value": "Surrender due 8.194 Gt; about 99.99% completed", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2024年度配额应清缴总量81.94亿吨，配额清缴完成率约99.99%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Penalty for failing to surrender (revised text)", "value": "CNY 1-5 million fine; if still not surrendered, 5-10x the prior month's average price per missing allowance", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, as revised 8 Aug 2026; posted 10 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202610/t20261010_1175967.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "处100万元以上500万元以下的罚款" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Penalty for failing to surrender (original 2024 text)", "value": "5-10x the prior month's average price; refusal: equal cut to next year's allowances", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, original 2024 text)", "source_url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202402/content_6930138.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "处未清缴的碳排放配额清缴时限前1个月市场交易平均成交价格5倍以上10倍以下的罚款" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Penalty for falsified emissions data", "value": "Fine CNY 0.5-2 million (or 5-10x illegal gains); refusal: 50-100% cut to next year's allowances", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, as revised 8 Aug 2026; posted 10 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202610/t20261010_1175967.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "按照50%以上100%以下的比例核减其下一年度碳排放配额" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Record keeping", "value": "Original data records kept at least 5 years", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理暂行条例 (State Council Decree No. 775, as revised 8 Aug 2026; posted 10 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202610/t20261010_1175967.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "原始记录和管理台账应当至少保存5年" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER offset limit", "value": "Up to 5% of allowances due", "source_title": "碳排放权交易管理办法（试行） (MEE Order No. 19, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202112/P020211213372253773271.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "抵销比例不得超过应清缴碳排放配额的 5%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER used for 2021-2022 compliance", "value": "3.7174 Mt", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "重点排放单位共使用 371.74 万吨国家核证自愿减排量用于配额清缴抵销" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER used for 2023 compliance", "value": "6.4727 Mt by 58 entities", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025） (September 2025, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "58 家重点排放单位使用 647.27 万吨国家核证自愿减排量" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "First trading of new CCERs (March 2025)", "value": "0.7488 Mt on day one at an average CNY 80.45/t", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2025） (September 2025, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202509/W020250927515316322073.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "当日成交量 74.88 万吨，成交额 6024.18 万元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER trading 2025", "value": "8.8441 Mt; CNY 626 m", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "自愿减排量年成交量 884.41 万吨，成交额 6.26 亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER average price 2025", "value": "CNY 70.76/t", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "全年交易均价为70.76元/吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER registered by end-2025", "value": "33 projects; 17.7637 Mt", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "已登记自愿减排项目33个，减排量1776.37万吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER registered by end-August 2026", "value": "41 projects; 24.2335 Mt; cumulative trading 21.7068 Mt (CNY 1.737 bn)", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "累计登记自愿减排项目 41 个、核证自愿减排量 2423.35 万吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER average price to end-August 2026", "value": "CNY 86.51/t", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2026） (September 2026, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202609/W020260920730894576289.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "核证自愿减排量成交均价 86.51 元 / 吨" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "CCER methodologies published in 2025", "value": "12", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "电气设备六氟化硫回收净化等12项方法学" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Registry accounts (CCER registry)", "value": "6,106", "source_title": "2025年全国碳市场平稳有序运行 圆满完成年度建设工作 (1 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202601/t20260101_1139528.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "注册登记系统累计开户6106家" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Average price, Jul-Dec 2021 (calc)", "value": "CNY 42.80/t = 7,661 / 179 (f14)", "source_title": "全国碳市场第一个履约周期顺利结束 (31 Dec 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202112/t20211231_965906.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "碳排放配额累计成交量1.79亿吨，累计成交额76.61亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Average price 2024 (calc)", "value": "CNY 95.84/t = 18,114 / 189 (f21)", "source_title": "2024年全国碳排放权交易市场配额交易及清缴工作顺利结束 (5 Jan 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202501/t20250105_1099975.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2024年全年配额成交量1.89亿吨，成交额181.14亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Closing price at end-2023", "value": "CNY 79.42/t (+46.48% vs first-cycle close)", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2023年底，综合价格收盘价为79.42元/吨，较开市首日开盘价上涨65.46%，较第一个履约周期收盘价上涨46.48%" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Second-cycle allowance trading, 1 Jan 2022 to 31 Dec 2023: volume and value", "value": "263 Mt; CNY 17.258 bn", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2022年1月1日至2023年12月31日，碳排放配额成交量2.63亿吨，成交额172.58亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Cumulative allowance trading to end-2023", "value": "442 Mt; CNY 24.919 bn", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "截至2023年底，全国碳排放权交易市场碳排放配额累计成交量4.42亿吨，累计成交额249.19亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Cumulative allowance trading to end-2024", "value": "630 Mt; CNY 43.033 bn", "source_title": "2024年全国碳排放权交易市场配额交易及清缴工作顺利结束 (5 Jan 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202501/t20250105_1099975.shtml", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "截至2024年底，全国碳排放权交易市场配额累计成交量6.3亿吨，累计成交额430.33亿元" }, { "page": "china-national-ets", "country": "China", "item": "Average price 2022-2023 (calc)", "value": "CNY 65.62/t = 17,258 / 263 (f78)", "source_title": "全国碳市场发展报告（2024） (July 2024, PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "碳排放配额成交量2.63亿吨，成交额172.58亿元" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Core Climate launch date", "value": "28 October 2022", "source_title": "HKEX Launches Core Climate, Hong Kong's International Carbon Marketplace (28 Oct 2022)", "source_url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2022/221028news?sc_lang=en", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "HKEX ... is today (Friday) pleased to announce the launch of Core Climate" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Participants, end-2024 (Government)", "value": "100", "source_title": "LCQ20: Carbon emission reduction (18 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202506/18/P2025061800243.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The platform's participant number reached 100 by end of 2024" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Projects on the platform, end-2025", "value": "Over 60 carbon reduction projects", "source_title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "By the end of 2025, the number of carbon reduction projects on the platform had increased to over 60" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Cumulative traded volume, as of March 2026", "value": "Exceeded 1 million tonnes", "source_title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "cumulative carbon credit transaction volume has exceeded 1 million tonnes" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Registered participants, as of March 2026", "value": "Over 130", "source_title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "with over 130 registered participants" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Disclosure of transaction values", "value": "Nominal volumes and transaction information not disclosed (commercially sensitive; very wide price range)", "source_title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "relevant nominal volumes or information of the transactions cannot be disclosed" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Settlement currencies", "value": "2 currencies: Hong Kong dollar (HKD) and Renminbi (RMB)", "source_title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "offering dual-currency settlement services in Hong Kong dollars and Renminbi" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Credit standard at launch", "value": "Verra Verified Carbon Standard (VCS); all projects verified against it (Nov 2022)", "source_title": "Early Momentum for Core Climate, Hong Kong's New International Carbon Marketplace (24 Nov 2022)", "source_url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2022/2211242news?sc_lang=en", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "All projects available on Core Climate ... are verified against the Verified Carbon Standard by Verra" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Gold Standard VERs added", "value": "GS-VERs tradable from 1 August 2024", "source_title": "HKEX to Introduce Gold Standard Carbon Credits on Core Climate (1 Aug 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2024/240801news?sc_lang=en", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "inclusion of Gold Standard's Verified Emission Reductions (GS-VERs) on the Core Climate platform, with effect on 1 August 2024" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Unit size of a GS-VER", "value": "1 tonne of CO2 per credit", "source_title": "HKEX to Introduce Gold Standard Carbon Credits on Core Climate (1 Aug 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2024/240801news?sc_lang=en", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Each GS-VER represents one tonne of CO2 emissions" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Project types and regions", "value": "Forestry, solar, wind, biomass projects in Asia, South America and Africa", "source_title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "including forestry, solar, wind, and biomass projects in Asia, South America, and Africa" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Hong Kong International Carbon Market Council formed", "value": "July 2022", "source_title": "LCQ20: Carbon emission reduction (18 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202506/18/P2025061800243.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "HKEX launched the Hong Kong International Carbon Market Council (the Council) in July 2022" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "GBA exchanges MOU", "value": "Signed 23 Sep 2025 with 3 exchanges: Guangzhou Emissions Exchange, Shenzhen Green Exchange, Macao International Carbon Emission Exchange", "source_title": "HKEX Signs MOU to Advance Carbon Market Ecosystem in Greater Bay Area (23 Sep 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2025/250923news?sc_lang=en", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Guangzhou Emissions Exchange (CEEX), Shenzhen Green Exchange (SGE), Macao International Carbon Emission Exchange (MEX)" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Cross-boundary settlement pilot target", "value": "Pilot to be completed within 2026", "source_title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "with a view to completing the pilot and summarising experience within 2026" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "GEC pilot trading target", "value": "Pilot trading of GECs in Hong Kong in 2026", "source_title": "The Chief Executive's 2026 Policy Address (7) (16 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202609/16/P2026091600281.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "working towards the pilot trading of ... green electricity certificates (GECs) in Hong Kong in 2026" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Tokenised carbon credit test (Project Ensemble)", "value": "Completed in 2025 by HKMA and HKEX", "source_title": "LCQ21: Promoting cross-boundary carbon trading and settlement (18 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/18/P2026031700424.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "in 2025, the HKMA and the HKEX successfully completed the testing of a tokenised carbon credit transaction use case" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Co-operation countries named in 2026 Policy Address", "value": "3: Brazil, Malaysia, Kazakhstan", "source_title": "The Chief Executive's 2026 Policy Address (7) (16 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202609/16/P2026091600281.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Core Climate is expanding co-operation with Brazil, Malaysia and Kazakhstan" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Compliance carbon trading market (2018 position)", "value": "Steering Committee on Climate Change: Hong Kong not yet in a position to set up its own carbon trading market", "source_title": "LCQ9: Climate change (12 Dec 2018)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201812/12/P2018121200199.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "agreed that Hong Kong is not yet in a position to establish its own carbon trading market at this stage" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Policy direction (March 2022 feasibility assessment)", "value": "Develop a centralised, on-exchange voluntary carbon market (2022 target, as worded in the official reply)", "source_title": "LCQ15: Development of green finance (27 Apr 2022)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202204/27/P2022042600529.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "develop a centralised and on-exchange VCM" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Government description of Core Climate (2026)", "value": "Voluntary international carbon marketplace run by HKEX", "source_title": "Speech by FS at Hong Kong Climate Week 2026 (26 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/26/P2026032600301p.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Core Climate, the voluntary international carbon marketplace run by the Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "First carbon futures ETF listed on HKEX", "value": "23 March 2022", "source_title": "LCQ15: Development of green finance (27 Apr 2022)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202204/27/P2022042600529.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Hong Kong's first carbon futures exchange traded fund (ETF) was listed on the HKEX on March 23, 2022" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "2035 interim target", "value": "Halve carbon emissions from the 2005 level before 2035 (-50%)", "source_title": "Government announces Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050 (8 Oct 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202110/08/P2021100800588.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "reduce Hong Kong's carbon emissions by 50 per cent before 2035 as compared to the 2005 level" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Carbon neutrality target", "value": "Before 2050", "source_title": "Hong Kong greenhouse gas emission inventory for 2024 released (22 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202601/22/P2026012200196.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "reducing Hong Kong's carbon emissions by half from the 2005 levels before 2035 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2050" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Climate spending planned (CAP2050)", "value": "About HK$240 billion over the next 15-20 years", "source_title": "Government announces Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050 (8 Oct 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202110/08/P2021100800588.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "In the next 15 to 20 years, the Government will devote about $240 billion" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Renewable energy share target in power mix", "value": "7.5%-10% by 2035, 15% subsequently", "source_title": "Government announces Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050 (8 Oct 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202110/08/P2021100800588.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "increase the share of renewable energy in the fuel mix for electricity generation to 7.5 per cent to 10 per cent by 2035" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Total GHG emissions 2024", "value": "About 33.2 million tCO2e (-3.6% vs 2023)", "source_title": "Hong Kong greenhouse gas emission inventory for 2024 released (22 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202601/22/P2026012200196.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "total GHG emissions in 2024 amounted to approximately 33.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Per capita emissions 2024", "value": "4.41 tCO2e per person", "source_title": "Hong Kong greenhouse gas emission inventory for 2024 released (22 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202601/22/P2026012200196.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "reaching a new low of 4.41 tonnes CO2-e" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Largest emission source 2024", "value": "Electricity generation 61%, transport 18%, waste 8%", "source_title": "Hong Kong greenhouse gas emission inventory for 2024 released (22 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202601/22/P2026012200196.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "electricity generation (61 per cent), transport (18 per cent) and waste management (8 per cent)" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Change since 2014 peak (2024)", "value": "Total emissions down about 27%", "source_title": "Hong Kong greenhouse gas emission inventory for 2024 released (22 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202601/22/P2026012200196.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "total emissions, per capita GHG emissions and carbon intensity in 2024 have been reduced by about 27 per cent" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Total GHG emissions 2005 (baseline year)", "value": "42,800 ktCO2e", "source_title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Intensity in Hong Kong, data table 1990-2024 (updated Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://cnsd.gov.hk/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Data-Tables_2024_AR5_per-capita_intensity-r3.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2005 42,800 6.28 0.021" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Total GHG emissions 2014 (peak)", "value": "45,600 ktCO2e", "source_title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Intensity in Hong Kong, data table 1990-2024 (updated Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://cnsd.gov.hk/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Data-Tables_2024_AR5_per-capita_intensity-r3.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2014 45,600 6.30 0.017" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Annual GHG emissions table 2005-2024", "value": "Total GHG emissions by year, ktCO2e (AR5 GWP)", "source_title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Intensity in Hong Kong, data table 1990-2024 (updated Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://cnsd.gov.hk/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Data-Tables_2024_AR5_per-capita_intensity-r3.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Total GHG emissions (kilotonnes CO2-e) ... Updated: January 2026" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Implied 2035 emissions level", "value": "About 21,400 ktCO2e = 50% (f41) x 42,800 (f49)", "source_title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Intensity in Hong Kong, data table 1990-2024 (updated Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://cnsd.gov.hk/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Data-Tables_2024_AR5_per-capita_intensity-r3.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2005 42,800" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "2024 emissions vs 2005", "value": "About -22.4% = 33,200 (f51 table) / 42,800 (f49) - 1", "source_title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Intensity in Hong Kong, data table 1990-2024 (updated Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://cnsd.gov.hk/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Data-Tables_2024_AR5_per-capita_intensity-r3.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2024 33,200 4.41 0.011" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Climate Action Plan 2050 review", "value": "Review result expected in 2026", "source_title": "LCQ20: Carbon emission reduction (18 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202506/18/P2025061800243.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "expect to release the review result in 2026" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Climate Action Plan 2050 announced", "value": "8 October 2021", "source_title": "Government announces Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050 (8 Oct 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202110/08/P2021100800588.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The Government today (October 8) announced Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "HKEX - Shenzhen Green Exchange MOU", "value": "October 2023", "source_title": "HKEX's Core Climate Completes First Cross-boundary Pilots in Green Electricity Certificates and Carbon Allowances (14 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.hkex.com.hk/News/News-Release/2026/261014news?sc_lang=en", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "memorandum of understanding signed by HKEX and SGE in October 2023" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "HKEX - China Emissions Exchange (Guangzhou) MOU", "value": "March 2022", "source_title": "LCQ15: Development of green finance (27 Apr 2022)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202204/27/P2022042600529.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The HKEX also signed a MoU with the Guangzhou-based China Emissions Exchange in March 2022" }, { "page": "hong-kong-core-climate", "country": "Hong Kong", "item": "Earlier target (CAP2030+, 2017)", "value": "Carbon intensity -65% to -70% by 2030 vs 2005 (= total -26% to -36%)", "source_title": "Government announces Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050 (8 Oct 2021)", "source_url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202110/08/P2021100800588.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "reducing Hong Kong's carbon intensity by 65 per cent to 70 per cent by 2030 using 2005 as the base" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Scheme notified", "value": "28 June 2023 (S.O. 2825(E), under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001)", "source_title": "Annual Report 2025-26", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2026/05/df68bc7bf21a7e46d1b01529930c137d.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "notified the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), 2023, on 28th June 2023, under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Scheme amended", "value": "19 December 2023 (S.O. 5369(E))", "source_title": "CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2026 (notification dated 27.02.2026)", "source_url": "https://cercind.gov.in/regulations/205-Noti.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "S.O. 2825(E) dated the 28th June 2023 and S.O. 5369(E) dated 19th December 2023" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Legal basis", "value": "Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 — clause (w) of section 14", "source_title": "Parliament Question: Indian Carbon Market (9 Dec 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082528", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "established under the Energy Conservation Amendment Act, 2022, where clause (w) of section 14 of the EC Act empowers the Central Government" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Unit of a carbon credit", "value": "1 credit = 1 tCO2e reduced, removed or avoided", "source_title": "S.O. 2825(E), Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023 (Gazette of India, 28 June 2023; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/1734693005.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "is equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO 2 e)" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Greenhouse gases named in the scheme", "value": "7 named (CO2, CH4, N2O, HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF6), list not exhaustive", "source_title": "S.O. 2825(E), Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023 (Gazette of India, 28 June 2023; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/1734693005.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "include, but not limited to, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), hydrochloro fluor ocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 )" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "National Steering Committee meetings", "value": "At least 1 meeting per quarter; chaired by the Power Secretary, co-chaired by the Environment Secretary", "source_title": "S.O. 2825(E), Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023 (Gazette of India, 28 June 2023; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/1734693005.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The Chairperson shall call the meeting at least once in a quarter of every year." }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "First GEI targets (October 2025)", "value": "282 obligated entities in 4 sectors: aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali, pulp & paper", "source_title": "Government notifies Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Targets for 208 more Carbon-intensive Industries (22 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2217239®=3&lang=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "first notified GEI targets in October 2025 for the Aluminium, Cement, Chlor-Alkali, and Pulp & Paper sectors covering 282 obligated entities" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "First target rules gazetted", "value": "8 October 2025 (G.S.R. 739(E), Environment (Protection) Act, 1986)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 vide notification number G.S.R.739(E), dated the 8 th October, 2025" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Cement entities with targets", "value": "186 (count of entities listed in Table 2 of the 2025 Rules)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "186. ACC Limited , Madukkarai Cement Works, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Aluminium entities with targets (October 2025)", "value": "13 (count of entities listed in Table 1: 8 smelters, 5 refineries)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "13. Hindalco Industries Limited, Muri Works, Ranchi, Muri, Ranchi, Jharkhand" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Chlor-alkali entities with targets", "value": "30 (count of entities listed in Table 3, CNAOE001–CNAOE030)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Sector – Chlor - Alkali 1. Atul Ltd, Atul , Valsad, 396020, Gujarat CNAOE001GJ" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Pulp & paper entities with targets", "value": "53 (count of entities listed in Table 4)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "53. ITC Limited, Paperboards & Specialty Papers Division. Unit Tribeni" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Baseline year", "value": "2023-24 (baseline output and baseline GHG emission intensity)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Baseline Equivalent Major Product Output 2023 - 24 Baseline GHG Emission Intensity 2023 - 24" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Compliance years with targets", "value": "2025-26 and 2026-27", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "GHG Emission Intensity Target (5) Compliance Year 2025 - 26 Compliance Year 2026 - 27" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Target metric", "value": "tCO2e per tonne of equivalent product (refineries: tCO2e per MBBLS/NRGF)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "targets in terms of tCO 2e per equivalent output or product" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "First-year target for the October 2025 sectors", "value": "Pro rata for 7 months, September 2025 to March 2026", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "pro rata target for the remaining months i.e. from September 2025 to March 2026" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Second set of targets (January 2026)", "value": "208 obligated entities: petroleum refineries, petrochemicals, textiles, secondary aluminium", "source_title": "Government notifies Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Targets for 208 more Carbon-intensive Industries (22 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2217239®=3&lang=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The notification, issued on 13.01.2026, brings Petroleum Refineries, Petrochemicals, Textiles and Secondary Aluminium under the compliance mechanism" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Textile entities with targets", "value": "173 (count of entities listed in the Second Schedule, TXTOE001–TXTOE173)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 25(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 13 January 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-de57eb4cfcc5ab0c_1776057184.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "four more sectors i.e., Aluminium (Second Aluminium), Petroleum Refinery, Petrochemical and Textile" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Petroleum refinery entities with targets", "value": "21 (count of entities listed in the Second Schedule, REFOE001–REFOE021)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 25(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 13 January 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-de57eb4cfcc5ab0c_1776057184.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Sector: Petroleum Refinery 1. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd - Bina Refinery" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Petrochemical entities with targets", "value": "11 (count of entities listed in the Second Schedule)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 25(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 13 January 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-de57eb4cfcc5ab0c_1776057184.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "greenhouse gases emission intensity targets of four more sectors i.e., Aluminium (Second Aluminium), Petroleum Refinery, Petrochemical and Textile" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Secondary aluminium entities with targets", "value": "3 (Hindalco Taloja, Hirakud FRP, Mouda)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 25(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 13 January 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-de57eb4cfcc5ab0c_1776057184.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Sub - Sector – Secondary Aluminium 1. Hindalco Industries Limited, Plot No. 2, MIDC Taloja" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Obligated entities after January 2026", "value": "490 obligated entities (PIB, 22 Jan 2026: the 282 from October 2025 in aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali and pulp & paper, plus 208 in petroleum refineries, petrochemicals, textiles and secondary aluminium)", "source_title": "Government notifies Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Targets for 208 more Carbon-intensive Industries (22 Jan 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2217239®=3&lang=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "With this expansion, the compliance mechanism of the ICM now covers 490 obligated entities across India's most emission-intensive industries" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "First-year target for the January 2026 sectors", "value": "Pro rata for 3 months, January to March 2026", "source_title": "G.S.R. 25(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 13 January 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-de57eb4cfcc5ab0c_1776057184.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "pro rata target for the remaining months i.e. from January 2026 to March 2026" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Iron and steel: draft targets", "value": "255 entities listed in a draft Third Schedule (G.S.R. 517(E), 26 June 2026); target for 2026-27 only", "source_title": "G.S.R. 517(E), draft Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules for the iron and steel sector (Gazette of India, 26 June 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-bbce4f833a613eae_1783081829.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "DRAFT NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 26 th June , 2026 G.S.R. 517 (E)" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Comment period for the steel draft", "value": "60 days from publication", "source_title": "G.S.R. 517(E), draft Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules for the iron and steel sector (Gazette of India, 26 June 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-bbce4f833a613eae_1783081829.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "on or after the expiry of a period of sixty (60) days from the date of publication of the draft" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Obligated entities if the steel draft is adopted", "value": "745 = 490 (f22) + 255 (f24)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 517(E), draft Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules for the iron and steel sector (Gazette of India, 26 June 2026; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-bbce4f833a613eae_1783081829.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "issued vide notification number G.S.R. 25(E) dated 13 th January 2026 for setting greenhouse gases emission intensity target four more sectors" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Estimated eventual coverage (March 2025)", "value": "About 795 obligated entities", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Approximately 795 obligated entities have been estimated to be covered under the compliance mechanism of CCTS" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Estimated obligated entities: Gujarat", "value": "101 (of 795, March 2025 estimate)", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Gujarat 101" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Estimated obligated entities: Odisha", "value": "83 (of 795)", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Odisha 83" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Estimated obligated entities: Chhattisgarh", "value": "76 (of 795)", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Chhattisgarh 76" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Estimated obligated entities: Rajasthan", "value": "70 (of 795)", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Rajasthan 70" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Estimated obligated entities: Karnataka", "value": "55 (of 795)", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Karnataka 55" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Sectors identified for the compliance mechanism", "value": "9: aluminium, cement, steel, paper, chlor-alkali, fertiliser, refinery, petrochemical, textile", "source_title": "Parliament Question: Indian Carbon Market (9 Dec 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082528", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "identified nine energy-intensive sectors for inclusion under the CCTS, namely, Aluminium, Cement, Steel, Paper, Chlor-Alkali, Fertiliser, Refinery, Petrochemical, and Textile" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Power sector", "value": "Thermal power plants not moved from PAT into the CCTS (Dec 2025); fertiliser has no notified targets yet", "source_title": "Framework for Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) Established for Industrial Sector Decarbonisation (4 Dec 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2198780®=3&lang=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Thermal power plants have not been transitioned from the PAT scheme to the CCTS Compliance Mechanism." }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Emissions counted", "value": "Direct plus indirect (grid electricity, imported heat) — Scope 1 and 2", "source_title": "Detailed Procedure for Compliance Mechanism under CCTS", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/7772386525993811.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "indirect emissions from electricity purchased from grid, and emissions from electricity and heat imported outside plant boundary" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Trajectory period", "value": "3 years, with annual targets (compliance cycles)", "source_title": "Detailed Procedure for Compliance Mechanism under CCTS", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/7772386525993811.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The trajectory period will be of three years and the targets will be given on annual basis" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Penalty for a shortfall", "value": "Environmental compensation = 2 × the average CCC price in that compliance year's trading cycle", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "equal to twice of the average price at which carbon credit certificate is traded during the trading cycle of such compliance year" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Deadline to pay compensation", "value": "90 days from the order (imposed by the Central Pollution Control Board)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Environmental Comp ensation shall be paid within the 90 days from the day of such imposition of the Order." }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Draft target rules published", "value": "16 April 2025 (G.S.R. 234(E))", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "vide notification number G.S.R. 234(E), dated the 16 th April 2025" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Trading rules notified", "value": "CERC CCC Regulations, 2026, dated 27 February 2026", "source_title": "CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2026 (notification dated 27.02.2026)", "source_url": "https://cercind.gov.in/regulations/205-Noti.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "No RA-14026(13)/1/2024-CERC Dated:27.02.2026 NOTIFICATION" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Draft trading rules", "value": "Published for comment 13 November 2024", "source_title": "Public Notice: Draft CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2024 (13.11.2024)", "source_url": "https://www.cercind.gov.in/2024/draft_reg/PN-PoCCC-2024.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "No. RA-14026(13)/1/2024-CERC Dated: 13.11.2024 PUBLIC NOTICE" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Market segments", "value": "2: a Compliance Market and an Offset Market", "source_title": "CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2026 (notification dated 27.02.2026)", "source_url": "https://cercind.gov.in/regulations/205-Noti.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "There shall be two separate market segments for dealing in CCCs, namely, the Compliance Market for the Obligated entities and the Offset Market" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Trading frequency", "value": "Monthly (12 sessions a year) unless CERC approves otherwise", "source_title": "CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2026 (notification dated 27.02.2026)", "source_url": "https://cercind.gov.in/regulations/205-Noti.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The frequency of transactions of CCCs shall be on a monthly basis" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Price band", "value": "Floor and forbearance prices for the compliance market, to be approved by CERC on a BEE proposal; no values found in the texts read", "source_title": "CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2026 (notification dated 27.02.2026)", "source_url": "https://cercind.gov.in/regulations/205-Noti.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The CCCs shall be exchanged within the floor and forbearance price under the Compliance mechanism" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Bid-default sanction", "value": "More than 3 defaults in a quarter: barred from CCC dealing for 6 months", "source_title": "CERC (Terms and Conditions for Purchase and Sale of Carbon Credit Certificates) Regulations, 2026 (notification dated 27.02.2026)", "source_url": "https://cercind.gov.in/regulations/205-Noti.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "more than three cases of default ... in a quarter shall be barred from dealing with CCCs for the next six months" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Proposed trading day (draft, October 2026)", "value": "Last Thursday of every month", "source_title": "Draft Detailed Procedure for Transaction of Carbon Credit Certificates under Compliance Mechanism (October 2026)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-ff98b7dece646232_1792561430.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "trading to be carried out on last Thursday of every month" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Expected start of compliance trading", "value": "2026-27 (stated 13 March 2025)", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The trading of carbon credits under compliance mechanism is expected to begin in 2026-27." }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Earlier target dates (September 2024)", "value": "Mandatory sectors by October 2026; voluntary sectors by April 2026", "source_title": "Ministry of Power ... first 100 days (23 Sep 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2057980®=3&lang=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "We intend to operationalise the trading of certificates of mandatory sectors by October 2026 and of voluntary sectors by April 2026." }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Offset methodologies approved", "value": "9 (e.g. grid renewables, hydrogen, landfill methane, afforestation incl. mangroves)", "source_title": "Annual Report 2025-26", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2026/05/df68bc7bf21a7e46d1b01529930c137d.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "So far, nine methodologies have been approved under the offset mechanism" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Offset project registrants (March 2026)", "value": "Over 40 registered entities submitting projects (biogas, hydrogen, forestry)", "source_title": "Union Power Minister Inaugurates Prakriti 2026 & Launches Indian Carbon Market Portal (21 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2243377®=3&lang=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "nine notified methodologies and over 40 registered entities submitting projects in biogas, hydrogen, and forestry" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Approved offset sector groups", "value": "10 groups listed (energy, industries, agriculture, waste, forestry, transport, fugitive, construction, solvent use, CCUS and removals)", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Approved sectors under offset mechanism are Energy, Industries, Agriculture, Waste handling and disposal, Forestry, Transport, Fugitive Emissions, Construction, Solvent use, Carbon capture" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Indian Carbon Market portal launched", "value": "21 March 2026, at Prakriti 2026", "source_title": "Union Power Minister Inaugurates Prakriti 2026 & Launches Indian Carbon Market Portal (21 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2243377®=3&lang=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "the Indian Carbon Market Portal (www.indiancarbonmarket.gov.in)- a central platform ... was launched" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "PAT scheme units moved to CCTS", "value": "490 of 1,333 PAT units (7 of 13 sectors) became obligated entities in January 2026", "source_title": "Annual Report 2025-26", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2026/05/df68bc7bf21a7e46d1b01529930c137d.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "covered 1333 units across 13 energy intensive sectors ... 490 units across 7 sectors become obligated entities under Carbon Credit Trading Scheme in January 2026" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "MRV framework published", "value": "July 2024 (Detailed Procedure for Compliance Mechanism)", "source_title": "Parliament Question: Indian Carbon Market (9 Dec 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082528", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The finalized MRV framework was published by the Government of India in July 2024." }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Article 6 authority notified", "value": "30 May 2022 (NDAIAPA, chaired by the Environment Secretary)", "source_title": "Activities finalised to be considered for trading of carbon credits under Article 6.2 mechanism (17 Feb 2023)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1900216", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "India has notified the National Designated Authority for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement (NDAIAPA) vide Gazetted Notification dated 30.05.2022" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Activities eligible for Article 6 trading", "value": "14 activities (mitigation, alternate materials, removals) under Article 6.2 and 6.4", "source_title": "Parliament Question: Progress in achieving Climate Goals (3 Feb 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2099131", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "updated and finalized the list of 14 activities ... eligible for trading of international carbon credits" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "India–Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism", "value": "Memorandum of Cooperation signed 7 August 2025 (Article 6.2)", "source_title": "India calls Joint Crediting Mechanism a key tool ... at CoP30 in Belém, Brazil (20 Nov 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2191915®=48&lang=2", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Referring to the signing of the India–Japan Memorandum of Cooperation on 07.08.2025" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "NDC goal the market supports", "value": "Cut emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 vs 2005", "source_title": "Ministry of Power & MoEFCC to develop Carbon Credit Trading Scheme for Decarbonisation (11 May 2023)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1923458®=3&lang=2", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "reducing Emissions Intensity of the GDP by 45 percent by 2030 against 2005 levels" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005: 2010", "value": "12% lower", "source_title": "Parliament Question: Indian Carbon Market (9 Dec 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082528", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2005-2010 2010 12%" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005: 2014", "value": "21% lower", "source_title": "Parliament Question: Indian Carbon Market (9 Dec 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082528", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2005-2014 2014 21%" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005: 2016", "value": "24% lower", "source_title": "Parliament Question: Indian Carbon Market (9 Dec 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082528", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2005-2016 2016 24%" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005: 2019", "value": "33% lower", "source_title": "Parliament Question: Indian Carbon Market (9 Dec 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082528", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2005-2019 2019 33%" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Example target: Vedanta Jharsuguda Smelter II (aluminium)", "value": "13.8878 tCO2e/t (2023-24 baseline) → 13.7232 (2025-26) → 13.2965 (2026-27)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ALMOE001OD 1238350 13.8878 13.7232 13.2965" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Example: required cut by 2026-27 (Vedanta smelter)", "value": "4.3% below baseline = (13.8878 − 13.2965) ÷ 13.8878 (f63)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ALMOE001OD 1238350 13.8878 13.7232 13.2965" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Example target: JK Cement Muddapur (cement)", "value": "0.4455 tCO2e/t (baseline) → 0.4440 (2025-26) → 0.4402 (2026-27), a 1.2% cut by 2026-27 (calc.)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "JK Cement, Muddapur, Distt. Bagalkot, Karnataka - 587122 CMTOE001KA 3532948 0.4455 0.4440 0.4402" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Formula for credits issued / to buy", "value": "(target − achieved intensity) × equivalent output in that compliance year = CCCs (1 per tCO2e)", "source_title": "G.S.R. 739(E), Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (Gazette of India, 8 October 2025; copy hosted by BEE)", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/RTF-PDF-f0db112734284168_1776057153.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "multiply by unit of equivalent product produced in that compliance year is equal t o number of carbon credit certificates to be issued" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Banking", "value": "Leftover CCCs carry into later compliance cycles; purchased CCCs may be used only for compliance", "source_title": "Detailed Procedure for Compliance Mechanism under CCTS", "source_url": "https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/7772386525993811.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The banked CCC that were purchased from the Indian Carbon Market can be used only for the purpose of achieving compliance" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Institutions", "value": "Registry: Grid Controller of India; Administrator: BEE; trading regulator: CERC (3 bodies)", "source_title": "Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (Lok Sabha written reply, 5 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2223703®=3&lang=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Grid Controller of India Limited functioning as the Registry and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency serving as the Administrator" }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "Public budget for the scheme", "value": "0 central allocation; costs met from fees and BEE's own resources (March 2025)", "source_title": "Lok Sabha Unstarred Questions No. 2377 and 2401 (answered 13.03.2025)", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/08/dfa7cb0482b658dcf571cbdf023c3fed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The government has not allocated any funds for the administration of CCTS." }, { "page": "india-ccts", "country": "India", "item": "PAT outcome that CCTS builds on", "value": "27.07 MTOE saved a year; about 115.21 MtCO2 avoided", "source_title": "Annual Report 2025-26", "source_url": "https://www.powermin.gov.in/static/uploads/2026/05/df68bc7bf21a7e46d1b01529930c137d.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "annual energy savings of 27.07 Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) and about 115.21 million ton of CO2 emissions have been avoided" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "IDXCarbon launch date", "value": "26 Sep 2023, launched by President Joko Widodo", "source_title": "Press Release PR No: 086/BEI.SPR/09-2023 — IDXCarbon was Officially Launched", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/22/6aba32a1-640c-4c89-9b9e-74383ed336bb", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "officially launched the Indonesia Carbon Exchange (IDXCarbon)… on Tuesday (26/9)" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Carbon exchange operator licence", "value": "OJK Decree KEP-77/D.04/2023, 18 Sep 2023, granted to IDX", "source_title": "Press Release PR No: 086/BEI.SPR/09-2023 — IDXCarbon was Officially Launched", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/22/6aba32a1-640c-4c89-9b9e-74383ed336bb", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "granted to the IDX by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) through Decree number KEP-77/D.04/2023 on September 18th 2023" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Trading mechanisms", "value": "4: Auction, Regular, Negotiated, Marketplace", "source_title": "Press Release PR No: 086/BEI.SPR/09-2023 — IDXCarbon was Officially Launched", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/22/6aba32a1-640c-4c89-9b9e-74383ed336bb", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "there are 4 (four) IDXCarbon trading mechanisms, namely Auction Market, Regular Market, Negotiated Market, and Marketplace" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Registry connection", "value": "Connected to SRN-PPI (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) to avoid double counting", "source_title": "Press Release PR No: 086/BEI.SPR/09-2023 — IDXCarbon was Officially Launched", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/22/6aba32a1-640c-4c89-9b9e-74383ed336bb", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "IDXCarbon is connected to the National Registry System - Climate Change Control (SRN-PPI)" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Tradable units (FAQ)", "value": "PTBAE-PU (allowance) and SPE-GRK (offset); run by IDX, supervised by OJK", "source_title": "IDXCarbon — Frequently Asked Questions", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/frequently-asked-questions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "carbon unit that can be traded on IDXCarbon is PTBAE-PU (allowance) and SPE-GRK (carbon offset)" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Surrender of PTBAE-PU", "value": "Not done through IDXCarbon (done to the ministry); retirement of SPE-GRK is done on IDXCarbon", "source_title": "IDXCarbon — Frequently Asked Questions", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/frequently-asked-questions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Surrender process is cannot be done through IDX Carbon." }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "POJK 14/2023 enacted and promulgated", "value": "2 Aug 2023 (effective on promulgation)", "source_title": "POJK Nomor 14 Tahun 2023 tentang Perdagangan Karbon Melalui Bursa Karbon (salinan)", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/3/fb5185f8-a662-44f4-a1f5-f1f1b5ed2b25", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 2 Agustus 2023" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Units tradable under POJK 14/2023 (Art. 5)", "value": "PTBAE-PU and SPE-GRK", "source_title": "POJK Nomor 14 Tahun 2023 tentang Perdagangan Karbon Melalui Bursa Karbon (salinan)", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/3/fb5185f8-a662-44f4-a1f5-f1f1b5ed2b25", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Unit Karbon yang diperdagangkan di Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon terdiri atas: a. PTBAE-PU; dan b. SPE-GRK." }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Minimum paid-up capital of exchange operator (Art. 13)", "value": "IDR 100 billion, not from loans", "source_title": "POJK Nomor 14 Tahun 2023 tentang Perdagangan Karbon Melalui Bursa Karbon (salinan)", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/3/fb5185f8-a662-44f4-a1f5-f1f1b5ed2b25", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "wajib memiliki modal disetor paling sedikit sebesar Rp100.000.000.000,00" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "POJK 10/2026 amending POJK 14/2023", "value": "Enacted 2 Jul 2026, promulgated and effective 6 Jul 2026", "source_title": "Abstrak POJK 10 Tahun 2026 Perubahan atas POJK 14 Tahun 2023", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/POJK-10-Tahun-2026-Perubahan-Atas-POJK-14-Tahun-2023-tentang-Perdagangan-Karbon-Melalui-Bursa-Karbon/Abstrak%20POJK%2010%20Tahun%202026%20Perubahan%20Atas%20Peraturan%20Otoritas%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202023%20tentang%20Perdagangan%20Karbon%20Melalui%20Bursa%20Karbon.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "POJK ini diundangkan pada tanggal 6 Juli 2026 dan ditetapkan pada tanggal 2 Juli 2026." }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Registry change under POJK 10/2026", "value": "Exchange-traded units must be recorded in SRUK, which replaces SRN-PPI", "source_title": "Abstrak POJK 10 Tahun 2026 Perubahan atas POJK 14 Tahun 2023", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/POJK-10-Tahun-2026-Perubahan-Atas-POJK-14-Tahun-2023-tentang-Perdagangan-Karbon-Melalui-Bursa-Karbon/Abstrak%20POJK%2010%20Tahun%202026%20Perubahan%20Atas%20Peraturan%20Otoritas%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202023%20tentang%20Perdagangan%20Karbon%20Melalui%20Bursa%20Karbon.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "wajib tercatat pada Sistem Registri Unit Karbon (SRUK) yang menggantikan Sistem Registri Nasional Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Foreign carbon units under POJK 10/2026", "value": "Allows trading of foreign carbon units not recorded in SRUK; expands scope of carbon units", "source_title": "Abstrak POJK 10 Tahun 2026 Perubahan atas POJK 14 Tahun 2023", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/POJK-10-Tahun-2026-Perubahan-Atas-POJK-14-Tahun-2023-tentang-Perdagangan-Karbon-Melalui-Bursa-Karbon/Abstrak%20POJK%2010%20Tahun%202026%20Perubahan%20Atas%20Peraturan%20Otoritas%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202023%20tentang%20Perdagangan%20Karbon%20Melalui%20Bursa%20Karbon.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Perdagangan atas unit karbon dari luar negeri yang tidak tercatat pada SRUK" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Transition to SRUK", "value": "Trading of units in ministry systems allowed until SRUK operates, max 3 months after promulgation", "source_title": "Abstrak POJK 10 Tahun 2026 Perubahan atas POJK 14 Tahun 2023", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/POJK-10-Tahun-2026-Perubahan-Atas-POJK-14-Tahun-2023-tentang-Perdagangan-Karbon-Melalui-Bursa-Karbon/Abstrak%20POJK%2010%20Tahun%202026%20Perubahan%20Atas%20Peraturan%20Otoritas%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202023%20tentang%20Perdagangan%20Karbon%20Melalui%20Bursa%20Karbon.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "paling lama 3 (tiga) bulan setelah Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan ini diundangkan" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Legal basis of POJK 10/2026", "value": "Aligns with Presidential Regulation (Perpres) 110/2025 on carbon economic value instruments", "source_title": "Abstrak POJK 10 Tahun 2026 Perubahan atas POJK 14 Tahun 2023", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/POJK-10-Tahun-2026-Perubahan-Atas-POJK-14-Tahun-2023-tentang-Perdagangan-Karbon-Melalui-Bursa-Karbon/Abstrak%20POJK%2010%20Tahun%202026%20Perubahan%20Atas%20Peraturan%20Otoritas%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202023%20tentang%20Perdagangan%20Karbon%20Melalui%20Bursa%20Karbon.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "agar sejalan dengan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 110 Tahun 2025" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "IDX amended carbon exchange rules (Kep-00102 to 00105/BEI/07-2026)", "value": "Issued and effective 9 Jul 2026, approved by OJK letter S-186/PM.01/2026", "source_title": "Kep-00104/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Perdagangan Unit Karbon Melalui Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/167/35ac1388-c8a9-4cca-9660-eb8f06ed71b3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Tgl. Dikeluarkan : 9 Juli 2026 Tgl. Diberlakukan : 9 Juli 2026" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Listed carbon units under 2026 trading rules", "value": "Units in SRUK (Kuota Emisi GRK, SPE GRK, non-SPE GRK) and units not recorded in SRUK", "source_title": "Kep-00104/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Perdagangan Unit Karbon Melalui Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/167/35ac1388-c8a9-4cca-9660-eb8f06ed71b3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "II.1.2. unit karbon yang tidak tercatat di SRUK" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Trading hours from 13 Jul 2026", "value": "07:00–19:00 exchange time (09:00–15:00 during transition)", "source_title": "Kep-00104/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Perdagangan Unit Karbon Melalui Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/167/35ac1388-c8a9-4cca-9660-eb8f06ed71b3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Waktu perdagangan di PBK adalah pada Hari PBK pukul 07.00.00 sampai dengan pukul 19.00.00" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Trading unit", "value": "1 lot = 1 tCO2e", "source_title": "Kep-00104/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Perdagangan Unit Karbon Melalui Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/167/35ac1388-c8a9-4cca-9660-eb8f06ed71b3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "kelipatan 1 (satu) lot atau 1 (satu) ton karbon dioksida ekuivalen (CO2e)" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Regular market tick size and minimum price", "value": "IDR 200 tick; minimum price IDR 200 (auction minimum IDR 1)", "source_title": "Kep-00104/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Perdagangan Unit Karbon Melalui Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/167/35ac1388-c8a9-4cca-9660-eb8f06ed71b3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Besaran Fraksi Harga Pasar Reguler PBK ditetapkan sebesar Rp200,00" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Regular market auto-rejection band", "value": "±20% from reference price", "source_title": "Kep-00104/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Perdagangan Unit Karbon Melalui Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/167/35ac1388-c8a9-4cca-9660-eb8f06ed71b3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "lebih dari 20% (dua puluh persen) di atas atau di bawah acuan harga" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Market segments (2026 rules)", "value": "Auction, Regular, Negotiated, Non-Regular", "source_title": "Kep-00104/BEI/07-2026 Perubahan Peraturan Perdagangan Unit Karbon Melalui Penyelenggara Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/167/35ac1388-c8a9-4cca-9660-eb8f06ed71b3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Segmen Pasar di PBK terdiri dari: Pasar Lelang PBK; Pasar Reguler PBK; Pasar Negosiasi PBK; dan Pasar Non-Reguler PBK" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Transaction fee: regular and negotiated markets", "value": "0.11% of transaction value (per buyer and seller)", "source_title": "SE-00013/BEI/09-2023 Biaya Pengguna Jasa Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/14/6afdeb70-66fe-4534-b61a-f4891b2e64e3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Pasar Reguler PBK 0,11% (nol koma sebelas persen) dari nilai transaksi" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Transaction fee: auction and non-regular markets", "value": "0.22% of transaction value", "source_title": "SE-00013/BEI/09-2023 Biaya Pengguna Jasa Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/14/6afdeb70-66fe-4534-b61a-f4891b2e64e3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Pasar Lelang PBK 0,22% (nol koma dua puluh dua persen) dari nilai transaksi" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Carbon unit registration (listing) fee", "value": "IDR 0 per tonne", "source_title": "SE-00013/BEI/09-2023 Biaya Pengguna Jasa Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/14/6afdeb70-66fe-4534-b61a-f4891b2e64e3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Biaya pendaftaran Unit Karbon ditetapkan sebesar Rp. 0,00 (nol rupiah) per ton" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Fund withdrawal fee", "value": "IDR 25,000 per withdrawal", "source_title": "SE-00013/BEI/09-2023 Biaya Pengguna Jasa Bursa Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/14/6afdeb70-66fe-4534-b61a-f4891b2e64e3", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "sebesar Rp25.000,00 (dua puluh lima ribu rupiah) per penarikan dana" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "SPE-GRK standardized groups (from Jan 2025)", "value": "8 groups: IDNBS, IDNBSA, IDNBSI, IDTBS, IDTBS-RE, IDTBSA, IDTBSA-RE, IDTBSI; \"A\" = authorized for international trading", "source_title": "SE-00001/BEI.PB2/01-2025 Standardisasi Pengelompokan Unit Karbon", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/document/share/114/1444fbfc-9fb9-4028-abda-d76a02545010", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "telah mendapat otorisasi perdagangan karbon luar negeri dari Pemerintah Republik Indonesia" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "International trading of Indonesian carbon units inaugurated", "value": "20 Jan 2025 by KLH/BPLH, OJK and IDX", "source_title": "IDXCarbon — Press Release list", "source_url": "https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/news-press-release", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "officially inaugurated the International Trade of Indonesian Carbon Units through the Indonesia Carbon Exchange" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Power-sector carbon trading launched (ESDM)", "value": "22 Feb 2023", "source_title": "99 Unit PLTU Ditargetkan Ikuti Perdagangan Karbon Tahun ini (13 Mar 2023)", "source_url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/berita-unit/direktorat-jenderal-ketenagalistrikan/99-unit-pltu-ditargetkan-ikuti-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-ini", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "meluncurkan Perdagangan Karbon Subsektor Tenaga Listrik pada 22 Februari 2023" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Power-sector ETS coverage 2023", "value": "99 coal-fired units from 42 companies (55 PLN Group, 44 IPP), above 100 MW", "source_title": "99 Unit PLTU Ditargetkan Ikuti Perdagangan Karbon Tahun ini (13 Mar 2023)", "source_url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/berita-unit/direktorat-jenderal-ketenagalistrikan/99-unit-pltu-ditargetkan-ikuti-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-ini", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Pembagian 99 unit PLTU Batubara dari 42 perusahaan" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Power-sector ETS coverage 2024", "value": "146 units (adds coal units ≥25 MW)", "source_title": "Siaran Pers 385.Pers/04/SJI/2024 — Transaksi Perdagangan Karbon Tahun 2023 Capai Rp84 miliar", "source_url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/transaksi-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-2023-capai-rp84-miliar", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "jumlah peserta perdagangan karbon, imbuhnya, menjadi 146 unit" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Power-sector carbon trading 2023 result", "value": "7.1 MtCO2e traded, IDR 84.17 billion", "source_title": "Siaran Pers 385.Pers/04/SJI/2024 — Transaksi Perdagangan Karbon Tahun 2023 Capai Rp84 miliar", "source_url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/transaksi-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-2023-capai-rp84-miliar", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "senilai Rp84,17 miliar, dimana total transaksi karbon sebesar 7,1 juta ton CO2 ekuivalen" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Power-sector ETS roadmap phases", "value": "Phase 1 2023–2024, Phase 2 2025–2027, Phase 3 2028–2030; ≥100 MtCO2e reduction potential by 2030", "source_title": "Siaran Pers 385.Pers/04/SJI/2024 — Transaksi Perdagangan Karbon Tahun 2023 Capai Rp84 miliar", "source_url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/transaksi-perdagangan-karbon-tahun-2023-capai-rp84-miliar", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "fase pertama pada tahun 2023-2024, fase kedua tahun 2025-2027, dan fase ketiga tahun 2028-2030" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Phase 1 emission intensity caps (PTBAE) for coal plants", "value": "1.297 (25–<100 MW); 1.089 (mine-mouth ≥100 MW); 1.011 (non-mine-mouth 100–400 MW); 0.911 (>400 MW) tCO2e/MWh", "source_title": "Siaran Pers 022.Pers/04/SJI/2023 — Kementerian ESDM Terbitkan Aturan Acuan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon Subsektor Listrik", "source_url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/kementerian-esdm-terbitkan-aturan-acuan-nilai-ekonomi-karbon-subsektor-listrik", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "nilai PTBAE sebesar 1,011 ton CO2e /MWh" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Power-sector carbon pricing regulation", "value": "Permen ESDM 16/2022 (announced 24 Jan 2023), derived from Perpres 98/2021", "source_title": "Siaran Pers 022.Pers/04/SJI/2023 — Kementerian ESDM Terbitkan Aturan Acuan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon Subsektor Listrik", "source_url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/kementerian-esdm-terbitkan-aturan-acuan-nilai-ekonomi-karbon-subsektor-listrik", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 16 Tahun 2022 tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Registered carbon exchange service users, 26 Sep 2023 – 31 Aug 2026 (OJK)", "value": "159 service users", "source_title": "Siaran Pers SP 166/OJK/DKPU/IX/2026 — RDK Agustus 2026 (7 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Documents/Pages/RDKB-Agustus-2026/SP%20166%20Kinerja%20dan%20Intermediasi%20Sektor%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Terjaga%20Mendukung%20Akselerasi%20Pertumbuhan%20Ekonomi%20RDKB%20Agustus%202026.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "sejak diluncurkan pada 26 September 2023 hingga 31 Agustus 2026, secara total terdapat 159 pengguna jasa yang telah terdaftar" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Cumulative carbon exchange volume, 26 Sep 2023 – 31 Aug 2026 (OJK)", "value": "1.98 million tCO2e (table: 1,977,400 tCO2e)", "source_title": "Siaran Pers SP 166/OJK/DKPU/IX/2026 — RDK Agustus 2026 (7 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Documents/Pages/RDKB-Agustus-2026/SP%20166%20Kinerja%20dan%20Intermediasi%20Sektor%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Terjaga%20Mendukung%20Akselerasi%20Pertumbuhan%20Ekonomi%20RDKB%20Agustus%202026.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Secara agregat, volume transaksi tercatat sebanyak 1,98 juta tCO2e" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Cumulative carbon exchange value, 26 Sep 2023 – 31 Aug 2026 (OJK)", "value": "IDR 93.90 billion", "source_title": "Siaran Pers SP 166/OJK/DKPU/IX/2026 — RDK Agustus 2026 (7 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Documents/Pages/RDKB-Agustus-2026/SP%20166%20Kinerja%20dan%20Intermediasi%20Sektor%20Jasa%20Keuangan%20Terjaga%20Mendukung%20Akselerasi%20Pertumbuhan%20Ekonomi%20RDKB%20Agustus%202026.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "dengan akumulasi nilai transaksi mencapai Rp93,90 miliar" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Registered carbon exchange service users, July 2025 (OJK)", "value": "113 service users", "source_title": "Siaran Pers SP 103/GKPB/OJK/VII/2025 — OJK launches carbon trading book for the financial sector (15 Jul 2025)", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/Launching-Buku-Perdagangan-Karbon-SJK.aspx", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Jumlah pengguna jasa meningkat dari 16 pengguna jasa menjadi 113 pengguna jasa." }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Projects registered on the carbon exchange, July 2025 (OJK)", "value": "8 projects", "source_title": "Siaran Pers SP 103/GKPB/OJK/VII/2025 — OJK launches carbon trading book for the financial sector (15 Jul 2025)", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/Launching-Buku-Perdagangan-Karbon-SJK.aspx", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Proyek yang didaftarkan sebanyak 8 proyek" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Registered carbon exchange service users, to 30 Sep 2026 (OJK)", "value": "160 service users", "source_title": "Siaran Pers SP 185/OJK/DKPU/X/2026 — RDK September 2026 (5 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/RDKB-September-2026.aspx", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "hingga 30 September 2026 ... terdapat 160 pengguna jasa yang telah terdaftar" }, { "page": "indonesia-idxcarbon", "country": "Indonesia", "item": "Registered carbon exchange service users, to 30 Oct 2026 (OJK)", "value": "160 service users", "source_title": "Siaran Pers SP 219/OJK/DKPU/XI/2026 — RDK Oktober 2026 (5 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/RDKB-Oktober-2026.aspx", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "hingga 30 Oktober 2026 ... total terdapat 160 pengguna jasa yang telah terdaftar" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Inclusion threshold", "value": "Direct CO2 emissions of 100,000 t or more (average of previous 3 fiscal years)", "source_title": "排出量取引制度（政策ページ）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "直接排出量が前年度までの３年度平均で10万トン以上の事業者を対象" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Threshold set by Cabinet Order", "value": "100,000 t (Article 2 of the Enforcement Order)", "source_title": "GX推進法施行令（2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505CO0000000379/20260401_507CO0000000412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "法第三十三条第一項の政令で定める量は、十万トンとする。" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Covered gas and scope", "value": "CO2 only, direct emissions (Scope 1); Scope 2 and non-CO2 gases excluded", "source_title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "間接排出（…いわゆるScope2）は対象外です" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Compliance unit", "value": "Judged per company; subsidiaries treated as separate entities (joint filing allowed)", "source_title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "子会社、関連会社等はいずれも別事業者として扱われます" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Expected number of covered companies", "value": "Approx. 300-400 companies", "source_title": "ETS Subcommittee Interim Report – Implementation Guidelines for Allowance Allocation (English)", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/006_06_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "approximately 300–400 companies being subject to the scheme" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Share of national GHG emissions covered", "value": "Nearly 60% of Japan's GHG emissions", "source_title": "ETS Subcommittee Interim Report – Implementation Guidelines for Allowance Allocation (English)", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/006_06_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "covering nearly 60% of Japan’s greenhouse gas emissions" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "GX League voluntary ETS participation (FY2024)", "value": "Over 700 companies, about 60% of Japan's emissions", "source_title": "ETS Subcommittee Interim Report – Implementation Guidelines for Allowance Allocation (English)", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/006_06_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "As of FY 2024, over 700 companies are participating" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Reference price ceiling, FY2026", "value": "JPY 4,300 per t-CO2 allowance", "source_title": "参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格を定める告示（経済産業省告示第27号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/torihikikakaku.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "参考上限取引価格 四千三百円" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Adjustment reference price (floor), FY2026", "value": "JPY 1,700 per t-CO2 allowance", "source_title": "参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格を定める告示（経済産業省告示第27号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/torihikikakaku.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "調整基準取引価格 千七百円" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Subcommittee recommendation on FY2026 ceiling", "value": "JPY 4,300 per allowance (1 t-CO2)", "source_title": "令和8年度の参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格に関する意見（排出量取引制度小委員会, 2025-12-19）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/20251219_2.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "排出枠あたり 4,300 円とする" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Subcommittee recommendation on FY2026 floor", "value": "JPY 1,700 per allowance (1 t-CO2)", "source_title": "令和8年度の参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格に関する意見（排出量取引制度小委員会, 2025-12-19）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/20251219_2.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "排出枠あたり 1,700 円とする" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Price escalation rule FY2027-FY2030", "value": "Prior-year price x (1.03 + projected domestic corporate goods price index change)", "source_title": "参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格を定める告示（経済産業省告示第27号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/torihikikakaku.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "一・〇三に当該各年度の国内企業物価指数の見通しの値…を加算した値を乗じて得た額" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Ceiling mechanism (deemed holding)", "value": "When triggered, firms may pay ceiling price per allowance instead of surrendering, limited to shortfall vs. allocation", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "排出枠の量に参考上限取引価格を乗じて得た額の負担金を政府に納付することを認める" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Floor mechanism", "value": "GX Promotion Organization may buy allowances when average price falls below the adjustment reference price", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "機構は、平均売買取引価格が調整基準取引価格を下回る場合には、…買い入れることができる" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Proposed ceiling trigger (under discussion)", "value": "Proposal: monthly average price above ceiling for 3 consecutive months", "source_title": "上下限価格に係る措置について（第9回排出量取引制度小委員会 事務局資料, 2026-09-25）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/009_03_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "平均売買取引価格が３か月連続で上限価格を上回ること" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Allocation method", "value": "Free allocation by government based on sector guidelines", "source_title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "排出枠を制度対象者に無償で割り当てます" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Grandfathering annual reduction rate (energy-related CO2)", "value": "1.7% per continuous reporting year", "source_title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（経済産業省告示第29号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "１から0.017にエネルギー起源排出量届出継続年度数…を乗じた値を減じて" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Grandfathering annual reduction rate (process CO2)", "value": "0.3% per continuous reporting year", "source_title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（経済産業省告示第29号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "１から0.003に原材料起源排出量届出継続年度数…を乗じた値を減じて" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Benchmark: coal-fired power, FY2026-FY2030", "value": "8.098, 8.081, 8.065, 7.616, 7.165 (x10^-4 t-CO2/kWh)", "source_title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（経済産業省告示第29号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "令和８年度 8.098×10 -4…令和12年度 7.165×10 -4" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Benchmark: LNG/city-gas power, FY2026-FY2030", "value": "3.857, 3.855, 3.853, 4.258, 4.656 (x10^-4 t-CO2/kWh)", "source_title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（経済産業省告示第29号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "令和８年度 3.857×10 -4…令和12年度 4.656×10 -4" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Benchmark: cement (per t clinker), FY2026-FY2030", "value": "0.8392, 0.8370, 0.8349, 0.8328, 0.8306 t-CO2/t clinker", "source_title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（経済産業省告示第29号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "令和８年度 0.8392令和９年度 0.8370…令和12年度 0.8306" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Benchmark: paper (pulping & papermaking), FY2026-FY2030", "value": "1.086, 1.067, 1.048, 1.029, 1.010", "source_title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（経済産業省告示第29号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "令和８年度 1.086令和９年度 1.067令和10年度 1.048" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Offset credit usage cap", "value": "10% of each year's emissions", "source_title": "ETS Subcommittee Interim Report – Implementation Guidelines for Allowance Allocation (English)", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/006_06_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The cap will be set at 10% of actual emissions" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Credit cap in allocation guideline", "value": "Cancelled credits counted up to 0.1 x direct emissions", "source_title": "排出枠の割当ての実施に関する指針（経済産業省告示第29号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/jisshishishin.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "第１号に掲げる量に0.1を乗じた量を上限とする" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Eligible credits", "value": "J-Credits and JCM credits", "source_title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Jクレジット及びJCMクレジット無効化量" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Surrender obligation", "value": "Hold allowances equal to verified emissions by 31 January of the following year", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "割当年度の翌年度の一月三十一日に、その法人等保有口座において保有しなければならない" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Non-compliance charge", "value": "Unsurrendered volume x reference ceiling price x 1.1", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "参考上限取引価格を乗じて得た額に一・一を乗じて得た額を徴収する" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Implied non-compliance charge, FY2026", "value": "JPY 4,730 per t-CO2 (= 4,300 x 1.1)", "source_title": "参考上限取引価格及び調整基準取引価格を定める告示（経済産業省告示第27号, 2026-03-30）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/torihikikakaku.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "計算: f08 (4,300円) x 1.1 (f27)" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Penalty for failure to file / false filing (Art.143)", "value": "Fine of up to JPY 500,000", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "第三十三条第一項の規定による届出をせず…五十万円以下の罰金" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Speculative trading prohibited", "value": "Allowances must not be subject to speculative trading", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "投機的取引の対象とされてはならない" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Number of registered verification bodies (listed)", "value": "18 bodies listed on METI page as of 2026-11-04 update (count of listed names)", "source_title": "排出量取引制度（政策ページ）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "登録確認機関一覧 ※順次公表予定" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Verification body registration opened", "value": "5 January 2026", "source_title": "排出量取引制度（政策ページ）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2026年１月５日より…登録確認機関の登録申請を開始します" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Verification fee: target check, 0.1-1 Mt emitters", "value": "JPY 3,104,700", "source_title": "GX推進法施行令（2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505CO0000000379/20260401_507CO0000000412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "十万トン以上百万トン未満である事業者 三百十万四千七百円" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Verification body registration validity", "value": "5 years", "source_title": "GX推進法施行令（2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505CO0000000379/20260401_507CO0000000412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "法第六十一条第一項の政令で定める期間は、五年とする。" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Mandatory ETS start", "value": "FY2026 (from April 2026)", "source_title": "GX推進法等改正法案の閣議決定（ニュースリリース, 2025-02-25）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2024/02/20250225001/20250225001.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2026年度（令和8年度）から…排出量取引制度に参加することを義務付け" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "GX Promotion Act amendment promulgated", "value": "4 June 2025 (Act No. 52 of 2025); in force 1 April 2026", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"amendment_promulgate_date\":\"2025-06-04\"" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "GX Promotion Act promulgated", "value": "19 May 2023 (Act No. 32 of 2023)", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"promulgation_date\":\"2023-05-19\"" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "First filing and transition plan deadline", "value": "30 September 2026", "source_title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "9月30日までに、制度対象である旨等の届出をしてください" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "First-year special rule: allocation", "value": "FY2026 target filing and allocation take place in FY2027 (filing by 30 Sep 2027, allocation end-Nov)", "source_title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2026年度に限り、排出目標量等合計量の届出及び排出枠の割当ては2027年度となります" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "First surrender date (FY2026 obligations)", "value": "31 January 2028", "source_title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2027年9月30日まで11月末2028年1月31日" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Allowance trading market opening", "value": "Around autumn FY2027", "source_title": "バンキング適正化措置、割当量等の公表（第10回排出量取引制度小委員会 事務局資料, 2026-10-27）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/sangyo_gijutsu/emissions_trading/pdf/010_03_00.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "排出枠取引市場を2027年度秋頃に開設する" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "ERMS registry/reporting system", "value": "Planned launch around June 2026", "source_title": "排出量取引制度リーフレット（2026年度版）", "source_url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environment/global_warming/ets__leaflet.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ERMSは2026年６月頃に公開・運用開始される予定です" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Paid allocation (auction) for power generators", "value": "From FY2033", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "令和十五年度から、特定事業者に対しては…有償又は無償で割り当てる" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Fossil fuel levy start", "value": "From FY2028", "source_title": "脱炭素成長型経済構造への円滑な移行の推進に関する法律（GX推進法, 2026-04-01施行版）", "source_url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/505AC0000000032/20260401_507AC0000000052", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "経済産業大臣は、令和十年度から…化石燃料賦課金" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "GX-ETS Phase 1 (voluntary) period", "value": "FY2023-FY2025", "source_title": "GX-ETSの概要（2023-02-14）", "source_url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/aboutgxleague/document/GX-ETSの概要.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "第１フェーズ（2023年度～2025年度）" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Phase 1 NDC-level reduction rates (2013 base)", "value": "27.0% (FY2023), 29.7% (FY2024), 32.4% (FY2025)", "source_title": "GX-ETSの概要（2023-02-14）", "source_url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/aboutgxleague/document/GX-ETSの概要.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2023年度27.0％、 2024年度29.7％、 2025年度32.4％" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Phase 1 trading scope", "value": "Domestic direct emissions only (Scope 1)", "source_title": "GX-ETSの概要（2023-02-14）", "source_url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/aboutgxleague/document/GX-ETSの概要.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "排出量取引の対象は、国内の直接排出分のみ" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "GX League basic concept endorsements (Feb 2022)", "value": "440 companies", "source_title": "GXリーグ活動概要 ～What is the GX League～（2023-02-14）", "source_url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/aboutgxleague/document/GXリーグ活動概要～What is the GX League～.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "「ＧＸリーグ基本構想」発表（→ 440社からの賛同）" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "GX League endorsers (as of Feb 2023)", "value": "679 companies, over 40% of Japan's CO2 emissions", "source_title": "GXリーグ活動概要 ～What is the GX League～（2023-02-14）", "source_url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/aboutgxleague/document/GXリーグ活動概要～What is the GX League～.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "日本のCO2排出量の４割以上を占める企業（679社）が賛同表明" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "GX League wind-down", "value": "Activities ended after FY2025 except reporting/settlement of voluntary trading", "source_title": "GXリーグ公式ウェブサイト トップ", "source_url": "https://gx-league.go.jp/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2025年度をもって自主的排出量取引の実績報告・精算を除いて活動を終了" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit registered projects (incl. transferred)", "value": "1,497 projects", "source_title": "Ｊ－クレジット制度について（データ集）2026年9月", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/data/pdf/credit_002.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "登録プロジェクト件数 ( 移行プロジェクト 含む ) ： 1,497 件" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit cumulative certified volume", "value": "14.87 Mt-CO2 (after 69th committee)", "source_title": "Ｊ－クレジット制度について（データ集）2026年9月", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/data/pdf/credit_002.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "クレジット認証量 ( 移行プロジェクト 含む ) ： 1487 万 t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit 2030 certification target", "value": "15 Mt-CO2 by FY2030", "source_title": "Ｊ－クレジット制度について（データ集）2026年9月", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/data/pdf/credit_002.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2030 年度の目標については 1500 万 t-CO2 とした" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Japan GHG net emissions FY2024", "value": "Approx. 994 Mt-CO2e, -28.7% vs FY2013", "source_title": "2024年度温室効果ガス排出量及び吸収量について（概要版, 2026年4月）", "source_url": "https://www.env.go.jp/content/000394131.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "約9億9,400万トン（CO2換算）…2013年度比28.7%減少" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Japan CO2 emissions FY2024", "value": "Approx. 971 Mt-CO2, -26.0% vs FY2013", "source_title": "2024年度温室効果ガス排出量及び吸収量について（概要版, 2026年4月）", "source_url": "https://www.env.go.jp/content/000394131.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "CO2排出量は約9億7,100万トン…2013年度比26.0%減少" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Implied emissions covered by GX-ETS", "value": "Roughly 600 Mt-CO2e (nearly 60% x ~994 Mt); indicative only", "source_title": "2024年度温室効果ガス排出量及び吸収量について（概要版, 2026年4月）", "source_url": "https://www.env.go.jp/content/000394131.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "計算: f06 (約60%) x f62 (9億9,400万トン)" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "JCM partner country pages listed", "value": "32 partner countries listed on JCM site (count)", "source_title": "The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) home", "source_url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Mongolia - Japan Page … Oman - Japan Page" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #4 (2018-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,716/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第4回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_04.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,716 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #5 (2018-04): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,724/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第5回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_05.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,724 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #6 (2019-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,830/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第6回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_06.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,830 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #7 (2019-04): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,801/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第7回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_07.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,801 円 /t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #8 (2020-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,851/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第8回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_08.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,851 円 /t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #9 (2020-06): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 1,887/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第9回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_09.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,8 87 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #10 (2021-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 2,191/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第10回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_10.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 2,191 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #11 (2021-04): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 2,536/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第11回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_11.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 2,536 円 /t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #12 (2022-01): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 2,995/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第12回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_12.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 2 ,995 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #13 (2022-04): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 3,278/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第13回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_13.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 3,278 円 /t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #14 (2023-05): renewable power avg price", "value": "JPY 3,246/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第14回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_14.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "再エネ発電 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 3,2 46 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #4 (2018-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,148/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第4回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_04.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,148 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #5 (2018-04): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,395/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第5回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_05.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,395 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #6 (2019-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,602/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第6回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_06.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,602 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #7 (2019-04): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,506/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第7回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_07.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,506 円 /t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #8 (2020-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,473/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第8回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_08.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,473 円 /t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #10 (2021-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,500/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第10回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_10.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,500 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #11 (2021-04): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,518/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第11回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_11.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,518 円 /t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #12 (2022-01): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,574/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第12回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_12.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,574 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #13 (2022-04): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,607/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第13回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_13.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,607 円 /t-CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #14 (2023-05): energy-saving avg price", "value": "JPY 1,551/t-CO2 (weighted avg, ex-tax)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第14回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_14.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札価格の平均値 ( 税抜 ) 1,551 円 /t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #9 (2020-06): energy-saving", "value": "No successful bids", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第9回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_09.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "省エネ他 … 落札なし" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #1 (2016-06): avg price", "value": "JPY 510/t-CO2 (1,000 t sold)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第1回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_01.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "平均販売単価（税抜） ：５１０円／ｔ-ＣＯ２" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #2 (2017-01): avg price", "value": "JPY 1,594/t-CO2 (500,000 t sold)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第2回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_02.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "平均販売単価（税抜） ：１ , ５９４ 円／ｔ - ＣＯ２" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #3 (2017-04): avg price", "value": "JPY 908/t-CO2 (500,000 t sold)", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第3回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_03.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "落札価格の平均値 ※1 （税抜） ：９０８円／ｔ-ＣＯ２" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "J-Credit govt tender #14 (2023-05): renewable volume sold", "value": "256,204 t-CO2 sold vs 330,500 t bid", "source_title": "J-クレジット 第14回入札販売 入札結果", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/data/nyuusatsukekka_14.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "総販売量 256,204t - CO2 … 総入札量 330,500t - CO2" }, { "page": "japan-gx-ets", "country": "Japan", "item": "Government tender sales ended", "value": "Secretariat no longer runs tenders; last (14th) tender May 2023", "source_title": "J-クレジット 入札販売（結果一覧）", "source_url": "https://japancredit.go.jp/tender/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "今後、Ｊ－クレジット制度事務局が窓口となる入札販売は行いません" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "ETS Act enacted", "value": "14 May 2012 (Act No. 11419)", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "부 칙 <법률 제11419호, 2012. 5. 14.>" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 1 period", "value": "1 Jan 2015 – 31 Dec 2017 (3 years)", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "1차 계획기간”이라 한다)은 2015년 1월 1일부터 2017년 12월 31일까지" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 2 period", "value": "1 Jan 2018 – 31 Dec 2020 (3 years)", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2차 계획기간”이라 한다)은 2018년 1월 1일부터 2020년 12월 31일까지" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 3 and Phase 4 periods", "value": "Phase 3: 2021–2025; Phase 4: 2026–2030 (5-year periods)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "3차 계획기간 ‘21~’25, 4차 계획기간 ‘26~’30" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Length of a compliance period (current law)", "value": "5 years", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "5년 단위로 온실가스 배출업체에 배출권을 할당" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Exchange designated", "value": "January 2014 (Korea Exchange)", "source_title": "배출권시장 개요", "source_url": "https://ets.krx.co.kr/contents/OPN/01/01050401/OPN01050401.jsp", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "배출권거래소 지정('14.1)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Market opening", "value": "January 2015", "source_title": "배출권시장 개요", "source_url": "https://ets.krx.co.kr/contents/OPN/01/01050401/OPN01050401.jsp", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "한국거래소 배출권 거래시장 개시('15.1)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Free allocation, Phase 1", "value": "100% of allowances allocated free", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령 [시행 2026. 11. 10.] [대통령령 제36804호]", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "1차 계획기간…배출권의 전부를 무상으로 할당한다" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Free allocation, Phase 2", "value": "97% of allowances allocated free", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령 [시행 2026. 11. 10.] [대통령령 제36804호]", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2차 계획기간…100분의 97을 무상으로 할당한다" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Free allocation ceiling, Phase 3 onwards", "value": "at most 90%, set in each allocation plan; may not exceed the previous period's ratio", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령 [시행 2026. 11. 10.] [대통령령 제36804호]", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "무상할당비율은 100분의 90 이내의 범위에서…할당계획에서 정한다" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Coverage thresholds", "value": "Company average ≥125,000 tCO2e/yr over 3 years, or any site ≥25,000 tCO2e/yr", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "125,000 이산화탄소상당량톤…이상인 업체이거나 25,000 …이상인 사업장" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Gases", "value": "Greenhouse gases under the Carbon Neutrality Act, excluding NF3", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "온실가스[삼불화질소(NF3)는 제외한다]" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 cap (2026–2030)", "value": "2,537.30 MtCO2e, set on a linear reduction path", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "선형 감축경로로 총 25억 3,730만 톤을 설정" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 3 cap (2021–2025)", "value": "3.03 billion t (annual average 610 Mt)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "배출허용총량 30.3억톤 (연평균) (6.1억톤)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 cap, annual average", "value": "510 Mt per year (2.54 billion t total)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "25.4억톤 (5.1억톤)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Covered companies, Phase 3", "value": "684 (2021)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "684개(‘21)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Covered companies, Phase 4", "value": "772 (2026)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "772개(‘26)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Benchmark-method allocation: participation ratio against emissions, Phase 3 (not the share of national emissions)", "value": "62% (participants' emissions basis)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "참여비율 (배출량 대비) 62%" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Benchmark-method allocation: participation ratio against emissions, Phase 4 (not the share of national emissions)", "value": "77% (benchmark-allocation row; 62% in Phase 3)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "참여비율 (배출량 대비) … 77%" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 pre-allocation", "value": "2,362.99 Mt to 772 companies, allocated 29 Dec 2025", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권거래제 제4차 계획기간(2026~2030) 배출권 할당 완료 (보도자료, 2025.12.28, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156737066", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "772개 할당대상 업체를 대상으로 온실가스 배출권 23억 6,299만 톤을 12월 29일자로 할당" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 power-sector allocation", "value": "59 companies, 211 sites, 795.75 Mt", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권거래제 제4차 계획기간(2026~2030) 배출권 할당 완료 (보도자료, 2025.12.28, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156737066", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "발전 59 211 795,754,468" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 non-power allocation", "value": "713 companies, 10,327 sites, 1,567.24 Mt", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권거래제 제4차 계획기간(2026~2030) 배출권 할당 완료 (보도자료, 2025.12.28, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156737066", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "발전外 713 10,327 1,567,240,148" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Covered sites, Phase 4", "value": "10,538 sites", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권거래제 제4차 계획기간(2026~2030) 배출권 할당 완료 (보도자료, 2025.12.28, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156737066", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "합 계 772 10,538 2,362,994,616" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 cap: free allocation", "value": "2.10 billion t", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "무상할당 21.0억톤" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 cap: auctioned allocation", "value": "0.26 billion t", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "유상할당 2.6억톤" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 new-entrant/expansion reserve", "value": "89 Mt (inside the cap)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "신증설 예비분 0.89억톤" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 market stability reserve (K-MSR)", "value": "85 Mt, placed inside the cap for the first time", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "시장안정화예비분 0.85억톤" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 4 market-making reserve", "value": "20 Mt, outside the cap", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "총량 外 예비분 0.20억톤 시장조성예비분 0.20억톤" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Auction share, power sector, Phase 4", "value": "15% (2026), 20% (2027), 30% (2028), 40% (2029), 50% (2030)", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권거래제 제4차 계획기간(2026~2030) 배출권 할당 완료 (보도자료, 2025.12.28, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156737066", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "(발전부문) ‘26 15%→ ‘27 20%→ ‘28 30%→ ‘29 40%→ ‘30 50%" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Auction share, non-power sectors, Phase 4", "value": "15% for sectors not exempt (up from 10%); trade-exposed sectors 0%", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "발전 외 부문(5%)도 현행 10%에서 15%까지만 확대" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Trade-exposed industry kept at 100% free allocation", "value": "sectors covering 95% of industry (steel, petrochemicals, cement, semiconductors, etc.)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "대부분의 업종*(산업부문의 95%)은…100% 무상할당을 유지" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Effective auction share, Phase 3", "value": "4.0%", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "(실질 유상비율 4.0%)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Effective auction share, Phase 4", "value": "11.0%", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "(실질 유상비율 11.0%)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Power sector total auction share over the period", "value": "29% in Phase 4 vs 10% in Phase 3", "source_title": "발전부문 유상할당은 초기 부담 완화하여 단계적 상승 (보도설명자료, 2025.11.11)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727612", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "발전부문 4기 총 유상할당비율은 29%로 3기 10% 대비" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Benchmark coefficient", "value": "top 37% (Phase 3) moving stepwise to top 20% (Phase 4)", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "BM계수 가중평균(상위37%) 상위37% → 상위20%(단계적)" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Phase 3 over-allocation clawback (power)", "value": "25.2 Mt over-allocated; 23.95 Mt recovered from companies", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권거래제 제4차 계획기간(2026~2030) 배출권 할당 완료 (보도자료, 2025.12.28, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156737066", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "과잉할당된 배출권 2,395만 톤" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Emissions reporting deadline", "value": "within 3 months after the end of each compliance year", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "매 이행연도 종료일부터 3개월 이내에" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Surrender deadline", "value": "within 8 months after the end of each compliance year", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "이행연도 종료일부터 8개월 이내에" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Penalty surcharge for shortfall", "value": "up to 3× the average market price of that compliance year, per tonne", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "배출권 평균 시장가격의 3배 이하의 과징금" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Penalty base", "value": "3× the year's exchange average price (total trade value ÷ total volume)", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령 [시행 2026. 11. 10.] [대통령령 제36804호]", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "거래대금 합계를 총거래량으로 나누어…평균 시장가격의 3배로 한다" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Offset credit (KOC/KCU) use limit, legal ceiling", "value": "up to 10% of a company's surrender obligation; exact limit set in the allocation plan", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령 [시행 2026. 11. 10.] [대통령령 제36804호]", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "제출해야 하는 배출권의 100분의 10 이내의 범위에서 할당계획으로 정한다" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Offset project start date", "value": "projects started on or after 3 Dec 2016 (Paris Agreement entry into force in Korea)", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2016년 12월 3일 이후에 시작한 사업" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Offset credit validity", "value": "unsurrendered, unbanked offset credits lapse 8 months after the compliance year", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 시행령 [시행 2026. 11. 10.] [대통령령 제36804호]", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률시행령", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "각 이행연도 종료일부터 8개월이 지나면 그 효력을 잃는다" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Market makers", "value": "KDB, IBK and KEXIM by law, plus licensed securities firms by decree", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률 [시행 2026. 4. 29.] [법률 제21071호, 2025. 10. 28., 일부개정] (본문·부칙)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/법령/온실가스배출권의할당및거래에관한법률", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "한국산업은행…중소기업은행…한국수출입은행" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Brokered (consignment) trading start", "value": "24 Nov 2025; banks, insurers, funds and pension funds can trade via brokers", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권 위탁거래 본격 시행, 주식처럼 증권사를 통해 거래 가능 (보도자료, 2025.11.21 배포)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156730842", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "11월 24일부터 온실가스 배출권을 주식과 같이 증권사를 통해" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Trading hours", "value": "10:00–12:00; auctions 14:00–15:00 (from 24 Nov 2025)", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권 위탁거래 본격 시행, 주식처럼 증권사를 통해 거래 가능 (보도자료, 2025.11.21 배포)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156730842", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "거래시간은 기존과 같이 10시~12시까지" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Brokerage legal basis", "value": "Act amended January 2024", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권 위탁거래 본격 시행, 주식처럼 증권사를 통해 거래 가능 (보도자료, 2025.11.21 배포)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156730842", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2024년 1월 ‘…법률’ 개정으로 배출권거래중개업이 신설" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "K-MSR made law", "value": "Decree amendment approved 21 Apr 2026, effective 29 Apr 2026; price corridor details to be set by August 2026", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권 시장 안정성 강화하고 세부제도 합리적으로 개선한다 (보도자료, 2026.4.21)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156756850", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "4월 21일 국무회의에서 의결되어 4월 29일부터 시행" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "K-MSR trigger", "value": "auction price outside a pre-set range (upper reserve-release price to lower auction-reserve price)", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권 시장 안정성 강화하고 세부제도 합리적으로 개선한다 (보도자료, 2026.4.21)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156756850", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "상단예비분공급가격~하단경매보류가격) 이탈시 시장안정화 예비분을 활용" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Exit threshold during a period", "value": "a company may be removed if prior-year emissions fall below 3,000 tCO2e", "source_title": "온실가스 배출권 시장 안정성 강화하고 세부제도 합리적으로 개선한다 (보도자료, 2026.4.21)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156756850", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "전년도 온실가스 배출량이 3,000tCO2-eq 미만으로 줄어든 경우" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "2035 NDC", "value": "53–61% below 2018 net emissions (742.3 Mt), adopted 11 Nov 2025", "source_title": "2035 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 제4기 배출권거래제 할당계획, 국무회의서 확정 (보도자료, 2025.11.11, 붙임 포함 PDF)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156727601", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2018년 순배출량(7억 4,230만톤CO2eq) 대비 2035년에 △53%~△61%" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "National GHG emissions 2025 (provisional)", "value": "685.71 MtCO2e", "source_title": "2025년도 국가 온실가스 잠정배출량 6억 8,571만톤 (보도자료, hwpx 첨부)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156782809", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2025년도 국가 온실가스 잠정배출량 6억 8,571만톤" }, { "page": "korea-k-ets", "country": "South Korea", "item": "Government statement on price recovery", "value": "from about KRW 10,000 average last year to the KRW 30,000 range as of 20 Aug 2026", "source_title": "2025년도 국가 온실가스 잠정배출량 6억 8,571만톤 (보도자료, hwpx 첨부)", "source_url": "https://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156782809", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "지난해 평균 1만원 수준에서 올해 8월 20일 기준 3만원대 수준까지 상승" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon tax rate, emissions years 2019-2023", "value": "S$5/tCO2e", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "for carbon tax for GHG emissions in 2023 or any earlier emissions year — $5/tCO2e" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon tax rate, emissions years 2024-2025", "value": "S$25/tCO2e", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "for carbon tax for GHG emissions in 2024 or 2025 — $25/tCO2e" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon tax rate, emissions year 2026 onwards (stated for 2026-2027)", "value": "S$45/tCO2e", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "for carbon tax for GHG emissions in 2026 or any later emissions year — $45/tCO2e" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "2030 rate ambition (current)", "value": "S$50-80/tCO2e by 2030", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "raised to S$45/tCO2e with effect from 1 Jan 2026 for 2026 and 2027, with a view to reaching S$50-80/tCO2e by 2030" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "2030 ambition, lower bound", "value": "S$50/tCO2e", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2022", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/2df7e174-4cfc-4cfe-9929-d28186d8299f/fy2022_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "with a view to reaching $50 to $80 per tonne by 2030" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "2030 ambition, upper bound", "value": "S$80/tCO2e", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2022", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/2df7e174-4cfc-4cfe-9929-d28186d8299f/fy2022_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "with a view to reaching $50 to $80 per tonne by 2030" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "2030 ambition as set in Budget 2018 (superseded)", "value": "S$10-15/tCO2e by 2030", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2018", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/6519d8ac-65b5-49fb-a663-a037c5e5e8e5/fy2018_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "We intend to increase it to a rate of between $10 and $15 per tonne of emissions by 2030." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Fixed-price carbon credit (FPCC) value by purchase year", "value": "S$5 (bought 2024 or earlier); S$25 (2025-26); S$45 (2027 onwards)", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "for any fixed-price carbon credit purchased in 2025 or 2026 — $25" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Post-2027 trajectory status", "value": "Under review; future rates to be announced in advance", "source_title": "Parliamentary Reply by DPM Gan on Singapore's Carbon Tax Trajectory from 2028 (5 August 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/parliamentary-reply-by-dpm-gan-on-singapore-s-carbon-tax-trajectory-from-2028/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "the Government is reviewing the carbon tax trajectory for 2028 and beyond, and will announce future rates in advance" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon Pricing Bill first reading", "value": "2 March 2018", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Bill : 17/2018 First Reading : 2 March 2018" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon Pricing Act passed (second and third readings)", "value": "20 March 2018", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Act 23 of 2018—Carbon Pricing Act 2018 ... Second and Third Readings : 20 March 2018" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon Pricing Act commencement / tax start", "value": "1 January 2019", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Commencement : 1 January 2019" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "First carbon pricing scheme in Southeast Asia", "value": "Implemented 1 January 2019", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Singapore implemented a carbon tax, the first carbon pricing scheme in Southeast Asia, on 1 January 2019." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "First carbon tax payment", "value": "2020, based on 2019 emissions", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2018", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/6519d8ac-65b5-49fb-a663-a037c5e5e8e5/fy2018_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The first payment will be in 2020, based on emissions in 2019." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Budget 2022 announcement of rate increases", "value": "18 February 2022", "source_title": "Budget 2022: Charting Our New Way Forward Together (press release, 18 February 2022)", "source_url": "https://www.mof.gov.sg/news-resources/newsroom/budget-2022-charting-our-new-way-forward-together/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "delivered the Singapore Government's Budget Statement for Financial Year 2022 in Parliament on Friday, 18 February 2022." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Budget 2022 rate path", "value": "S$25 (2024-25), S$45 (2026-27), S$50-80 by 2030", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2022", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/2df7e174-4cfc-4cfe-9929-d28186d8299f/fy2022_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "raise our carbon tax to $25 per tonne in 2024 and 2025, and $45 per tonne in 2026 and 2027" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon Pricing (Amendment) Bill first reading", "value": "3 October 2022", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Act 37 of 2022—Carbon Pricing (Amendment) Act 2022 Date of First Reading : 3 October 2022" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon Pricing (Amendment) Act 2022 passed", "value": "8 November 2022", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Date of Second and Third Readings : 8 November 2022" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Amended Regulations published", "value": "6 October 2023", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Legislative amendments to the accompanying Regulations have been published on 6 Oct 2023." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Amendment Act commencement", "value": "1 January 2024", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Date of commencement : 1 January 2024" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "First emissions threshold (reportable facility)", "value": "2,000 tCO2e", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The first emissions threshold is 2,000 tCO2e." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Second emissions threshold (taxable facility)", "value": "25,000 tCO2e", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The second emissions threshold is 25,000 tCO2e." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Reportable facilities: measured and reported but not taxed", "value": "2,000-<25,000 tCO2e: report only, no tax", "source_title": "Opening speech at the Second Reading of the Carbon Pricing Bill, 20 March 2018", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/opening-speech-by-masagos-zulkifli-minister-for-the-environment-and-water-resources-at-the-second-reading-of-the-carbon-pricing-bill-20-march-2018/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "at least 2,000 tonnes but less than 25,000 tonnes – must have their GHG emissions measured and reported, but will not be taxed." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Taxable facilities: verified reporting plus tax", "value": "Monitoring Plan, third-party verified Emissions Report, carbon tax", "source_title": "Measurement and Reporting Requirements for Greenhouse Gas Emissions", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax/measurement-and-reporting-requirements-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The Emissions Report must be prepared based on the approved Monitoring Plan and be verified by an accredited third-party verification company" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Covered sectors", "value": "Manufacturing; power/gas/steam/chilled water supply; water, sewage and waste", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "manufacturing and manufacturing related services; supply of electricity, gas, steam, compressed air and chilled water" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Number of covered greenhouse gases", "value": "7 gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "It currently covers seven GHGs, namely carbon dioxide" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Emissions basis", "value": "Direct (Scope 1) emissions from fuel combustion and IPPU", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "GHG emissions directly released into the atmosphere (i.e. Scope 1 Emissions) from both fuel combustion and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU)" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Transport fuels excluded from carbon tax", "value": "No additional carbon tax on petrol, diesel, CNG (excise duties apply)", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2022", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/2df7e174-4cfc-4cfe-9929-d28186d8299f/fy2022_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "we will not impose an additional carbon tax on the use of petrol, diesel and compressed natural gas." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Number of taxable facilities", "value": "About 50 facilities", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "around 70% are covered by the carbon tax levied on about 50 facilities in the manufacturing, power, waste, and water sectors" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Share of national GHG emissions covered by carbon tax", "value": "Around 70%", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Of our emissions, around 70% are covered by the carbon tax" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Share covered by carbon tax plus transport fuel excise", "value": "About 80%", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "About 80% of our total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are covered by carbon tax and fuel excise duties" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon tax coverage at introduction", "value": "Around 80% of national emissions", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Singapore's carbon tax covered around 80% of our total national emissions at the point of introduction." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "2022 coverage after HFC rebasing", "value": "Around 71% (from 76%)", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Singapore's carbon tax coverage for 2022 emissions fell to around 71% from 76%." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "2022 coverage before HFC rebasing", "value": "76%", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Singapore's carbon tax coverage for 2022 emissions fell to around 71% from 76%." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Registration deadline", "value": "30 June of the year after the trigger year", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "register by 30 June of the year immediately following the trigger year through EDMA system" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Emissions Report deadline", "value": "30 June of the year following the reporting period", "source_title": "Measurement and Reporting Requirements for Greenhouse Gas Emissions", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax/measurement-and-reporting-requirements-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Submit an Emissions Report for every taxable facility and each reporting period by 30 June of the year following" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Monitoring Plan deadline (taxable facilities)", "value": "31 December of the year after the trigger year", "source_title": "Measurement and Reporting Requirements for Greenhouse Gas Emissions", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax/measurement-and-reporting-requirements-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "It shall be submitted by 31 December of the year immediately following the trigger year." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Tax payment deadline", "value": "30 September of the year after the emissions year (or 30 days after notice, if later)", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "by the later of — (i) 30 September of the year immediately following the emissions year" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Payment instrument", "value": "Surrender of fixed-price carbon credits (FPCCs) bought from the Government", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The payment under subsection (1) must be made — (a) subject to subsection (3A), by the surrender of fixed-price carbon credits" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Notice of ICC Use submission window", "value": "1 July of emissions year to 30 June of following year", "source_title": "Guidance Document on Surrendering International Carbon Credits, Version 1.2 (8 July 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/carbon-credits/icc-guidance-document-v1-2_8jul2026.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Submissions can be made anytime from 1 July of emissions year to 30 June of emissions year + 1." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Transition framework (allowances) for EITE firms", "value": "From 2024; allowances based on efficiency benchmarks and decarbonisation plans", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The amount of allowances awarded to each facility is determined based on its performance on internationally-recognised efficiency benchmarks" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Transition framework excludes new investments", "value": "New investments do not qualify", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "These transitory allowances are limited to only a portion of companies' emissions ... New investments will not qualify" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Expected carbon tax revenue, first five years (2018 estimate)", "value": "Nearly S$1 billion (2019-2023)", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2018", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/6519d8ac-65b5-49fb-a663-a037c5e5e8e5/fy2018_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "We expect to collect carbon tax revenue of nearly $1 billion in the first five years." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Net revenue from rate increase", "value": "No additional net revenue expected this decade", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The Government does not expect to derive additional net revenue from the carbon tax increase in this decade." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Electricity tariff sensitivity", "value": "~1% tariff rise per S$5/tCO2e increase", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "with every $5/tCO2e increase in the carbon tax level, electricity tariffs could rise by around 1%" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Household impact of S$45 rate", "value": "About S$3/month for average 4-room HDB flat", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "estimated to translate to an increase of about $3 per month in household utility bills for the average 4-room HDB flat" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Household impact of S$25 rate (Budget 2022)", "value": "About S$4/month for average 4-room HDB household", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2022", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/2df7e174-4cfc-4cfe-9929-d28186d8299f/fy2022_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "At $25 per tonne, this would translate to an increase of about $4 per month in the utility bills for an average 4-room HDB household." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Regular U-Save rebate ceiling", "value": "Up to S$380/year", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "the Government provides up to $380/year in U-Save rebates under the permanent GST Voucher Scheme" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Enhanced U-Save, FY2024", "value": "Up to S$950 (2.5x regular)", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2.5 times the regular U-Save amount, or up to $950 in FY2024" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "ICC offset limit", "value": "Up to 5% of taxable emissions, from 1 January 2024", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "From 1 Jan 2024, taxable facilities are allowed to use high quality ICC to offset up to 5% of their taxable emissions." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "ICC environmental integrity principles", "value": "Article 6 compliance plus seven principles", "source_title": "Carbon Tax (Mitigation Efforts), last updated 9 July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "comply with rules under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, and meet seven principles to demonstrate high environmental integrity" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "ICC vintage window", "value": "Reductions/removals between 1 Jan 2021 and 31 Dec 2030", "source_title": "Singapore's International Carbon Credit (ICC) Framework - Eligibility Criteria, last updated 3 August 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/environmental-integrity/eligibility-criteria/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "must have occurred between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2030." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "ICCs only from IA host countries", "value": "Credits from non-IA countries not allowed", "source_title": "FAQ - General Information, last updated 2 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/frequently-asked-questions/general-information/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "carbon credits from projects hosted in countries without an implementation agreement are not allowed to be used" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreements signed (NEA page, updated 19 Aug 2026)", "value": "11", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "To date, the Government has signed 11 Implementation Agreements (IAs)" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreements signed (CMC FAQ, updated 2 Nov 2026)", "value": "12: PNG, Ghana, Bhutan, Peru, Chile, Rwanda, Paraguay, Thailand, Mongolia, Vietnam, Philippines, Lao PDR", "source_title": "FAQ - General Information, last updated 2 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/frequently-asked-questions/general-information/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Singapore has signed legally binding Implementation Agreements (IAs) with twelve countries" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "IAs entered into force", "value": "9 of 12 (all except Paraguay, PNG, Philippines)", "source_title": "Singapore's Article 6 Cooperation, last updated 5 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/our-art6-cooperation/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Bhutan (Entered into Force) Chile (Entered into Force) Ghana (Entered into Force) Mongolia (Entered into Force) Paraguay" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Countries listed in MOU table", "value": "17 countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Morocco, Senegal, Zambia, Malawi, Ethiopia, Fiji)", "source_title": "Singapore's Article 6 Cooperation, last updated 5 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/our-art6-cooperation/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: count of country names in 'Table 1: Countries with MOU with Singapore by Continent'" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Share of proceeds for adaptation", "value": "5%", "source_title": "Singapore's Article 6 Cooperation, last updated 5 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/our-art6-cooperation/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "make a monetary contribution equivalent to 5% share of proceeds (SOP)" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "OMGE cancellation at issuance", "value": "2% of authorised credits", "source_title": "Singapore's Article 6 Cooperation, last updated 5 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/our-art6-cooperation/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2% of Article 6-authorised carbon credits generated are required to be cancelled at issuance" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Countries with application calls launched", "value": "Bhutan, Ghana, Peru, Rwanda, Thailand", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "launched application calls for carbon credit projects in Bhutan, Ghana, Peru, Rwanda, and Thailand" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Mongolia application process opened", "value": "8 October 2026", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "8 October 2026 Singapore and Mongolia to open application process for carbon credit projects" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Host countries with published Eligibility List", "value": "6: Ghana, Bhutan, Peru, Rwanda, Thailand, Mongolia", "source_title": "Overall Eligibility List, last updated 2 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/environmental-integrity/overall-eligibility-list/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Eligibility List by Host Country Ghana Bhutan Peru Rwanda Thailand Mongolia" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Projects on IA Project Register", "value": "0 registered (as of 2 Nov 2026)", "source_title": "Overall Project Register, last updated 2 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/project-register/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "There are no projects registered at the moment." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Project lead time to generate credits", "value": "Up to four years", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "carbon credit projects typically take up to four years to generate credits, supply will take time to build up." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Carbon crediting programme registries for ICC retirement", "value": "5: ACR, ART, Global Carbon Council, Gold Standard, Verra", "source_title": "Guidance Document on Surrendering International Carbon Credits, Version 1.2 (8 July 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/carbon-credits/icc-guidance-document-v1-2_8jul2026.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ACR (formerly known as the American Carbon Registry); Architecture for REDD+ Transactions; Global Carbon Council; Gold Standard; or/and Verra" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Roll-over of unused 2024 ICC limit", "value": "Up to 5% of 2024 taxable emissions rolled to EY2025", "source_title": "FAQ - General Information, last updated 2 November 2026", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/frequently-asked-questions/general-information/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "allowed to roll over their unutilised ICC offset limit, of up to 5% of taxable emissions in 2024, to emissions year 2025." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "2024 roll-over quota expiry", "value": "Expires; cannot be carried beyond 2025", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "the ICC offset quota carried over from emissions year 2024 to emissions year 2025 will expire and cannot be carried forward further." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Roll-over of unused 2025 ICC limit to 2026", "value": "Allowed, adjusted by credit conversion factor", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "allowed to roll over their unutilised International Carbon Credit (ICC) offset quota from emissions year 2025 to emissions year 2026" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Credit conversion factor 2025 to 2026", "value": "(A - B) x (25/45), rounded down", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "(A – B) x ($25/$45) rounded down to the nearest whole number" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "NEA worked example: rolled-over quota", "value": "4,000 x (25/45) = 2,222 credits", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "the roll over ICC offset quota is 4,000 x (25/45) = 2,222 (rounded down to the nearest whole number)" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Credit conversion factor as decimal", "value": "25/45 = 0.5556", "source_title": "Carbon Tax", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: 25/45 from f02 and f03" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Rate multiple, 2024 vs 2019-23", "value": "5x (S$25 / S$5)", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: f02/f01" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Rate increase, 2026 vs 2024-25", "value": "+80% (S$45 / S$25 - 1)", "source_title": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (current version, incl. Schedules and Legislative History)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPA2018?WholeDoc=1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: f03/f02 - 1" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Budget 2018 confirms carbon tax design", "value": "Tax on all facilities emitting 25,000 tCO2e or more, from 2019", "source_title": "Budget Statement FY2018", "source_url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/153/6519d8ac-65b5-49fb-a663-a037c5e5e8e5/fy2018_budget_statement.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "I will proceed with a carbon tax on all facilities producing 25,000 tonnes or more of greenhouse gas emissions in a year." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Papua New Guinea", "value": "2023-12-08", "source_title": "Singapore Signs First Implementation Agreement with Papua New Guinea on Carbon Credits Collaboration (8 December 2023)", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/singapore-signs-first-implementation-agreement-with-papua-new-guinea-on-carbon-credits/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "This marks the first Implementation Agreement for Singapore." }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Ghana", "value": "2024-05-27", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "27 May 2024 Singapore Signs Implementation Agreement with Ghana to Collaborate On Carbon Credits" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Bhutan", "value": "2025-02-28", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "28 February 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement with Bhutan to cooperate on carbon credits under Article 6" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Peru", "value": "2025-04-01", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "1 April 2025 Singapore Signs Implementation Agreement On Carbon Credits Collaboration With Peru" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Chile", "value": "2025-04-07", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "7 April 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Chile" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Rwanda", "value": "2025-05-06", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "6 May 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Rwanda" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Paraguay", "value": "2025-05-23", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "23 May 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Paraguay" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Thailand", "value": "2025-08-19", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "19 August 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Thailand" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Vietnam", "value": "2025-09-16", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "16 September 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Vietnam" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Mongolia", "value": "2025-10-06", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "6 October 2025 Singapore signs Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration with Mongolia" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Philippines", "value": "2026-06-08", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "8 June 2026 Singapore signs the Philippines' first Implementation Agreement on carbon credits collaboration" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Implementation Agreement signed: Lao PDR", "value": "2026-09-04", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "4 September 2026 Singapore and Lao People's Democratic Republic sign Implementation Agreement on carbon credits" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "First IA call for projects (Ghana)", "value": "30 September 2024", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "30 September 2024 Singapore and Ghana Launch First Call For Project Applications Under IA On CC Cooperation" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Cumulative IAs signed by end-2023", "value": "1", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: count of dated IA signings in CMC newsroom up to 2023" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Cumulative IAs signed by end-2024", "value": "2", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: count of dated IA signings in CMC newsroom up to 2024" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Cumulative IAs signed by end-2025", "value": "10", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: count of dated IA signings in CMC newsroom up to 2025" }, { "page": "singapore-carbon-tax", "country": "Singapore", "item": "Cumulative IAs signed by end-2026", "value": "12", "source_title": "Newsroom (36 items, dated listing)", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/newsroom/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: count of dated IA signings in CMC newsroom up to 2026" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "General carbon fee rate", "value": "NT$300 per tCO2e", "source_title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 費率是否調整須補充資料再審 (2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "核定碳費費率一般費率 300 元 / 公噸 CO2e" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Preferential rate A (sector-specific reduction target)", "value": "NT$50 per tCO2e", "source_title": "113年第6次碳費費率審議會 會議紀錄 (6th meeting 2024, minutes, 7 Oct 2024)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/JVJaWd1E9o3ZFXw", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "所適用之費率（優惠費率 A），建議訂為 50 元/公噸二氧化碳當量" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Preferential rate B (technology-benchmark reduction target)", "value": "NT$100 per tCO2e", "source_title": "113年第6次碳費費率審議會 會議紀錄 (6th meeting 2024, minutes, 7 Oct 2024)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/JVJaWd1E9o3ZFXw", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "之費率（優惠費率 B），建議訂為 100 元/公噸二氧化碳當量" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Rate notice issued and effective date", "value": "Rates announced 21 Oct 2024; effective 1 Jan 2025", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "本部於113.10.21訂定公告「碳費徵收費率」，並自114.1.1生效" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Rate Review Committee formed; 6 meetings in 2024", "value": "Committee formed 1 Mar 2024; 6 meetings Mar–Oct 2024", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "於113年3月1日…組成碳費費率審議會，並自113年3月至10間召開6次會議" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Committee's suggested rate range for 2030 and after", "value": "NT$1,200–1,800 per tCO2e (suggested benchmark, not set)", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "西元2030年後之費率可考量於1,200元/公噸CO2e至1,800元/公噸CO2e範圍內訂定" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Committee's recommended step period for rate rises", "value": "Rates to rise in stages, every 2 years", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "建議費率及優惠費率可以2年為一期，分階段進行調升" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Rate review completed", "value": "Committee completed the rate review on 7 Oct 2024", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "費率審議會於113年10月7日完成審議" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Rate pre-announcement", "value": "MOENV pre-announced the rates on 8 Oct 2024", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "由環境部於113年10月8日進行預告，114年1月1日生效" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Three implementing regulations issued", "value": "3 carbon fee sub-regulations issued 29 Aug 2024", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "環境部於113年8月29日發布「碳費收費辦法」及「自主減量計畫管理辦法」" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Threshold and sectors", "value": "Plants with direct + electricity-indirect emissions ≥25,000 tCO2e/yr in power, gas supply and manufacturing", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "年排放量合計值達二萬五千公噸二氧化碳當量以上之電力、燃氣供應業及製造業" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Estimated payers (pre-launch, 2022 inventory)", "value": "About 500 plants (281 companies, 141 listed)", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "推估收費對象約500廠(281家公司，其中有141家上市櫃公司)" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Emissions of fee payers (pre-launch estimate)", "value": "About 155 MtCO2e", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "收費對象之溫室氣體排放量約155百萬公噸二氧化碳當量" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Share of national emissions (pre-launch estimate)", "value": "About 54% of national total", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "約占全國總排放量54%" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "First-year payers", "value": "461 plants (240 companies), all paid by May 2026", "source_title": "環境部修正發布「碳費收費辦法」第3條之1、第9條… (1 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14034", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "461廠收費對象（合計240家企業）已於今年5月全數完成繳費" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Plants with approved voluntary reduction plans", "value": "402 of 461 first-year plants", "source_title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 費率是否調整須補充資料再審 (2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "首年應繳納碳費之工廠共 461 廠，其中 402 廠自主減量計畫經審查通過" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Expected reduction from approved plans by 2030", "value": "45.2 MtCO2e by 2030", "source_title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 費率是否調整須補充資料再審 (2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "預估至 119 年可達 4,520 萬公噸二氧化碳當量的減量成效" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Green investment planned in approved plans", "value": "About NT$738.2 billion", "source_title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 費率是否調整須補充資料再審 (2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "核定計畫所規劃的綠色投資總額約 7,382 億元" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Filing and payment deadline", "value": "By end of May each year, for the previous calendar year's emissions", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "每年五月底前，依其前一年度一月一日至十二月三十一日之溫室氣體排放量" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Chargeable emissions formula and K value", "value": "(Annual emissions − K) × adjustment coefficient; K = 25,000 tCO2e, K = 0 for high carbon-leakage firms", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "前項K值為二萬五千公噸二氧化碳當量；其屬高碳洩漏風險之事業，K值為零" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Emission adjustment coefficient, high-leakage, phase 1", "value": "0.2", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "第一期排放量調整係數值為零點二" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Emission adjustment coefficient, high-leakage, phase 2", "value": "0.4", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "第二期排放量調整係數值為零點四" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Emission adjustment coefficient, high-leakage, phase 3", "value": "0.6", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "第三期排放量調整係數值為零點六" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Emission adjustment coefficient, other firms", "value": "1", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "非屬前項認定之高碳洩漏風險者，其適用之排放量調整係數值為一" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Domestic credit offset limit", "value": "Up to 10% of chargeable emissions", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "其扣除上限不得超過事業收費排放量之百分之十" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Deduction ratio for voluntary / offset project credits", "value": "1 credit deducts 1.2 t", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "自願減量專案或抵換專案減量額度，得扣除之比率為一點二" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Deduction ratio for early-action project credits", "value": "0.3 (other firms) or 0.1 (high-leakage firms); usable only in first 3 years", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "其扣除比率為零點三；供屬經審查認定之高碳洩漏風險事業使用，其扣除比率為零點一" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Foreign credit offset limit", "value": "Up to 5% of chargeable emissions; MOENV-recognised credits; not for high-leakage firms", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "其扣除上限不得超過事業收費排放量之百分之五" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Voluntary reduction plan progress report deadline", "value": "By 30 April each year, for the previous year", "source_title": "自主減量計畫管理辦法 (Regulations Governing Voluntary Reduction Plans), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020140", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "事業應於每年四月三十日前向中央主管機關提交前一年度之自主減量計畫執行進度報告" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Plan application cut-off for same-year preferential rate", "value": "Apply by 30 June to get the preferential rate from the year of application", "source_title": "自主減量計畫管理辦法 (Regulations Governing Voluntary Reduction Plans), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020140", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "於六月三十日前申請自主減量計畫之事業：申請當年度及自主減量計畫執行期間適用優惠費率" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Plan review period", "value": "Decision within 3 months", "source_title": "自主減量計畫管理辦法 (Regulations Governing Voluntary Reduction Plans), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020140", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "於三個月內將審查結果作成准駁之決定" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Sector reduction target, steel (rate A)", "value": "25.2% by 2030 vs 2021", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "附表1顯示行業別指定削減率：鋼鐵業25.2%" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Sector reduction target, cement (rate A)", "value": "22.3% by 2030 vs 2021", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "水泥業22.3%、其他行業42%，目標年為民國119年，基準年為民國110年" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Sector reduction target, other industries (rate A)", "value": "42% by 2030 vs 2021", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "其他行業42%，目標年為民國119年，基準年為民國110年" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Technology-benchmark target base years (rate B)", "value": "Base = average of 2018–2022", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "技術標竿指定削減率：以107~111年為基準年" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Overpayment refund threshold", "value": "Refund on request if overpayment ≥ NT$2,000", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "溢繳金額達新臺幣二千元以上者，得向中央主管機關申請無息退還" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Record retention", "value": "6 years", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "應保存六年備查" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Instalment threshold for back payments", "value": "Back payment ≥ NT$5 million may be paid in instalments", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "應補繳加徵之差額達新臺幣五百萬元以上" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Late payment surcharge", "value": "0.5% of unpaid amount per day; enforcement after 30 days", "source_title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "每逾一日按滯納之金額加徵百分之零點五滯納金" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Penalty for under-reporting", "value": "Fee recalculated at 2× the rate; back-collection up to 5 years", "source_title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "以碳費收費費率之二倍計算其應繳費額" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Climate Change Response Act amended", "value": "15 Feb 2023", "source_title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "修正日期： 民國 112 年 02 月 15 日" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Long-term target in the Act", "value": "Net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 (ROC year 139)", "source_title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "國家溫室氣體長期減量目標為中華民國一百三十九年溫室氣體淨零排放" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Longer-term plan", "value": "Gradually develop a cap-based emissions trading system (Act Art. 34)", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "中長程碳定價機制：參考國際經驗，逐步發展總量管制下的碳交易制度。" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Future ETS shortfall penalty in the Act", "value": "3× carbon market price per tonne, capped at NT$1,500/t", "source_title": "氣候變遷因應法 (Climate Change Response Act), amended 15 February 2023", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "每公噸超額量處碳市場價格三倍之罰鍰，以每一公噸新臺幣一千五百元為上限" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Voluntary reduction plan applications, 2025", "value": "430 plants (67 chose sector targets, 363 technology benchmarks)", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "114年共430廠申請，其中67廠選用附表1、363廠選用附表2" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Applications withdrawn or lapsed", "value": "24 plants", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "其中有24廠於本部審查過程中撤案或逾期未補正" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Plans cleared by review panel, as of 6 Feb 2026", "value": "190 plants (185 more past first review; 31 in first review)", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "撤案/逾期不補正 初審作業中 通過初審分組 通過審查小組 24 31 185 190" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Reduction measures in submitted plans", "value": "2,781 measures", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "措施總筆數：2,781項" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Annual reduction at full operation (2030 vs 2025), submitted plans", "value": "About 47.45 MtCO2e a year", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "完全運轉下的年總減量…約4,745萬噸CO2e/年" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Reduction from low-carbon fuel switching", "value": "26.31 MtCO2e/yr (55.4%), 123 measures", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "轉換低碳燃料 123 26,311,005 4.4% 55.4%" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Reduction from process improvement & energy efficiency", "value": "18.82 MtCO2e/yr (39.7%), 2,282 measures", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "製程改善 & 提升能源效率 2,282 18,820,269 82.1% 39.7%" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Reduction from renewable energy", "value": "2.32 MtCO2e/yr (4.9%), 376 measures", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "使用再生能源 376 2,322,240 13.5% 4.9%" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "High carbon-leakage review principles", "value": "Issued 12 Jan 2026; 17 industries qualify by sector (leakage risk value > 0.2%)", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 簡報資料 (1st meeting 2026, slides, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/FOrBZyYmV2dR0At", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "以碳洩漏風險值 大於0.2%為門檻值、共計17個行業別" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Feb 2026 committee resolution", "value": "Recommends phased rate rises with 2030 as the horizon", "source_title": "115年第1次碳費費率審議會 會議紀錄 (1st meeting 2026, minutes, 12 Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://service.cca.gov.tw/File/Get/cca/zh-tw/MJX5lArfODwFxjw", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "以西元 2030 年為期，規劃分階段調升費率" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Nov 2026 rate review", "value": "2 Nov 2026: 3 options (no change / general rate only / both); 19 members; no consensus", "source_title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 費率是否調整須補充資料再審 (2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "本次會議尚無共識，要求環境部依委員所提意見補充相關資料後，續行審議。" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Members attending the Nov 2026 review", "value": "19 members (first meeting of the 2nd committee)", "source_title": "環境部召開碳費費率審議會 費率是否調整須補充資料再審 (2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14412", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "本次為第 2 屆碳費費率審議委員首次會議，由召集人謝燕儒次長主持，共 19 位委員出席" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Committee meetings listed by CCA (Mar 2024–Feb 2026)", "value": "8 meetings", "source_title": "碳費費率審議會 審議情形 (Carbon Fee Rate Review Committee: meetings)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/carbon-fee-rate-committee/review-status/2309.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "共 8 筆資料" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Sept 2026 amendments", "value": "1 Sep 2026: first-time entrants pay from the year after their first verified inventory", "source_title": "環境部修正發布「碳費收費辦法」第3條之1、第9條… (1 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14034", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "於 9 月 1 日正式發布" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Unused early-action credits and maximum deduction", "value": "Even at 44 Mt of credits, ratio 0.1 allows at most 4.4 Mt", "source_title": "碳費制度以減量為核心，務實修正碳費收費辦法部分條文 (6 Aug 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/13854", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "即使以4,400萬噸額度估算，經0.1比率換算，理論扣除量至多為440萬噸" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "UK CBAM recognition", "value": "Listed 27 Aug 2026 as a UK CBAM qualifying carbon pricing scheme, one of 16", "source_title": "英國 CBAM 認可臺灣碳費制度 (31 Aug 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14025", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "首階段名單全球僅納入16個碳定價制度，臺灣碳費即為其中之一" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "UK CBAM first filing and payment deadline", "value": "31 May 2028", "source_title": "英國 CBAM 認可臺灣碳費制度 (31 Aug 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14025", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "首次申報及繳費期限為2028年5月31日" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "NDC 3.0 targets", "value": "−28±2% by 2030; −38±2% by 2035", "source_title": "臺灣減碳成績接軌COP31倡議 環境部提四大減碳成效 (11 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14481", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "設定 2030 年減 28±2%、2035 年減 38±2%之目標" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Estimated 2025 net emissions vs 2005", "value": "−8.7%", "source_title": "臺灣減碳成績接軌COP31倡議 環境部提四大減碳成效 (11 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14481", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "推估 2025 年淨排放量較基準年（2005 年）減少達 8.7%" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Carbon exchange founders", "value": "TCX set up by the Taiwan Stock Exchange and the National Development Fund", "source_title": "Taiwan Carbon Solution Exchange (home page)", "source_url": "https://www.tcx.com.tw/en/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "the Taiwan Stock Exchange and the Executive Yuan National Development Fund Management Committee jointly established TCX" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "TCX role in domestic credits", "value": "Exclusively entrusted by MOENV under Act Art. 36 to run domestic credit trading", "source_title": "Taiwan Carbon Solution Exchange (home page)", "source_url": "https://www.tcx.com.tw/en/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "has exclusively entrusted the Taiwan Carbon Solution Exchange (TCX) to handle the domestic carbon credit trading" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Trial filing year", "value": "Apr–Jun 2025 trial filing, no payment", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "114年4月至6月進行試申報碳費（不繳費）" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Plan deadline for preferential rate in first payment", "value": "Apply for a voluntary reduction plan by 30 Jun 2025", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "114年6月30日前可申請自主減量計畫，以利115年適用優惠費率" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "First payment window", "value": "Apr–May 2026, for 2025 emissions", "source_title": "碳費專區 (Carbon Fee section)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/2301.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "115年4月至5月繳交114年排放量碳費" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "High-leakage application deadline", "value": "By 31 January of the payment year", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "事業應於繳費當年度一月三十一日前，向中央主管機關提出申請認定屬高碳洩漏風險" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Worked example: non-leakage plant at general rate", "value": "100,000 t emitted: (100,000 − 25,000) × 1 × NT$300 = NT$22.5 million (calc from f01, f20, f24)", "source_title": "碳費收費辦法 (Regulations Governing the Collection of Carbon Fees), amended 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020139", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "收費排放量=（年排放量－K值）×排放量調整係數值" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Rate committee meetings by year", "value": "2024: 6; 2025: 1; 2026: 2 (calc from f57 list plus the 2 Nov 2026 meeting, f55)", "source_title": "碳費費率審議會 審議情形 (Carbon Fee Rate Review Committee: meetings)", "source_url": "https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/carbon-fee-fund/carbon-fee-rate-committee/review-status/2309.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "115-02-12 115年第1次 … 114-08-06 114年第1次 … 113年第6次" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Draft rules for recognising foreign credits pre-announced", "value": "12 Nov 2026: MOENV pre-announced the draft Foreign Emission Reduction Credit Recognition Rules, under Act Art. 27", "source_title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "環境部於今 (12) 日預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Who may apply for recognition (draft)", "value": "3 groups: carbon fee payers, cap-and-trade entities, and bodies designated by the central financial authority", "source_title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "僅限碳費收費對象、總量管制事業及中央金融主管機關指定機關（構）可提出申請" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Earliest vintage of recognisable foreign credits (draft)", "value": "Generated in 2021 or later", "source_title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "必須是 2021 年以後產生" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Project types excluded (draft)", "value": "3 excluded: nuclear, controversial logging/forestry projects, measures extending fossil fuel use", "source_title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "核能、容易產生爭議的伐木林業專案、延長化石燃料使用的措施不予認可" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Host authorisation and corresponding adjustment (draft)", "value": "Host-country authorisation and a completed corresponding adjustment are required", "source_title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "須取得專案地主國締約方授權並完成國際認可的「相應調整」(Corresponding Adjustment)" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Use restriction on recognised credits (draft)", "value": "Only for statutory obligations (carbon fee deduction or cap-and-trade offset); not for ESG or product carbon-neutral claims", "source_title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "經認可額度僅專用於碳費扣除或總量管制抵銷等法定義務，絕不能再拿去宣稱企業 ESG 或產品碳中和" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Public comment period on the draft", "value": "30 days from the day after publication in the Executive Yuan Gazette", "source_title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "可於本預告刊登公報之次日起 30 日內預告期間或公聽會時提出" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Disclosure of recognised credits (draft)", "value": "Project source, type, recognised quantity and cancellation to be published on a government platform", "source_title": "接軌《巴黎協定》，環境部預告訂定「國外減量額度認可準則」草案 (12 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14489", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "其專案來源、專案類型、認可數量及註銷使用情形等，將全數公開於政府平台" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Real GDP growth set against emissions, 2015–2025 (MOENV comparison)", "value": "Real GDP +47.6% over 2015–2025, alongside an 8.7% emissions reduction", "source_title": "臺灣減碳成績接軌COP31倡議 環境部提四大減碳成效 (11 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14481", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "十年來實質 GDP 大幅成長 47.6%，排放量卻絕對下降 8.7%" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Net emissions trend since 2021", "value": "Net emissions down 4 consecutive years from 2021; average annual fall above 2%", "source_title": "臺灣減碳成績接軌COP31倡議 環境部提四大減碳成效 (11 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14481", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "我國國家淨排放量自 2021 年起已連續 4 年呈現下降趨勢（年平均減幅逾 2%）" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "Electricity share of final energy use, 2025", "value": "34.8%", "source_title": "臺灣減碳成績接軌COP31倡議 環境部提四大減碳成效 (11 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14481", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "我國 2025 年電力占最終能源使用比重已達 34.8%" }, { "page": "taiwan-carbon-fee", "country": "Taiwan", "item": "NDC 3.0 implementation programmes", "value": "20 flagship programmes across 6 sectors", "source_title": "臺灣減碳成績接軌COP31倡議 環境部提四大減碳成效 (11 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/moenv-news/zh-tw/News/14481", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "透過六大部門 20 項旗艦計畫跨部會管考落實" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon price used in fuel excise", "value": "THB 200 per tCO2e", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ราคาคาร์บอนมีมูลค่า ๒๐๐ บาท ต่อตันคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์เทียบเท่า" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Excise notification issued (signed by Director-General)", "value": "28 March 2025", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ประกาศ ณ วันที่ ๒๘ มีนาคม พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Notification published in the Royal Gazette", "value": "22 April 2025 (Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, page 7)", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "เล่ม ๑๔๒ ตอนพิเศษ ๑๗๑ ง ราชกิจจานุเบกษา ๒๒ เมษายน ๒๕๖๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Entry into force rule (clause 3)", "value": "From the day after the date of issue, i.e. 29 March 2025 (issued 28 March 2025, f02)", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ข้อ ๓ ประกาศฉบับนี้ให้ใช้บังคับตั้งแต่วันถัดจากวันออกประกาศเป็นต้นไป" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Legal basis: tariff schedule amended by Ministerial Regulation No. 41", "value": "Ministerial Regulation prescribing excise tariff rates (No. 41) B.E. 2568 (2025)", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "กฎกระทรวงกำหนดพิกัดอัตราภาษีสรรพสามิต (ฉบับที่ ๔๑) พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "How the per-unit carbon component is set", "value": "Carbon price (THB 200/tCO2e) multiplied in proportion to each product's emission factor per unit", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ตามสัดส่วนของค่าการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจก (Emission Factor)" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Unleaded gasoline", "value": "THB 0.447 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "น้ำมันเบนซินชนิดไร้สารตะกั่ว … ๐.๔๔๗" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Gasohol E10", "value": "THB 0.403 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "น้ำมันแก๊สโซฮอล์ อี ๑๐ … ๐.๔๐๓" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Gasohol E20", "value": "THB 0.358 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "น้ำมันแก๊สโซฮอล์ อี ๒๐ … ๐.๓๕๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Gasohol E85", "value": "THB 0.069 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "น้ำมันแก๊สโซฮอล์ อี ๘๕ … ๐.๐๖๙" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Kerosene", "value": "THB 0.498 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "น้ำมันก๊าดและน้ำมันที่จุดให้แสงสว่างที่คล้ายกัน … ๐.๔๙๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Jet fuel (other than heading (1))", "value": "THB 0.498 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "น้ำมันเชื้อเพลิงสำหรับเครื่องบินไอพ่น นอกจาก (๑) … ๐.๔๙๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel, sulphur ≤0.001% (no biodiesel)", "value": "THB 0.548 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "น้ำมันดีเซลที่มีปริมาณกำมะถันไม่เกินร้อยละ ๐.๐๐๑ … ๐.๕๔๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel ≤4%", "value": "THB 0.537 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ผสมอยู่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๔ … ๐.๕๓๗" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >4% to 7%", "value": "THB 0.518 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๔ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๗ … ๐.๕๑๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >7% to 9%", "value": "THB 0.504 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๗ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๙ … ๐.๕๐๔" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >9% to 14%", "value": "THB 0.485 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๙ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๑๔ … ๐.๔๘๕" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >14% to 19%", "value": "THB 0.458 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๑๔ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๑๙ … ๐.๔๕๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Diesel with biodiesel >19% to 24%", "value": "THB 0.431 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "เกินร้อยละ ๑๙ แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๒๔ … ๐.๔๓๑" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: LPG", "value": "THB 0.623 per kg", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ก๊าซปิโตรเลียมเหลว (แอล.พี.จี.) … กิโลกรัม … ๐.๖๒๓" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon component per unit: Fuel oil", "value": "THB 0.618 per litre", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "น้ำมันเตาและน้ำมันที่คล้ายกัน … ๐.๖๑๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Implied emission factor, unleaded gasoline", "value": "about 2.24 kgCO2e per litre (= 0.447 / 200 × 1,000; facts f07, f01)", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: 0.447 THB/L ÷ 200 THB/tCO2e" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Implied emission factor, diesel", "value": "about 2.74 kgCO2e per litre (= 0.548 / 200 × 1,000; facts f13, f01)", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: 0.548 THB/L ÷ 200 THB/tCO2e" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "NDC target cited in the notification", "value": "30-40% below business-as-usual by 2030", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "๓๐ - ๔๐ จากการดำเนินธุรกิจตามปกติ (Business As Usual: BAU) ภายในปี พ.ศ. ๒๕๗๓" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Long-term targets cited in the notification", "value": "Carbon neutrality by 2050; net-zero GHG by 2065", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "เป็นกลางทางคาร์บอน ภายในปี พ.ศ. ๒๕๙๓ … สุทธิเป็นศูนย์ภายในปี พ.ศ. ๒๖๐๘" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Cabinet resolution on CBAM preparedness plan cited as background", "value": "11 December 2024", "source_title": "Excise Department Notification on criteria and conditions for setting the carbon price for oil and petroleum products (issued 28 March 2025), Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Special Part 171 D, pp. 7-9, 22 April 2025", "source_url": "https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/66732.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ซึ่งคณะรัฐมนตรีมีมติเห็นชอบเมื่อวันที่ ๑๑ ธันวาคม ๒๕๖๗" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Excise Department FY2025 report: carbon price and legal form", "value": "Ministerial regulation plus Excise notification setting THB 200 per tonne of carbon", "source_title": "Press release No. 6/2568: Excise Department performance in fiscal year 2568 under the SMART Excise strategy (20 September 2025)", "source_url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/Press6-2568.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ออกประกาศกรมสรรพสามิต เพื่อกำหนดราคาคาร์บอน 200 บาทต่อตันคาร์บอน" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Retailers showing per-fill carbon emissions with the Excise Department", "value": "2 companies (PTT OR and Bangchak)", "source_title": "Press release No. 6/2568: Excise Department performance in fiscal year 2568 under the SMART Excise strategy (20 September 2025)", "source_url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/Press6-2568.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ร่วมกับภาคเอกชน 2 ราย ได้แก่ บริษัท ปตท. น้ำมันและการค้าปลีก" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "First phase design: convert existing fuel excise into carbon-tax form", "value": "Existing oil excise re-expressed as carbon tax, no extra burden on the public (announced 30 Sep 2024)", "source_title": "Press release No. 35/2567: Excise Department sets course for Net Zero 2050 (30 September 2024)", "source_url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/press35-2567.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "แปลงภาษีสรรพสามิตที่เดิมมีการเก็บภาษีสรรพสามิตน้ำมัน ให้อยู่ในรูปของภาษีคาร์บอน" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Effect on current excise burden", "value": "Adding the mechanism does not change the current excise tax burden (stated 2024)", "source_title": "Press release No. 39/2567: Excise Department prepares integration of policy, law and administration (2024)", "source_url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/press39-2567.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "การเพิ่มกลไกดังกล่าวจะไม่กระทบต่อภาระภาษีสรรพสามิตในปัจจุบัน" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Social cost of carbon range in Excise Department study note", "value": "THB 192-3,133 per tonne of carbon; average THB 483", "source_title": "Knowledge management note: Developing the law on carbon tax collection", "source_url": "https://www.excise.go.th/cs/groups/public/documents/document/mjaw/mdyx/~edisp/webportal16200061848.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ตั้งแต่ 192 – 3,133 บาทต่อตันคาร์บอน โดยเฉลี่ยอยู่ที่ 483 บาท" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "MOU on digital oil-volume data link to support a carbon tax", "value": "Signed 20 Feb 2026 with 18 companies (13 oil companies, 4 transporters, 1 aviation refueller)", "source_title": "Press release No. 4/2569: Excise Department signs MOU with oil-industry operators on a digital oil-data link to support a future carbon tax (20 February 2026)", "source_url": "https://webdev.excise.go.th/act2560/files/secretary/Press4-2569.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "รวมทั้งสิ้น 18 บริษัท" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Cabinet approves draft Climate Change Act in principle", "value": "2 December 2025", "source_title": "Cabinet approves in principle the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (news release, 2 December 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/14324/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "วันที่ 2 ธันวาคม 2568 … ครม. มีมติเห็นชอบต่อหลักการของร่างพระราชบัญญัติการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Size of the cabinet-approved draft Act", "value": "14 chapters, 205 sections", "source_title": "Cabinet approves in principle the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (news release, 2 December 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/14324/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "มีบทบัญญัติ 14 หมวด 205 มาตรา" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon pricing instruments in the draft Act", "value": "ETS (allowance allocation), CBAM, carbon tax and carbon credits", "source_title": "Cabinet approves in principle the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (news release, 2 December 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/14324/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "การจัดสรรสิทธิการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจก (ETS) การปรับราคาคาร์บอนข้ามพรมแดน หรือ CBAM ภาษีคาร์บอน" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Council of State first-round review of the draft Act begins", "value": "5 May 2026 (Council of State Committee 7)", "source_title": "DCCE begins first-round review of the draft Climate Change Act with the Office of the Council of State (news release, 5 May 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/22044", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "เมื่อวันที่ 5 พฤษภาคม 2569 … พิจารณา … เป็นวาระแรก ร่วมกับสำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "ETS chapter in the 2024 consultation draft", "value": "Chapter 8, sections 72-99: cap set in line with national targets; allowances allocated free and/or by auction", "source_title": "Summary of key points of the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (public-consultation draft, file dated November 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.-1-1.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "หมวด ๘ ระบบซื้อขายสิทธิในการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจก มาตรา ๗๒ – มาตรา ๙๙" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Banking/offsetting limit in the 2024 consultation draft ETS", "value": "Up to 15% of allowances to be surrendered", "source_title": "Summary of key points of the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (public-consultation draft, file dated November 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.-1-1.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "แต่ไม่เกินร้อยละ ๑๕ ของสิทธิในการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกที่จะต้องคืน" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Penalty for excess emissions in the 2024 consultation draft", "value": "Administrative fine up to 3 times the average auction price of allowances", "source_title": "Summary of key points of the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (public-consultation draft, file dated November 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.-1-1.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ไม่เกินสามเท่าของราคาเฉลี่ยของสิทธิในการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกที่จัดสรรโดยการประมูล" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Carbon tax chapter in the 2024 consultation draft", "value": "Chapter 10, sections 118-147; rates set by ministerial regulation up to a ceiling in the Act's schedule", "source_title": "Summary of key points of the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (public-consultation draft, file dated November 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.-1-1.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "หมวด ๑๐ ภาษีคาร์บอน มาตรา ๑๑๘ – มาตรา ๑๔๗" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Size of the 2024 consultation draft", "value": "202 sections in 14 chapters", "source_title": "Summary of key points of the draft Climate Change Act B.E. .... (public-consultation draft, file dated November 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.-1-1.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ประกอบด้วย ๒๐๒ มาตรา มีทั้งหมด ๑๔ หมวด" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "T-VER programme", "value": "Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program run by TGO; credits from registered projects may be traded in the voluntary market", "source_title": "T-VER: About Us / Overview", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/en/about-us/en-overview", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "carbon credits, generated by registered T-VER projects may be traded in the voluntary carbon market" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Standard T-VER projects registered per fiscal year, FY2014-FY2026 (single and bundled)", "value": "9, 11, 19, 41, 50, 50, 45, 32, 53, 54, 96, 93, 101", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"Number of Registered Projects.\",\"data\":[9,11,19,41,50,50,45,32,53,54,96,93,101,0]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Standard T-VER projects registered, FY2014-FY2026 total (single and bundled)", "value": "654 projects (sum of f43)", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: sum of annual registrations FY2014-FY2026" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Standard T-VER projects registered in FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "value": "101 projects, the highest of any fiscal year", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"Number of Registered Projects.\",\"data\":[…,96,93,101,0]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Forestry and agriculture share of FY2026 registrations", "value": "75 of 101 projects", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"[FOR\\u0026AGR]\",\"data\":[2,5,0,3,3,1,3,0,23,15,48,56,75,0]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Expected annual reductions of projects registered in FY2026", "value": "1,660,056 tCO2e", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"Carbon Credit\",\"data\":[…,1984744,2008082,1660056,0]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Expected reductions of projects registered per fiscal year, FY2014-FY2026", "value": "114,237 … 1,660,056 tCO2e (13 years)", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"data\":[114237,590175,409007,1035672,1303096,1634113,916936,3578816,…]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Standard T-VER credits issued per fiscal year, FY2015-FY2026", "value": "339,537 … 4,355,196 tCO2e (12 years)", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of carbon credit issuance by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"Carbon Credit\",\"data\":[0,339537,249612,493207,887523,1262757,2578321,3030038,4673841,…,4355196,0]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Standard T-VER credits issued, cumulative FY2014-FY2026", "value": "28,247,683 tCO2e", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of carbon credit issuance by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "456 | 28,247,683 (grid total row)" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Issuance events (project-issuances) counted FY2014-FY2026", "value": "456", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of carbon credit issuance by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Number of projects … total 456" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Standard T-VER credits issued in FY2026", "value": "4,355,196 tCO2e from 57 project issuances", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of carbon credit issuance by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2026 | 57 | 4,355,196" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Standard T-VER credits issued in FY2022 (previous peak)", "value": "4,673,841 tCO2e", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of carbon credit issuance by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2022 | 59 | 4,673,841" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Premium T-VER projects registered, FY2024-FY2026", "value": "4, 3 and 2 projects (9 in total)", "source_title": "T-VER database: Premium T-VER registration and issuance statistics by fiscal year (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/2/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"Number of Registered Projects.\",\"data\":[…,4,3,2,0]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Premium T-VER credits issued in FY2026 (first issuance)", "value": "60 tCO2e", "source_title": "T-VER database: Premium T-VER carbon credit issuance statistics by fiscal year (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/credit/2/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"Carbon Credit\",\"data\":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,60,0]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Expected reductions of all registered Standard T-VER projects", "value": "17,174,981 tCO2e per year", "source_title": "T-VER home page: registered-project totals (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "อยู่ที่ 17,174,981 tCO 2 eq/ปี" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Expected reductions of registered Premium T-VER projects", "value": "26,051 tCO2e per year", "source_title": "T-VER home page: registered-project totals (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "อยู่ที่ 26,051 tCO 2 eq/ปี" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "First T-VER project registrations in the TGO statistics", "value": "Fiscal year 2014 (9 projects)", "source_title": "T-VER database: statistics of registered projects by fiscal year (Standard T-VER, single and bundled projects; retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://tver.tgo.or.th/database/summary/registration/1/1", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "\"labels\":[\"2014\",…] \"data\":[9,…]" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "T-VER credits traded, accumulated since FY2016 (data to April 2026)", "value": "4,904,654 tCO2e across 8 project types", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "sum of cc_02_02 volume column (3414902+104067+1248+48278+12804+942515+375933+4907); cc_02_01 header: 'Accummulated Volume since FY 2016'" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Value of T-VER credits traded, accumulated since FY2016 (data to April 2026)", "value": "THB 423,371,187", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "sum of cc_02_02 value column across 8 project types" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Average traded T-VER price, all types (accumulated since FY2016)", "value": "about THB 86.3 per tCO2e (= f60 / f59)", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc: 423,371,187 / 4,904,654" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Weighted average traded price, forestry and agriculture credits", "value": "THB 411.21 per tCO2e (range THB 55-3,000)", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2569,FOR&AGR,375933,154586896,55,3000,411.2086356" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Weighted average traded price, renewable energy credits", "value": "THB 39.95 per tCO2e (range THB 18-500)", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2569,REF,3414902,\"136,420,874\",18,500,39.95" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Renewable energy share of traded T-VER volume", "value": "3,414,902 of 4,904,654 tCO2e (about 70%)", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2569,REF,3414902,\"136,420,874\",18,500,39.95" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Weighted average traded price, industrial wastewater credits", "value": "THB 123.99 per tCO2e", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2569,IWM,942515,\"116,865,635\",35,150,123.99" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Weighted average traded price, solid waste credits", "value": "THB 172.68 per tCO2e", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_02: T-VER carbon credit trading price and value statistics by project type (CSV, last modified 27 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/061c3709-1cdb-4af8-85f6-4c7cc6ce2b51/resource/1d9ad8ca-70c9-4f6e-bbd5-60eacb09d70e/download/cc_02_02.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2569,SWM,48278,8336755,45,350,172.6822776" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Weighted average traded price, sustainable afforestation methodology", "value": "THB 1,885.47 per tCO2e (4,957 t traded)", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_01: T-VER carbon credit trading statistics by methodology, accumulated since FY2016 (CSV, last modified 24 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/a21f432c-cbac-4473-a3b1-46cc8b5183fd/resource/7430b1cb-b7a8-4e2d-8aaf-60ea9cf50e7c/download/cc_02_01.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "การปลูกป่าอย่างยั่งยืน,\"4,957\",9346296,1700,3000,2076.3,1885.47" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "Weighted average traded price, project-level REDD+ methodology", "value": "THB 1,112.04 per tCO2e (47,993 t traded)", "source_title": "Open data cc_02_01: T-VER carbon credit trading statistics by methodology, accumulated since FY2016 (CSV, last modified 24 April 2026)", "source_url": "https://opendata.tgo.or.th/dataset/a21f432c-cbac-4473-a3b1-46cc8b5183fd/resource/7430b1cb-b7a8-4e2d-8aaf-60ea9cf50e7c/download/cc_02_01.csv", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "…ในระดับโครงการ,47993,53370000,1066.87,2000,2000,1112.04" }, { "page": "thailand-carbon-pricing", "country": "Thailand", "item": "T-VER volume traded on the FTIX exchange (period not stated on the page)", "value": "13,665 tCO2e (sum of 5 project types), against 4,083,549 tCO2e bilateral (OTC) on the same page", "source_title": "Carbon market portal: T-VER trading prices and volumes by project type, bilateral (OTC) and FTIX exchange (retrieved 12 November 2026)", "source_url": "https://carbonmarket.tgo.or.th/modules/chart/classify.php", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "FTIX series volumes [32,12720,313,100,500]; OTC volumes sum 4,083,549" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Pilot emissions cap, 2025", "value": "243,082,392 tCO2e", "source_title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Tổng hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính thí điểm cho năm 2025 là 243.082.392 tấn CO 2 tđ" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Pilot emissions cap, 2026", "value": "268,391,454 tCO2e", "source_title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Tổng hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính thí điểm cho năm 2026 là 268.391.454 tấn CO 2 tđ" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Change in pilot cap, 2026 vs 2025", "value": "+25,309,062 tCO2e (+10.4%); calc = f02 - f01, divided by f01", "source_title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "243.082.392 tấn CO 2 tđ ... 268.391.454 tấn CO 2 tđ" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Facilities receiving pilot allowances (total)", "value": "110 facilities (34 + 25 + 51)", "source_title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "34 nhà máy nhiệt điện, 25 cơ sở sản xuất sắt thép, 51 cơ sở sản xuất xi măng" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Thermal power plants in the pilot", "value": "34 plants", "source_title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "phân bổ cho 34 nhà máy nhiệt điện" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Iron and steel facilities in the pilot", "value": "25 facilities", "source_title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "25 cơ sở sản xuất sắt thép" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Cement facilities in the pilot", "value": "51 facilities", "source_title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "51 cơ sở sản xuất xi măng" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Decision 263/QD-TTg approving 2025-2026 pilot caps", "value": "Issued 9 Feb 2026", "source_title": "Decision No. 263/QD-TTg (document record)", "source_url": "https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?docid=216923&pageid=27160", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Số ký hiệu 263/QĐ-TTg Ngày ban hành 09-02-2026" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Decision 232/QD-TTg: carbon market scheme approved", "value": "Signed 24 Jan 2025", "source_title": "Decision No. 232/QD-TTg approving the Scheme to establish and develop the carbon market (document record)", "source_url": "https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=212592", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Số ký hiệu 232/QĐ-TTg Ngày ban hành 24-01-2025" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Pilot phase of the carbon market", "value": "2025 to end-2028", "source_title": "Approval of the Scheme to establish and develop the carbon market in Viet Nam (Decision 232/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/phe-duyet-de-an-thanh-lap-va-phat-trien-thi-truong-cac-bon-tai-viet-nam-102250124174729484.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Giai đoạn thực hiện thí điểm từ năm 2025 đến hết năm 2028" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Official operation of the carbon market", "value": "From 2029", "source_title": "Approval of the Scheme to establish and develop the carbon market in Viet Nam (Decision 232/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/phe-duyet-de-an-thanh-lap-va-phat-trien-thi-truong-cac-bon-tai-viet-nam-102250124174729484.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Giai đoạn vận hành chính thức từ năm 2029" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Credit types eligible for exchange trading under the 2025 scheme", "value": "4 sources: domestic mechanism, CDM, JCM, Paris Agreement Article 6", "source_title": "Approval of the Scheme to establish and develop the carbon market in Viet Nam (Decision 232/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/phe-duyet-de-an-thanh-lap-va-phat-trien-thi-truong-cac-bon-tai-viet-nam-102250124174729484.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "(ii) Cơ chế phát triển sạch (CDM); (iii) Cơ chế tín chỉ chung (JCM); (iv) Cơ chế theo Điều 6" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Decree 29/2026/ND-CP on the domestic carbon exchange", "value": "Issued and effective 19 Jan 2026", "source_title": "Decree No. 29/2026/ND-CP on the domestic carbon exchange (document record)", "source_url": "https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216694", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "29/2026/NĐ-CP Ngày ban hành 19-01-2026 Ngày có hiệu lực 19-01-2026" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Size of Decree 29/2026/ND-CP", "value": "6 chapters, 35 articles", "source_title": "Regulations on the domestic carbon exchange (Decree 29/2026/ND-CP)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/quy-dinh-ve-san-giao-dich-cac-bon-trong-nuoc-102260120103338524.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Nghị định này gồm 6 chương, 35 điều" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Exchange service fees during the pilot", "value": "None charged to 31 Dec 2028; fees charged from 1 Jan 2029", "source_title": "Regulations on the domestic carbon exchange (Decree 29/2026/ND-CP)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/quy-dinh-ve-san-giao-dich-cac-bon-trong-nuoc-102260120103338524.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Thu tiền cung cấp dịch vụ trên sàn giao dịch các-bon trong nước kể từ ngày 01/01/2029" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Decree 119/2025/ND-CP (amends Decree 06/2022)", "value": "Issued 9 Jun 2025; effective 1 Aug 2025", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP (document record)", "source_url": "https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=213875", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "119/2025/NĐ-CP Ngày ban hành 09-06-2025 Ngày có hiệu lực 01-08-2025" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Unit of one allowance", "value": "1 allowance = right to emit 1 tCO2 or 1 tCO2e", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Một đơn vị hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính thể hiện quyền phát thải bằng 01 tấn CO2" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Vintage rule for tradable credits", "value": "Credits for reductions from 1 Jan 2021 onward", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Tín chỉ các-bon được cấp cho kết quả giảm nhẹ phát thải khí nhà kính từ ngày 01 tháng 01 năm 2021" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Offset limit", "value": "Credits may cover up to 30% of a facility's allocated allowances", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "để bù trừ không quá 30% lượng hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính được phân bổ của cơ sở" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Borrowing from the next period", "value": "Up to 15% of the period's allocation, until 2030; borrowed allowances cannot be traded", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Số lượng hạn ngạch vay mượn không vượt quá 15% lượng hạn ngạch đã được phân bổ" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Banking of unused allowances", "value": "Allowed to the next period until end-2030; banked allowances can be traded", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Trong giai đoạn đến hết năm 2030, cơ sở có thể chuyển giao lượng hạn ngạch ... chưa sử dụng hết" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Surrender deadline", "value": "By 31 December of the year after the allocation period (for 2025-2026: by 31 Dec 2027)", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "nộp trả ... trước ngày 31 tháng 12 của năm kế tiếp giai đoạn được phân bổ" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Surrender amount", "value": "At least verified direct emissions for the period minus credits used as offsets", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "phải tối thiểu bằng với kết quả kiểm kê khí nhà kính từ các nguồn phát thải trực tiếp" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Penalty for a surrender shortfall", "value": "Administrative fine under environmental-protection law, plus the shortfall is deducted from the next period's allocation", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "lượng hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính nộp trả còn thiếu sẽ bị trừ vào hạn ngạch phân bổ của cơ sở cho giai đoạn kế tiếp" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Cancellation of unbanked allowances", "value": "30 days after the surrender deadline, earlier-period allowances neither surrendered nor banked are cancelled", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Sau 30 ngày kể từ thời hạn nộp trả ... thực hiện hủy bỏ số lượng hạn ngạch" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Allowance auctions", "value": "Auction mechanism to be built and run in the phase from 2029", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2. Giai đoạn từ năm 2029 a) Xây dựng và thực hiện cơ chế đấu giá hạn ngạch" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Allocation formula (Method 01)", "value": "A = P x B x T: 3-year average output x sector-average emissions per unit x adjustment factor", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Pa,(y-1;y-2;y-3): Sản lượng trung bình của cơ sở a sản xuất trong năm y-1, y-2, y-3" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Adjustment factor in the allocation formula", "value": "T = (1 + g) x (1 - r): sector growth target g and emission-reduction target r", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Hệ số T được xác định theo công thức sau ... g: Mục tiêu tăng trưởng của lĩnh vực" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Product units used for benchmarks", "value": "kWh for thermal power (coal, oil, gas); tonne of crude steel; tonne of clinker", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "kWh điện đối với nhà máy nhiệt điện; tấn thép thô ... tấn clinker" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Allocation deadlines for later periods", "value": "By 31 Oct 2027 for 2027-2028; by 31 Oct 2029 for 2029-2030", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "trước ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2027 cho giai đoạn 2027 - 2028 và trước ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2029" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Ministries' proposals for the 2027-2028 period", "value": "Due to the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment by 30 Jun 2027", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "gửi Bộ Nông nghiệp và Môi trường trước ngày 30 tháng 6 năm 2027 cho giai đoạn 2027 - 2028" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Verified inventory reports from allocated facilities", "value": "Third-party-verified results due to the Ministry by 1 December, from 2027", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "báo cáo kết quả kiểm kê khí nhà kính đã được thẩm định trước ngày 01 tháng 12 kể từ năm 2027" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Share of inventory-facility emissions in the first phase", "value": "More than 100 facilities, about 40% of total emissions of facilities required to report", "source_title": "Government issues Decree amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP", "source_url": "https://mae.gov.vn/chinh-phu-ban-hanh-nghi-dinh-sua-doi-bo-sung-nghi-dinh-so-062022ndcp-quy-dinh-giam-nhe-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-va-bao-ve-tang-odon-18591.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "giai đoạn đầu có hơn 100 cơ sở được phân bổ hạn ngạch, chiếm khoảng 40% tổng phát thải" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Allocation method in the pilot", "value": "Allowances allocated free of charge (pilot to 2028)", "source_title": "Carbon market pilot: businesses receive free allowances", "source_url": "https://mae.gov.vn/thi-iem-thi-truong-cacbon-doanh-nghiep-uoc-phan-bo-han-ngach-mien-phi-20693.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính sẽ được phân bổ miễn phí cho các doanh nghiệp" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Carbon exchange launch", "value": "Began operation on 29 Jun 2026", "source_title": "Viet Nam carbon exchange begins operation", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/san-giao-dich-cac-bon-viet-nam-van-hanh-doanh-nghiep-them-cong-cu-giam-phat-thai-102260629140706568.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Sàn giao dịch các-bon trong nước chính thức đi vào hoạt động ngày 29/6" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Trading members at launch", "value": "6 securities companies", "source_title": "Viet Nam carbon exchange begins operation", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/san-giao-dich-cac-bon-viet-nam-van-hanh-doanh-nghiep-them-cong-cu-giam-phat-thai-102260629140706568.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "hệ thống thành viên gồm 6 công ty chứng khoán đầu tiên đáp ứng điều kiện" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "National registry rules", "value": "Circular 11/2026/TT-BNNMT of 13 Feb 2026", "source_title": "Viet Nam prepares to operate its first carbon exchange", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-chuan-bi-van-hanh-san-giao-dich-cac-bon-dau-tien-102260626174322565.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Thông tư số 11/2026/TT-BNNMT ngày 13/2/2026 quy định quản lý, vận hành Hệ thống đăng ký quốc gia" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Market-wide system testing", "value": "Internal and market-wide tests in May and June 2026", "source_title": "Viet Nam prepares to operate its first carbon exchange", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-chuan-bi-van-hanh-san-giao-dich-cac-bon-dau-tien-102260626174322565.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Trong tháng 5 và tháng 6/2026, các đơn vị đã triển khai kiểm thử nội bộ, kiểm thử toàn thị trường" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Credit groups allowed to trade (Ministry of Finance Legal Department representative, Apr 2026)", "value": "3 groups: domestic credits, credits under international mechanisms, Paris Agreement credits", "source_title": "Carbon market enters implementation phase (forum of 17 Apr 2026; Department of Climate Change and Ministry of Finance remarks)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/thi-truong-cac-bon-vao-giai-doan-trien-khai-doanh-nghiep-doi-mat-yeu-cau-moi-102260417114409008.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Có 3 nhóm tín chỉ được phép giao dịch gồm tín chỉ trong nước, tín chỉ theo cơ chế quốc tế" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "VN2025 trading window", "value": "First trading day 29 Jun 2026; last trading day 24 Dec 2027", "source_title": "HNX notice: first and last trading dates of GHG allowances for 2025-2026 (VN2025), 26 Jun 2026", "source_url": "https://www.hnx.vn/vi-vn/cacbon/tin-cong-bo-tu-so.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Ngày giao dịch cuối cùng của mã hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính: 24/12/2027" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Facilities required to report GHG inventory, 2022 list", "value": "1,912 facilities (1,662 + 70 + 104 + 76) under Decision 01/2022/QD-TTg", "source_title": "List of sectors and facilities required to conduct GHG inventory (Decision 01/2022/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/ban-hanh-danh-muc-linh-vuc-co-so-phai-thuc-hien-kiem-ke-khi-nha-kinh-102220121175127973.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "1662 cơ sở ... ngành công thương; 70 cơ sở ... giao thông vận tải; 104 ... xây dựng; 76 ..." }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Facilities required to report GHG inventory, 2024 list", "value": "2,166 facilities under Decision 13/2024/QD-TTg (effective 1 Oct 2024)", "source_title": "2,166 facilities must conduct GHG inventory (Decision 13/2024/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/2166-co-so-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-phai-thuc-hien-kiem-ke-khi-nha-kinh-102240816120445962.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "danh mục 2.166 cơ sở phát thải khí nhà kính phải thực hiện kiểm kê khí nhà kính cập nhật năm 2024" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Facilities required to report GHG inventory, 2026 list", "value": "2,441 facilities under Decision 42/2026/QD-TTg (effective 25 Sep 2026)", "source_title": "2,441 facilities must conduct GHG inventory (Decision 42/2026/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/2441-co-so-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-phai-thuc-hien-kiem-ke-khi-nha-kinh-102260811160731774.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "2441 cơ sở phát thải khí nhà kính phải thực hiện kiểm kê khí nhà kính" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Decree 396/2026/ND-CP (further amends Decree 06/2022)", "value": "Issued 26 Oct 2026; effective 12 Dec 2026", "source_title": "Decree No. 396/2026/ND-CP further amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (signed PDF)", "source_url": "https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2026/10/396_2026_nd-cp_26102026_3-signed.signed.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Nghị định này có hiệu lực thi hành từ ngày 12 tháng 12 năm 2026" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Draft fine: excess emissions of 5,000 tCO2e or more (proposal, Jun 2026)", "value": "VND 300-400 million (draft decree, not adopted)", "source_title": "Proposal to tighten penalties in the draft decree on administrative sanctions for environmental protection", "source_url": "https://xaydungchinhsach.chinhphu.vn/de-xuat-tang-che-tai-xu-ly-cac-hanh-vi-gay-o-nhiem-moi-truong-119260609095000927.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Phạt tiền từ 300.000.000 đồng đến 400.000.000 đồng ... từ 5.000 tấn CO 2 tương đương trở lên" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Draft fine: excess emissions of 3,000 to under 5,000 tCO2e (proposal)", "value": "VND 100-300 million (draft decree, not adopted)", "source_title": "Proposal to tighten penalties in the draft decree on administrative sanctions for environmental protection", "source_url": "https://xaydungchinhsach.chinhphu.vn/de-xuat-tang-che-tai-xu-ly-cac-hanh-vi-gay-o-nhiem-moi-truong-119260609095000927.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Phạt tiền từ 100.000.000 đồng đến 300.000.000 đồng ... từ 3.000 tấn CO 2 tương đương đến dưới 5.000" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Draft fine: excess emissions of 1,000 to under 3,000 tCO2e (proposal)", "value": "VND 20-75 million (draft decree, not adopted)", "source_title": "Proposal to tighten penalties in the draft decree on administrative sanctions for environmental protection", "source_url": "https://xaydungchinhsach.chinhphu.vn/de-xuat-tang-che-tai-xu-ly-cac-hanh-vi-gay-o-nhiem-moi-truong-119260609095000927.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Phạt tiền từ 20.000.000 đồng đến 75.000.000 đồng ... từ 1.000 tấn CO 2 tương đương đến dưới 3.000" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Japan-Viet Nam Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)", "value": "Bilateral document signed 2 Jul 2013", "source_title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: About the Mechanism", "source_url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn-about", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Viet Nam and Japan signed a bilateral document for the introduction of the JCM on July 2th, 2013." }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "JCM projects in Viet Nam", "value": "20 listed (VN001-VN020): 14 registered, 6 in validation", "source_title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: Project Cycle Search", "source_url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn-projects", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "VN014 Project registered ... VN015 Validation ... VN020 Validation" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "JCM credits notified for issuance, Viet Nam projects", "value": "35,313 credits from 13 projects (both countries' shares)", "source_title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: Issuance of credits", "source_url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn-projects-issues", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Total projects found: 13 , Total notified amounts: 35,313" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Latest JCM Joint Committee", "value": "10th Joint Committee, 16 Oct 2026 (Hanoi and online)", "source_title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: News", "source_url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "16 Oct 26 10th Joint Committee in Hanoi and Online" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Japan-Viet Nam Memorandum of Cooperation", "value": "Signed 2 May 2026", "source_title": "JCM Viet Nam - Japan: News", "source_url": "https://www.jcm.go.jp/jc/vn", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "02 May 26 Japan and Viet Nam signed a Memorandum of Cooperation" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (base GHG mitigation decree)", "value": "Dated 7 Jan 2022", "source_title": "Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP amending Decree 06/2022/ND-CP (Official Gazette Nos. 769+770, 23 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2025/6/45046/56700-1-2025769-770119-2025-nd-cp.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Nghị định số 06/2022/NĐ-CP ngày 07 tháng 01 năm 2022" }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Enterprises receiving pilot allowances", "value": "92 enterprises owning the 110 facilities", "source_title": "Carbon exchange in operation: what do businesses buy and sell?", "source_url": "https://mae.gov.vn/chinh-thuc-van-hanh-san-giao-dich-carbon-doanh-nghiep-mua-ban-gi-22188.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Bộ Nông nghiệp và Môi trường phân bổ hạn ngạch phát thải khí nhà kính cho 92 doanh nghiệp (với 110 cơ sở) đầu tiên." }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Trading method in the pilot", "value": "Negotiated (bilateral) trades only, to the end of 2028; the exchange confirms, records ownership and settles", "source_title": "Carbon exchange in operation: the steps of a transaction", "source_url": "https://mae.gov.vn/chinh-thuc-van-hanh-san-giao-dich-carbon-quy-trinh-cua-mot-giao-dich-22210.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "trong thời gian thí điểm thị trường carbon đến hết năm 2028, sàn giao dịch carbon trong nước sẽ triển khai giao dịch thỏa thuận." }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Settlement and accounts", "value": "Immediate settlement (buyer must hold cash, seller the allowances, before matching); one carbon trading account per organisation", "source_title": "Carbon exchange in operation: the steps of a transaction", "source_url": "https://mae.gov.vn/chinh-thuc-van-hanh-san-giao-dich-carbon-quy-trinh-cua-mot-giao-dich-22210.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "hoạt động thanh toán trên sàn carbon được thực hiện theo cơ chế thanh toán tức thì ... doanh nghiệp, tổ chức chỉ được sử dụng một tài khoản giao dịch carbon duy nhất." }, { "page": "vietnam-carbon-market-pilot", "country": "Vietnam", "item": "Pilot caps for 2025 and 2026 combined (calc.)", "value": "511,473,846 tCO2e (243,082,392 + 268,391,454)", "source_title": "Total pilot GHG emission quota for 2026 is over 268 million tCO2e (Decision 263/QD-TTg)", "source_url": "https://baochinhphu.vn/tong-han-ngach-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-thi-diem-cho-nam-2026-la-hon-268-trieu-tan-co2td-102260209165041794.htm", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "calc = f01 + f02 (Decision 263/QD-TTg caps for 2025 and 2026)" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Mongolia", "item": "Law on Climate Change adopted and in force", "value": "Adopted 2 July 2026, in force nationwide", "source_title": "Carbon credit (КАРБОН КРЕДИТ)", "source_url": "https://namem.gov.mn/p/menu1786685872", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлтийн тухай хууль нь 2026 оны 07 дугаар сарын 02-ны өдөр батлагдан, улсын хэмжээнд мөрдөгдөж байна" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Mongolia", "item": "Registry under the law", "value": "National Regulator (NAMEM) to run the registry of carbon credits and internationally transferred mitigation outcomes", "source_title": "Carbon credit (КАРБОН КРЕДИТ)", "source_url": "https://namem.gov.mn/p/menu1786685872", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "карбон кредитийн болон олон улсад шилжүүлэн тооцох сааруулалтын үр дүнгийн бүртгэлийн системийг удирдлага, зохион байгуулалтаар хангах" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Mongolia", "item": "Project registration role", "value": "National Regulator reviews carbon market project documents and registers eligible projects", "source_title": "Carbon credit (КАРБОН КРЕДИТ)", "source_url": "https://namem.gov.mn/p/menu1786685872", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Карбон зах зээлийн төсөл, хөтөлбөрийн санал, баримт бичгийг хянах, шаардлага хангасан төслийг бүртгэх" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Mongolia", "item": "Article 6 deal with Singapore", "value": "Implementation Agreement signed 6 October 2025; open for project applications", "source_title": "Mongolia - Singapore-Mongolia Implementation Agreement", "source_url": "https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/our-art6-cooperation/mongolia/", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Singapore and Mongolia signed an Implementation Agreement on carbon credits cooperation on 6 October 2025." }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Malaysia", "item": "Carbon tax announcement (Budget 2026)", "value": "Carbon Tax to be introduced starting 2026 with initial focus on iron, steel and energy", "source_title": "Budget 2026 Speech (English translation)", "source_url": "https://belanjawan.mof.gov.my/pdf/belanjawan2026/ucapan/bs26.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "The Carbon Tax will be introduced starting next year, with an initial focus on the iron, steel and energy sectors." }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Malaysia", "item": "Link to carbon market policy and climate bill", "value": "Mechanism to be aligned with the National Carbon Market Policy and the upcoming Climate Change Bill", "source_title": "Budget 2026 Speech (English translation)", "source_url": "https://belanjawan.mof.gov.my/pdf/belanjawan2026/ucapan/bs26.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "aligned with the National Carbon Market Policy and the upcoming Climate Change Bill" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Malaysia", "item": "Bursa Carbon Exchange (BCX) launch", "value": "Voluntary carbon market exchange launched 9 Dec 2022", "source_title": "Bursa Malaysia Launches A Voluntary Carbon Market Exchange (media release, 09 Dec 2022)", "source_url": "https://www.bursamalaysia.com/about_bursa/media_centre/bursa-malaysia-launches-a-voluntary-carbon-market-exchange", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "today announced the launch of Malaysia's pioneer voluntary carbon market with the introduction of the Bursa Carbon Exchange" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Malaysia", "item": "BCX description", "value": "Shariah-compliant exchange for carbon credits and RECs; auction, continuous trading and off-market", "source_title": "About Bursa Carbon Exchange", "source_url": "https://bcx.bursamalaysia.com/about.html", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "offers three modes of trading: auction, continuous trading and off-market transactions" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Malaysia", "item": "Budget 2027 speech (9 Oct 2026) on carbon tax", "value": "No reference to a carbon tax found in the Budget 2027 speech text", "source_title": "Budget 2027 Speech", "source_url": "https://mof.gov.my/portal/images/2026/10/09/Budget-2027-Speech.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "full-text search of speech for 'carbon tax' / 'carbon pricing' returned no match" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Philippines", "item": "Current bill (20th Congress)", "value": "House Bill No. 2055 'Low Carbon Economy Investment Act', filed 17 Jul 2025", "source_title": "House Bill No. 2055 (20th Congress): Low Carbon Economy Investment Act", "source_url": "https://docs.congress.hrep.online/legisdocs/basic_20/HB02055.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "This Act shall be known as the \"Low Carbon Economy Investment Act.\"" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Philippines", "item": "Mechanism", "value": "Promotes a cap and trade system", "source_title": "House Bill No. 2055 (20th Congress): Low Carbon Economy Investment Act", "source_url": "https://docs.congress.hrep.online/legisdocs/basic_20/HB02055.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "this bill promotes the utilization of Cap and Trade System" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Philippines", "item": "Legislative history", "value": "Same bill approved by the House in the 19th Congress and transmitted to the Senate", "source_title": "House Bill No. 2055 (20th Congress): Low Carbon Economy Investment Act", "source_url": "https://docs.congress.hrep.online/legisdocs/basic_20/HB02055.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "was approved by the House of Representatives, and was transmitted to and received by the Senate" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Philippines", "item": "Pricing of excess emissions", "value": "Emissions above annual allowance subject to a carbon price set by the Climate Change Commission (CCC)", "source_title": "House Bill No. 2055 (20th Congress): Low Carbon Economy Investment Act", "source_url": "https://docs.congress.hrep.online/legisdocs/basic_20/HB02055.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "exceed the annual emissions allowance for a given year shall be subject to a carbon price set by the CCC" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Philippines", "item": "Proposed coverage (energy sectors)", "value": "Petroleum refining, electricity generation, CHP; plus manufacturing, transport, industrial processes", "source_title": "House Bill No. 2055 (20th Congress): Low Carbon Economy Investment Act", "source_url": "https://docs.congress.hrep.online/legisdocs/basic_20/HB02055.pdf", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "Petroleum refining, electricity generation, combined heat and power generation" }, { "page": "basic", "country": "Philippines", "item": "Senate version (19th Congress)", "value": "Senate Bill No. 1992, Low Carbon Economy Act of 2023 (emission trading system)", "source_title": "Subject: LOW CARBON ECONOMY (Senate bills index)", "source_url": "https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/subject/low-carbon-economy", "checked": "2026-11-12", "evidence": "ESTABLISHING FOR THIS PURPOSE AND EMISSION TRADING SYSTEM AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM" } ] }